Fine Arts Terms

Front 1

contemporary art
contemporary dance
contemporary Music

Back 1

- belonging to the present time [= modern]

1- an exhibition of contemporary Japanese prints

Contemporary art is art produced at the present period in time. Contemporary art includes, and develops from, Postmodern art, which is itself a successor to Modern art. [In vernacular English, "modern" and "contemporary" are synonyms, resulting in some conflation of the terms "modern art" and "contemporary art" by non-specialists.]

Front 2

Successor
(noun)

Back 2

someone who takes a job or position previously held by someone else

1- Postmodern art is a successor to Modern art.

Front 3

succession
(noun)
- a succession of something
- in succession

Back 3

- happening one after the other without anything different happening in between:

1- She won the championship four times in succession.

- a number of people or things of the same kind following, coming or happening one after the other:

1- A succession of visitors came to the door.
2- the rhythmical succession of the dancing

Front 4

succeed
(verb)

Back 4

- to do what you tried or wanted to do:

1- She wanted to be the first woman to climb Mount Everest, and she almost succeeded.

Front 5

incipient
(adj)

Back 5

- starting to happen or exist:

اولیه

1- It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art

Front 6

fascination
(noun)

Back 6

- the state of being very interested in something, so that you want to look at it, learn about it etc:

شیفتگی

1-incipient fascination with primitive art .
2-India will always hold a great fascination for me.

2- I have fascination with starbucks

Front 7

career (noun)
career in

Back 7

a job or profession that you have been trained for, and which you do for a long period of your life:

1- a career in journalism
2- a teaching career
3- He realized that his acting career was over

Front 8

Primitive
(noun)
painting & drawing

Back 8

an artist who paints simple pictures like those of a child

1-It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art

Front 9

Intense
(adj)

Back 9

having a very strong effect or felt very strongly:

1- the Intense use of colour in his painting can be seen.

2- The intense heat of the desert
3- The pain was so intense I couldn't sleep.

Front 10

convey
(verb)

Back 10

- to communicate or express something, with or without using words:

1- Ads convey the message that thin is beautiful.
2- The dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism

Front 11

Liberate (verb)
Liberation (nonu)

Back 11

to free someone from feelings or conditions that make their life unhappy or difficult:

1- liberation from oppression
2- The dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism

Front 12

oppression
(noun)
political oppression
racial oppression
sexual oppression

Back 12

- when someone treats a group of people unfairly or cruelly and prevents them from having the same rights as other people have:

1- They suffered years of political oppression.
2- the struggle against oppression

Front 13

innovator
(noun)

Back 13

- a person who introduces new methods, ideas, or products.

1-other late 19th century innovators Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea

Front 14

depict
(verb)
depiction esp. in art

Back 14

- to describe something or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc:


1- the painting's horrific depiction of war

2- This artist depicted pain in this portrait.

3-the artist has tried to depict the expression of pride and joy in the eyes of the boy"
picture, painting, portrait,
drawing, sketch, study, illustration

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horrific
(adj)
horrific crash
horrific accident
horrific attack

Back 15

extremely bad, in a way that is frightening or upsetting
1- a horrific plane crash
2- His injuries were horrific.

awful, terrible

Front 16

brothel

Back 16

a house where men pay to have sex with prostitutes.

Front 17

reminiscent
(adj)
reminiscent of something

Back 17

reminiscent of something reminding you of something:
1- a style strongly reminiscent of Virginia Woolf's novels
2- the sights were reminiscent of my childhood

Front 18

Analytic Cubism

Back 18

Analytic Cubism was developed only by Picasso and Braque during the winter of 1909-10. It lasted until the middle of 1912, when collage introduced simplified versions of the "analytic" forms.

Front 19

analytic

Back 19

thinking about things in a detailed and intelligent way, so that you can examine and understand things:

1-She's got an analytical mind.
2-Analytic Cubism

Front 20

adhere
(formal-verb)

Back 20

to stick firmly to something:

1-Papier collé (French: pasted paper or paper cut outs) is a type of collage and collaging technique in which paper is adhered to a flat mount

Front 21

Papier collé (French: pasted paper or paper cut outs)

Back 21

is a type of collage and collaging technique in which paper is adhered to a flat mount

Front 22

mount
(verb-visual)

Back 22

نصب کردن
سوار کردن

عکس بر روی مقوای سفید نصب شود.

Front 23

denote

Back 23

to mean something
be a sign of; indicate.

1- this mark denotes purity and quality

Front 24

dissertation

Back 24

-a long essay on a particular subject, esp. one written as a requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree.

"Joe wrote his doctoral dissertation on Thucydides"

syn: essay, thesis

Front 25

unorthodox

Back 25

unorthodox opinions or methods are different from what is usual or accepted by most people.

1- her unorthodox means

unconventional, unusual

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means

Back 26

a way of doing or achieving something

1- her unorthodox means

method

Front 27

devise

Back 27

to plan or invent a new way of doing something:

1- she had devised her dissertation topic

Front 28

sculptor

Back 28

an artist who makes sculptures.

Front 29

perish

formal or literary

Back 29

- to die, especially in a terrible or sudden way:

1-Hundreds perished when the ship went down.

uffer death, typically in a violent, sudden, or untimely way.

Front 30

demise

Back 30

-a person's death.

Front 31

scrutinize

Back 31

to examine someone or something very carefully:

1- Smith's artistic output could at last be scrutinized by the art historian.

Front 32

thoroughly

Back 32

1- completely:
- She sat feeling thoroughly miserable.
- thoroughly cooked meat
2- carefully, so that nothing is forgotten:
-The room had been thoroughly cleaned.

Front 33

palatable

palatable to

Back 33

1- palatable food or drink has a pleasant or acceptable taste:

-a very palatable english tea

2- an idea, suggestion etc that is palatable is acceptable:

-To make it more platable she prepare a catalogue

-The truth, as always, is slightly less palatable.

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estate

Back 34

an area or amount of land or property, in particular.

syn: property

Front 35

chronology

Back 35

the order in which events happened in the past

chronology of

It is important to establish the chronology of the events.

2 [countable] an account of events in the order in which they happened:

The book includes a chronology of his life and works.

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taxonomy

Back 36

the classification of something, esp. organisms.
"the taxonomy of these fossils"

Front 37

disciple

Back 37

follower
someone who believes in the ideas of a great teacher or leader, especially a religious one

1- she was a disciple of the New York critic.

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curator

Back 38

-a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection.:

He's Curator of Prints at the Metropolitan.

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custodian

Back 39

a person who has responsibility for or looks after something.

"the custodians of pension and insurance funds"
synonyms:keeper,

Front 40

integrate

Back 40

combine (one thing) with another so that they become a whole.

Front 41

hegemony

Back 41

برتری تسلط

leadership or dominance, esp. by one country or social group over others.
"Germany was united under Prussian hegemony after 1871"

Front 42

milieu

Back 42

a person's social environment.
"he grew up in a military milieu"
محیط
the things and people that surround you and influence the way you live and think:


environment

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spectacular
spectacular culture

Back 43

beautiful in a dramatic and eye-catching way.
"spectacular mountain scenery"
synonyms:striking,

Front 44

nominate

Back 44

to officially suggest someone or something for an important position, duty, or prize

Front 45

semantic
semantic fact

Back 45

relating to the meanings of words

semantic fact = واقعیت معنایی

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hegemonic

Back 46

ruling or dominant in a political or social context.
حاکم و غالب
"the bourgeoisie constituted the hegemonic class"
مسلط

Front 47

culminate
culminating

Back 47

reach a climax or point of highest development.

به اوج رسیدن
culminating

the artist works culminating in often large canvases and works on paper.

Front 48

renowned

Back 48

known and admired by a lot of people, especially for a special skill, achievement, or quality [= famous]
renowned for

renowned painter Peter Doig

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encaustic

Back 49

encaustic painting
also known as hot wax painting,
involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid or paste is then applied to a surface—usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of waxes, damar resin, linseed oil, or other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be used, though some mixtures use oil paints or other forms of pigment.

Front 50

beeswax

Back 50

the wax secreted by bees to make honeycombs and used to make wood polishes and candles.
"turning pollen into beeswax"

Front 51

secrete
verb
(se·crete)

Back 51

(of a cell, gland, or organ) produce and discharge (a substance).:
- insulin is secreted in response to rising levels of glucose in the blood

Front 52

auction

at auction

put something up for auction (=try to sell something at an auction)

Back 52

a public meeting where land, buildings, paintings etc are sold to the person who offers the most money for them

The sculpture was sold at auction.

This week 14 of his paintings were put up for auction.

Front 53

acclaimed
(adj)
acclaim

highly/widely/universally acclaimed

Back 53

publicly praised by a lot of people
تحسین

His work was critically acclaimed (=praised by people who are paid to give their opinion on art, music etc).

Front 54

praise
verb
praised

Back 54

to say that you admire and approve of someone or something, especially publicly [≠ criticize]:

Jane was praised by her teacher.
praise ستایش
praised ستوده

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brilliant

Back 55

1) bright = brilliant light or colour is very bright and strong:
- She closed her eyes against the brilliant light.

2) clever= extremely clever or skilful:
I think that's a brilliant idea.

- a brilliant performance
- a brilliant young musician

3) excellent = (British English):
-The film was absolutely brilliant.

4 )successful = very successful:

-He had a long and brilliant career.

Front 56

courtesy

(by) courtesy of somebody

Back 56

polite behaviour and respect for other people [= politeness; ≠ discourtesy]:

by someone's permission or kindness, rather than by paying them:
photographs supplied courtesy of Blenheim Palace

Front 57

exclusive

Back 57

available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared
exclusive access/rights/use etc
Our figure skating club has exclusive use of the rink on Mondays.

exclusively =

Front 58

distemper
dog disease and kind of paint style

Back 58

2 British English a type of paint that you mix with water to paint walls

Front 59

Mythology

məˈTHäləjē

Back 59

the study of myths.

اسطوره شناسی

Front 60

alla prima

Back 60

wet-on-wet

mostly in oil painting

Front 61

reconstitute

Back 61

بازسازی

build up again from parts; reconstruct.

VVhat he sees of the painting is reconstituted in his mind;

Front 62

reproduced

Back 62

reproduce the painting

He produced the feeling of sadness in portrait

تکثیر

باز تولید

Front 63

embody

Back 63

1 to be a very good example of an idea or quality [= represent]:

She embodies everything I admire in a teacher.

-represent or express something abstract in tangible form

- نشان دادن - نمایان کردن

"this painting embodies the feeling of the romantic period-"

Front 64

reciprocal

Back 64

1. متقابل

Front 65

cheerfulness

Back 65

His cheerfulness made everyone feel better

طرب

cheerful = بشاش

Front 66

completeness

Back 66

تمامیت

the state of being complete and entire, having everything that is needed.

" Here I am, in my completeness"

Front 67

fetch

Back 67

go for and then bring back (someone or something).

"he ran to fetch help"

Front 68

consist

Back 68

شامل

"the exhibition consists of 180 drawings"

Front 69

contradiction

Back 69

تناقض

there is a contradiction between the form of the painting and the Idea

Front 70

undo

Back 70

خنثی کردن

Front 71

orientation

Back 71

the relative physical position or direction of something.

"two complex shapes, presented in different orientations"

Front 72

oriented

Back 72

1. align, place, position, dispose

جهت دار

"business oriented region"

Front 73

Annex

Back 73

attach to

Front 74

Disposition

Back 74

your usual mood

I have a cheerful disposition

Front 75

fond

Back 75

he is fond of chocolate

Front 76

temper

Back 76

خوی

"he rushed out in a very bad temper"

*

Front 77

fancied

Back 77

imagine,

have a fancy or particular liking or desire

she fancied a necklace that she had seen in the store"

"he fancied he could smell the perfume of roses"

Front 78

illusion

Back 78

It is an illusion that the Arctic is dark in winter.

وهم

Front 79

deception

Back 79

فریب

the action of deceiving someone.

He was convicted of obtaining money by deception.

Front 80

distort

Back 80

1) to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear:

. تحریف کردن / مخدوش کردن

Tall buildings can distort radio signals.

2) to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct:

His account was badly distorted by the press.

Front 81

distortion

Back 81

the action of distorting or the state of being distorted.

a gross distortion of the facts

The distortion of concept and ideas.

Front 82

hallucination

Back 82

something which you imagine you can see or hear, but which is not really there, or the experience of this:

The patients suffered hallucinations caused by the drug.

توهم

hallucinate= گرفتار اوهام و خیالات

Front 83

fragmentation

Back 83

the process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts.

چندپارگی

تکه تکه شدن

"the fragmentation of society into a collection of interest groups"

*

Front 84

ubiquity

Back 84

حضور در همه جا در یک وقت

1.

Front 85

distorted

Back 85

His face was distorted in anger.

مخدوش

Front 86

salutary

Back 86

a salutary experience is unpleasant but teaches you something

salutary experience/lesson/reminder etc

Losing money in this way taught young Jones a salutary lesson.

Front 87

canon

formal

Back 87

1 a standard, rule, or principle, or set of these, that are believed by a group of people to be right and good

"The constitution of artistic canon"

2 a list of books or pieces of music that are officially recognized as being the work of a certain writer:

the Shakespearean canon

Front 88

canonization

Back 88

canonization

Front 89

authenticity

Back 89

the quality of being authentic.

اصالت

Front 90

broad

broader

broadest

Back 90

having an ample distance from side to side; wide.

"In broader field"

Front 91

im·pres·sion

Back 91

the opinion or feeling you have about someone or something because of the way they seem

When it comes to job interviews, first impressions are important.

Canceling the conference will make a very bad impression.

Front 92

impressionism

Back 92

a style or movement in painting originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color.

*

Front 93

expressionism

Back 93

Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.

Front 94

existentialism

Back 94

a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

Front 95

proper

Back 95

right, suitable, or correct:

Everything was in its proper place (=where it should be).

the proper way to clean your teeth

The proper name for Matthew's condition is hyperkinetic syndrome.

2 socially or legally correct and acceptable [≠ improper]

it is proper (for somebody) to do something

I don't feel that it would be proper for me to give you that information.

"she's never had a proper job"

"an artist needs the proper tools"

Front 96

objective

Back 96

something that you are trying hard to achieve, especially in business or politics [= goal]

the best way to accomplish your objectives

The degree program has two main objectives.

Front 97

cohort

Back 97

1 someone's cohorts are their friends who support them and stay loyal to them - used in order to show disapproval:

Mark and his cohorts eventually emerged from the studio.

2 a group of people of the same age, social class etc, especially when they are being studied:

if Pollok and his cohort enacting a private need.

Front 98

coherent

Back 98

"they failed to develop a coherent economic strategy"

منسجم

Front 99

differ

Back 99

1 to be different from something in some way:

The two systems differ in many respects.

Front 100

properly

Back 100

correctly, or in a way that is considered right

The brakes don't seem to be working properly.

Then he's not doing his job properly.

Parents should teach their children to behave properly in public.

properly trained staff

Front 101

ex·pa·tri·ate

Back 101

(of a person) living outside their native country.

"expatriate writers and artists"

Expatriate abstract expressionist painter

Front 102

transcendent

Back 102

going far beyond ordinary limits:

the transcendent genius of Mozart

افضل

Front 103

transcend

Back 103

formal to go beyond the usual limits of something:

ورارفتن

The desire for peace transcended political differences.

Front 104

conjunction

Back 104

the action or an instance of two or more events or things occurring at the same point in time or space.

"a conjunction of favorable political and economic circumstances"

Front 105

locus

Back 105

a particular position, point, or place.

Arena of canvas is the painter's locus activity

Front 106

ideology

Back 106

a set of beliefs on which a political or economic system is based, or which strongly influence the way people behave:

the ideologies of fascism and communism

a new ideology based on individualism

Front 107

paradoxically

Back 107

in a way that is surprising because it is the opposite of what you would expect:

Paradoxically, the prohibition of liquor caused an increase in alcoholism.

Front 108

epitomize

Back 108

to be a very typical example of something:

This building epitomizes the spirit of the nineteenth century.

مجسم کردن

Front 109

heroic

Back 109

he‧ro‧ic

1 extremely brave or determined, and admired by many people[= courageous]:

her heroic efforts to save her family

Front 110

fascination

Back 110

افسون

جذابیت

the fascination of TV

"television has always held a fascination for me"

Front 111

fascinate

Back 111

"I've always been fascinated by other cultures"

مجذوب کردن

Front 112

implicit

Back 112

تلویحی

"The implicit violence of DeKooning's works is hightened.

Front 113

explicit

Back 113

صریح و روشن

" these works make explicit the gender politics in abstract painting.

Front 114

potency

Back 114

the power that something has to influence people

قدرت

potency of

the potency of his arguments

The myth of male superiority was losing its potency.

2 the strength of something, especially a drug, on your mind or body

potency of

the potency of the drug

Front 115

undulation

Back 115

formal to move or be shaped like waves that are rising and falling:

undulating hills

Front 116

heightened

Back 116

it becomes stronger or increases [= intensify; ↪ strengthen]:

افزایش

"The implicit violence of DeKooning's works is hightened.

Front 117

ostensibly

Back 117

if something is ostensibly true, people say that it is true but it is not really true:

It is ostensibly fair

it is ostensibly quite normal

this book is ostensibly about abstract expressionism

Front 118

stance

Back 118

1 an opinion that is stated publicly [= stand]

stance on

موضع

What is your stance on environmental issues?

stance against

Front 119

at the expense of somebody/something

Back 119

if something is done at the expense of someone or something else, it is only achieved by doing something that could harm the other person or thing:

به بهای دیگران

the growth in short breaks, at the expense of longer package holidays

Front 120

underlay

underlies

Back 120

to be the cause of something, or be the basic thing from which something develops:

زمینه جیزی بودن

Front 121

subsum

formal

Back 121

to include someone or something as a member of a group or type, rather than considering it separately.

رده بندی کردن

newyork school needed to sumsume other identities.

Front 122

metaphor

Back 122

1 a way of describing something by referring to it as something different and suggesting that it has similar qualities to that thing [↪ simile]:

She uses some wonderful images and metaphors in her writing.

a very creative use of metaphor

استعاره

Front 123

crude

Back 123

1 not exact or without any detail, but generally correct and useful[↪ approximate]:

a crude estimate of the population available for work

استعاره

Front 124

ex‧ces‧sive

excessively

Back 124

much more than is reasonable or necessary:

his excessive drinking

$15 for two beers seems a little excessive.

—excessively adverb:

excessively high taxes

Front 125

synthesize

Back 125

to make something by combining different things or substances:

fpa

DDT is a pesticide that was first synthesized in 1874.

2 to combine separate things into a complete whole

3 to produce sounds, speech, or music electronically

Front 126

paint‧er‧ly written

Back 126

typical of painters or painting:

painterly images

Front 127

on the periphery

at the periphery

Back 127

the outer limits or edge of an area or object.

"new buildings on the periphery of the hospital site

a marginal or secondary position in, or part or aspect of, a group, subject, or sphere of activity.

"a shift in power from the center to the periphery"

"for many other artists on the periphery of the New york School"

پیرامون

حاشیه

Front 128

accessible

Back 128

The island is only accessible by boat.

Front 129

cos·mol·o·gy

Back 129

the science of the origin and structure of the universe, especially as studied in astronomy

Front 130

to‧tem [countable]

Back 130

an animal, plant etc that is thought to have a special spiritualconnection with a particular tribe, especially in North America, or a figure made to look like the animal etc

Front 131

juxtapose

juxtaposed

formal

Back 131

to put things together, especially things that are not normally together, in order to compare them or to make something new

juxtapose something with something

a style of decor that juxtaposes antiques with modern furniture

Front 132

juxtaposition

Back 132

مجاورت
with his distinctive juxtapostion of colors.

Front 133

ponderous

Back 133

slow or awkward because of being very big and heavy:

an elephant's ponderous walk

2 boring, very serious, and seeming to progress very slowly:

a ponderous and difficult book

The system, though ponderous, works.

Front 134

tint

Back 134

a small amount of a particular colour [= shade, hue]:

paper with a yellowish tint

"the sky was taking on an apricot tint"

2 an artificial colour that is used to slightly change the colour of your hair:

red tints in her hair

Front 135

tinted

Back 135

color (something) slightly; tinge.

"her skin was tinted with delicate color"

Front 136

mature

Back 136

novel/painting etc

a mature piece of work by a writer or an artist is done late in their life and shows a high level of understanding or skill:

His mature work reveals a deep sense of enjoyment of nature.

In the mature work of both Rothko and Newman.

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perception

Back 137

the way you think about something and your idea of what it is like

درک

perception of

children's perceptions of the world

the public perception of the government's performance

Front 138

influential

Back 138

having a lot of influence and therefore changing the way people think and behave:

He had influential friends.

Lee Krasner was an influential American abstract expressionist painter in the second half of the 20th century. On October 25, 1945, she married artist Jackson Pollock, who was also influential in the abstract expressionism movement.

Front 139

evoke

Back 139

bring or recall to the conscious mind.

بیرون کشیدن

Front 140

enact

enacting

Back 140

to act in a play, story etc:

a drama enacted on a darkened stage

2 law to make a proposal into a law:

Congress refused to enact the bill.

"if Pollok and his cohorts enacting a private need"

Front 141

trait

formal

Back 141

a particular quality in someone's character

ویژگی

"Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective"

Front 142

legitimate

Back 142

make legitimate; justify or make lawful.

"the regime was not legitimated by popular support"

Front 143

clum·sy

Back 143

awkward in movement or in handling things.

"a terribly clumsy fellow"

Front 144

encompass

Back 144

surround and have or hold within.

"a vast halo encompassing the Milky Way galaxy"

در بر گرفتن

Front 145

seize

Back 145

take hold of suddenly and forcibly.

"she jumped up and seized his arm"

Front 146

apolitical

ˌāpəˈlidək(ə)l/

Back 146

not interested in politics, or not connected with any political party:

a group of apolitical young professional people

an apolitical organization

Front 147

attain

Back 147

1 to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time:

رسیدن به

"The New York School attained an

unprecedented public profile"

Front 148

dignity

Back 148

شان وقار

1) the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect.

2) a composed or serious manner or style.

"he bowed with great dignity"

Front 149

admittedly

Back 149

مسلما

used when you are admitting that something is true:

This has led to financial losses, though admittedly on a fairly small scale.

Front 150

unprecedented

Back 150

never having happened before, or never having happened so much:

"The New York School attained an

unprecedented public profile"

بی سابقه

Front 151

Autonomy

Back 151

2 the ability or opportunity to make your own decisions without being controlled by anyone else

[= independence]: استقلال

"economic autonomy is still a long way off for many women"

autonomous

Front 152

kitsch

/kiCH/

Back 152

objects, films etc that are cheap and unfashionable, and which often amuse people because of this

Front 153

hackneyed

hack·neyed

ˈhaknēd/

Back 153

a hackneyed phrase is boring and does not have much meaning because it has been used so often

Front 154

opposition

(opposition between)

Back 154

when two things are completely opposite:

opposition between

"Greenberg established an opposition between high art and commercial culture or kitsch"

the opposition between capitalism and socialism

Front 155

mouthpiece

ˈmouTHˌpēs/

Back 155

the part of a musical instrument, telephone etc that you put in your mouth or next to your mouth:

"Abstract Expressionist Art is one of the most popular mouthpieces of american culture in the 1940s and 1950s, LifeMagazine."

The newspaper was the mouthpiece of the National Democratic Party.

Front 156

outlandish

Back 156

out‧land‧ish

strange and unusual:

outlandish clothes

Her story seemed so outlandish.

عجیب و غریب

Front 157

boycott

Back 157

an act of boycotting something, or the period of time when it is boycotted:

They are now trying to organize a boycott.

تحریم

بایکوت

Front 158

from the ground up

(Idiom)

Back 158

from the very beginning.

"We must plan our sales campaign carefully from the ground up. Sorry,but you'll have to start all over again from the ground up.

Front 159

incorporate

Back 159

to include something as part of a group, system, plan etc

incorporate something into/in something

"Andy Warhol incorporated the exigencies of celebrity into his practice of art"

گنجاندن

We've incorporated many environmentally-friendly features into the design of the building.

Our original proposals were not incorporated in the new legislation.

Front 160

el·o·quent

ˈeləkwənt/

Back 160

1

able to express your ideas and opinions well, especially in a way that influences people:

an eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words:

فصیح

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of war.

Front 161

assertion

Back 161

ادعا

something that you say or write that you strongly believe

the assertion that house prices are falling

her assertions about the murder of her father

Front 162

pan·o·ply

ˈpanəplē/

Back 162

an impressive show of special clothes, decorations etc, especially at an important ceremony

panoply of

a glorious panoply of colours

2 a large number of people or thingspanoply of

a panoply of men in grey suits

Front 163

ideographic

or

id·e·o·gram

ˈidēəˌɡram,ˈīdēəˌɡram/

Back 163

a written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it, e.g., numerals and Chinese characters.

Front 164

ex·clu·sive·ly

ikˈsklo͞osəvlē/

Back 164

to the exclusion of others; only; solely.

"paints produced exclusively for independent retailers"

منحصرا

Front 165

re·fine·ment

rəˈfīnmənt/

Back 165

the process of removing impurities or unwanted elements from a substance.

"the refinement of uranium"

پالایش

refinement of

The new theory is a refinement of Corbin's theory of personality development.

Front 166

self-ref·er·en·tial

adjective

Back 166

making reference to itself or oneself.

Front 167

prom·i·nence

ˈprämənəns/

Back 167

the fact of being important and well-known

prominence of

the prominence of pressure groups as political forces

برجستگی

come to/rise to/achieve prominence (as something)

She first came to prominence as an artist in 1989.

Front 168

pres·tige

preˈstēZH,preˈstēj/

Back 168

the respect and admiration that someone or something gets because of their success or important position in society

prestige of

the prestige of having your work shown at a top London gallery

اعتبار

Front 169

vis·cos·i·ty

ˌviˈskäsədē/

Back 169

the state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction.

غلظت

Front 170

con·sol·i·date

kənˈsäləˌdāt/

Back 170

to strengthen the position of power or success that you have, so that it becomes more effective or continues for longer:

The company has consolidated its position as the country's leading gas supplier.

The team consolidated their lead with a third goal.

محکم کردن -

2- make (something) physically stronger or more solid.

"the first phase of the project is to consolidate the outside walls"

the consolidation of political power = تحکیم

Front 171

al·li·ance

əˈlīəns/

Back 171

1 an arrangement in which two or more countries, groups etc agree to work together to try to change or achieve something

alliance with

Britain's military alliance with her NATO partners

Front 172

ca·non·i·cal

kəˈnänək(ə)l/

Back 172

عرفی بر اساس استاندارد عرفی

Front 173

an·ti·pode

ˈan(t)əˌpōd/

Back 173

the direct opposite of something else.

"the pole and its antipode"

نقطهء مقابل یا متقاطر

Front 174

ne·gate

nəˈɡāt/

Back 174

nullify; make ineffective.

"alcohol negates the effects of the drug"

Front 175

am·pli·fy

ˈampləˌfī/

Back 175

to make sound louder, especially musical sound:

an amplified guitar

2 formal to increase the effects or strength of something:

These stories only amplified her fears.

Front 176

for·mal·ism

ˈfôrməˌlizəm/

Back 176

a style or method in art, religion, or science that pays a lot attention to the rules and correct forms of something, rather than to inner meanings

Front 177

po·lar·ize

ˈpōləˌrīz/

Back 177

to divide into clearly separate groups with opposite beliefs, ideas, or opinions, or to make people do this:

The issue has polarized the country.

قطبی کردن/ متضاد کردن

Front 178

up·right

ˈəpˌrīt/

Back 178

standing or sitting straight up

sit/stand/walk upright

The chimpanzee stood upright and grasped the bars of its cage.

راست قامت

Katie was still awake, sitting bolt upright (=sitting with her back very straight) staring at the television.

Front 179

par·al·lel

ˈperəˌlel/

Back 179

1 a relationship or similarity between two things, especially things that exist or happen in different places or at different times

parallel with

Entering the world of fine art, she found many parallels with the world of fashion.

تشابه

parallel between

There are many parallels between Yeats and the Romantic poets.

books that attempt to draw parallels between brains and computers

2. in parallel with somebody/something

together with and at the same time as something else:

به موازات

She wanted to pursue her own career in parallel with her husband's.

Front 180

af·fil·i·a·tion

əˌfilēˈāSH(ə)n/

Back 180

the connection or involvement that someone or something has with a political, religious etc organization

somebody's (political/religious etc) affiliation

the newspaper's political affiliations

تعلق - وابستگی

Front 181

af·fil·i·ate

Back 181

if a group or organization affiliates to or with another larger one, it forms a close connection with it

affiliate with

The Society is not affiliated with any political party.

affiliate to

the church's right to affiliate to Rome

2.affiliate yourself to/with somebody/something

to join or become connected with a larger group or organization:

She affiliated herself with the Impressionist school of painting.

وابسته بودن - تعلق داشتن

Front 182

doo·dle

ˈdo͞odl/

Back 182

to draw shapes, lines, or patterns without really thinking about what you are doing:

Brad was doodling on a sheet of paper.

Front 183

at·ten·u·at·ed

əˈtenyəˌwādəd/

formal

Back 183

weakened in force or effect.

"Roman influence became attenuated"

Front 184

e·ra·sure

əˈrāSHər/

Back 184

when you erase something, or when something is erased:

a way to avoid accidental erasure of data from your computer

محو

Front 185

scrawl

skrôl/

Back 185

write (something) in a hurried, careless way.

"Charlie scrawled his signature"

خط خطی کردن

Front 186

e·lide

iˈlīd/

Back 186

to leave out the sound of a letter or of a part of a word:

Most English speakers elide the first 'd' in 'Wednesday.'

Front 187

be credited to somebody/something

Back 187

if something is credited to someone or something, they have achieved it or are the reason for it:

Much of Manchester United's success can be credited to their

Front 188

adjacent

əˈjās(ə)nt/

Back 188

a room, building, piece of land etc that is adjacent to something is next to it:

We stayed in adjacent rooms.

- adjacent to the building:

adjacent to the library

Front 189

tessellation

Back 189

A tessellation is created when a shape is repeated over and over again covering a plane without any gaps or overlaps. Another word for a tessellation is a tiling.

موزاییک کاری

Front 190

sedate

Back 190

calm, dignified, and unhurried.

متین

Front 191

por·ce·lain

ˈpôrs(ə)lən/

Back 191

چینی

a white vitrified translucent ceramic; china.

articles made of porcelain.

Front 192

e·nam·el

iˈnaməl/

Back 192

a paint that dries to give a smooth, hard coat.

noun: enamel paint

مینا

Front 193

glaze

Back 193

a vitreous substance fused on to the surface of pottery to form a hard, impervious decorative coating.

لعاب

Front 194

trans·lu·cent

transˈlo͞osnt,tranzˈlo͞osnt/

Back 194

ثاقب - نیمه شفاف

not transparent, but clear enough to allow light to pass through:

Blue veins showed through her translucent skin.

(of a substance) allowing light, but not detailed images, to pass through; semitransparent.

"fry until the onions become translucent"

Front 195

di·aph·a·nous

dīˈafənəs/

Back 195

diaphanous cloth is so thin that you can almost see through it

(especially of fabric) light, delicate, and translucent.

"a diaphanous dress of pale gold"

Front 196

tan·gi·ble

ˈtanjəb(ə)l/

Back 196

if something is tangible, you can touch or feel it:

The silence of the countryside was almost tangible.

ملموس

Front 197

im·pulse

ˈimˌpəls/

Back 197

impulse (to do something)

a sudden strong wish or need to do something, without stopping to think about the results

He had a sudden impulse to stand up and sing.

I resisted the impulse to laugh.

Her first impulse was to run away.

Front 198

jit·ter·y

ˈjidərē/

Back 198

nervous or unable to relax.

"caffeine makes me jittery"

Front 199

ac·cen·tu·ate

əkˈsen(t)SHəˌwāt,akˈsen(t)SHəˌwāt/

Back 199

make more noticeable or prominent.

"his jacket unfortunately accentuated his paunch"

to make something more noticeable:

The photograph seemed to accentuate his large nose.

Front 200

leg·i·ble

ˈlejəb(ə)l/

Back 200

(of handwriting or print) clear enough to read.

Front 201

ranging

Back 201

اعم از

Front 202

de·lin·e·ate

dəˈlinēˌāt/

Back 202

describe or portray (something) precisely.

"the law should delineate and prohibit behavior that is socially abhorrent"

Front 203

pa·thet·ic

pəˈTHedik/

Back 203

arousing pity, especially through vulnerability or sadness.

رقت انگیز

"she looked so pathetic

Front 204

ar·bi·trar·y

ˈärbəˌtrerē/

Back 204

decided or arranged without any reason or plan, often unfairly:

an arbitrary decision

the arbitrary arrests of political opponents

دلخواه

Front 205

prom·is·ing

ˈpräməsiNG/

Back 205

showing signs of being successful or good in the future:

Many of most promising dirction in American abstraction in 1950s.

امیدوار کننده

a promising career in law

a promising young actor

a promising start

Front 206

dwell

dwel/

Back 206

live in or at a specified place.

"groups of gypsies still dwell in these caves"

ساکن بودن

to think or talk for too long about something, especially something unpleasant:

"I've got better things to do than dwell on the past"

Front 207

quad·rant

ˈkwädrənt/

Back 207

each of four quarters of a circle.

*

Front 208

di·late

dīˈlāt,ˈdīˌlāt/

Back 208

1) make or become wider, larger, or more open.

"her eyes dilated with horror"

2) speak or write at length on (a subject).

"Diane dilated on the joys of her married life"

Front 209

en·deav·or

ənˈdevər/

(verb)

Back 209

1) try hard to do or achieve something.

"he is endeavoring to help the Third World"

کردن جد و جهد

Front 210

in·flect

inˈflekt/

Back 210

if a word inflects, its form changes according to its meaning or use

change the form of (a word) to express a particular grammatical function or attribute, typically tense, mood, person, number, case, and gender.

صرف کردن فعل

Front 211

e·lab·o·rate

(adjective)

Back 211

complicated and detailed; carefully prepared and organized

elaborate designs

She had prepared a very elaborate meal.

an elaborate computer system

بادقت شرح دادن

استادانه درست شده

Front 212

a·long·side

əˌlôNGˈsīd/

Back 212

close to the side of; next to.

"she was sitting alongside him"

together and in cooperation with.

"I worked alongside him for many weeks"

at the same time as or in coexistence with.

"alongside the development of full-time courses there had to be provision for the part-time student"

در کنار

Front 213

con·fine

(verb)

Back 213

to keep someone or something within the limits of a particular activity or subject [= restrict]

confine something to something

The police cadet's duties were confined to taking statements from the crowd.

We confined our study to 10 cases.

confined (adective) = محدود

Front 214

ex·pan·sion

ikˈspanSHən/

Back 214

when something increases in size, range, amount etc [= growth; ↪ expand]

expansion of

The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.

Front 215

ge·ne·al·o·gy

ˌjēnēˈäləjē,ˌjēnēˈaləjē/

Back 215

the study of the history of families

2 [countable] a drawing or description that explains how each person in a family is related to the others

Front 216

recall

Back 216

bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind, especially so as to recount it to others; remember.

"I can still vaguely recall being taken to the hospital"

Front 217

pal·pa·ble

ˈpalpəb(ə)l/

Back 217

1 a feeling that is palpable is so strong that other people notice it and can feel it around them [≠ impalpable]:

There was a palpable sense of relief among the crowd.

2 [only before noun] complete:

What he said is palpable nonsense.

قابل لمس

Front 218

advocate

(verb)

Back 218

to publicly say that something should be done:

Extremists were openly advocating violence.

مدافع

دفاع کردن

Front 219

deploy

Back 219

1) to organize or move soldiers, military equipment etc so that they are in the right place and ready to be used

deploy forces/troops/weapons etc

NATO's decision to deploy cruise missiles

2 formal to use something for a particular purpose, especially ideas, arguments etc:

a job in which a variety of professional skills will be deployed

به کارگیری

deployment (noun)

Front 220

deal1

dēl/

Verb

Back 220

1) agreement an agreement or arrangement, especially in business or politics, that helps both sides involved:

"They made a deal to sell the land to a property developer."

2) a great deal also a good deal a large quantity of something [= a lot]

a great deal of

It took a great deal of time and effort.

Front 221

sche·mat·ic

skēˈmadik/

adjective

Back 221

showing the main parts of something in a simple way:

a schematic diagram of DNA

Front 222

al·lu·sion

əˈlo͞oZHən/

Back 222

something said or written that mentions a subject, person etc indirectly

allusion to

The committee made no allusion to the former President in its report.

اشاره

an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

"an allusion to Shakespeare"

کنایه

تلمیح

Front 223

ac·knowl·edge

əkˈnäləj/

Back 223

1) admit

to admit or accept that something is true or that a situation exists:

The family acknowledge the need for change.

acknowledge that

Claire acknowledged that she was guilty.

2) recognize something's importance

if people acknowledge something, they recognize how good or important it is

acknowledge something as something

The film festival is acknowledged as an event of international importance.

3) thank

to publicly announce that you are grateful for the help that someone has given you:

We wish to acknowledge the support of the university.

Front 224

em·bel·lish

əmˈbeliSH/

embellish something

embellish with something

Back 224

1) to make something more beautiful by adding decorations to it

زینت دادن

The dress was embellished with gold threads.

2) to make a story or statement more interesting by adding details that are not true:

She gave an embellished account of what had happened.

Front 225

si·mul·ta·ne·ous

ˌsīməlˈtānēəs/

Back 225

things that are simultaneous happen at exactly the same time:

They grabbed each other's hands in simultaneous panic.

همزمان

Front 226

vir·tu·o·so

ˌvərCHəˈwōsō/

Back 226

someone who is a very skilful performer, especially in music:

violin virtuoso Stephane Grappelli

Front 227

threat

THret/

Back 227

تهدید

a statement in which you tell someone that you will cause them harm or trouble if they do not do what you want:

Your threats don't scare me.

threat of

the threat of military invasion

threat from

He says his family received phone threats from the group.

Front 228

ob·scure

əbˈskyo͝or/

(adjective)

Back 228

* not well known
* synonym unknown
* an obscure German poet
* We went to see one of Shakespeare’s more obscure plays.
* The origins of the tradition have become obscure.
* difficult to understand
* I found her lecture very obscure.
* For some obscure reason, he failed to turn up.
* The meaning of his comment was obscure to everyone but himself.

Front 229

ob·scure

əbˈskyo͝or/

(verb)

Back 229

1 to make something difficult to know or understand:

Recent successes have obscured the fact that the company is still in trouble.

2 to prevent something from being seen or heard clearly:

The view was obscured by mist.

Front 230

vaude·ville

ˈvôd(ə)ˌvil/

Back 230

a type of theatre entertainment, popular from the 1880s to the 1950s, in which there were many short performances of different kinds, including singing, dancing, jokes

Front 231

foot·age

ˈfo͝odij/

Back 231

cinema film showing a particular event:

old footage from the First World War

Front 232

swal·low1

ˈswälō/

Back 232

to make food or drink go down your throat and towards your stomach:

He swallowed the last of his coffee and asked for the bill.

بلعیدن

Front 233

de·duc·tive

dəˈdəktiv/

Back 233

استقرایی یا قیاسی

Front 234

aus·tere

ôˈstir/

Back 234

1 plain and simple and without any decoration:

the church's austere simplicity

2 someone who is austere is very strict and serious - used to show disapproval:

Her father is a very austere man.

تند و تلخ

Front 235

im·pres·sion·ism

imˈpreSHəˌnizəm/

Back 235

a style of painting used especially in France in the 19th century (1860s) which uses colour instead of details of form to produce effects of light or feeling

Front 236

me·di·ate

Back 236

to try to end a quarrel between two people, groups, countries etc

mediate between

UN officials mediated between the rebel fighters and the government.

The former president has agreed to mediate the peace talks.

وساطت کردن

Front 237

for·mal·ism

ˈfôrməˌlizəm/

Back 237

a style or method in art, religion, or science that pays a lot attention to the rules and correct forms of something, rather than to inner meanings

2) excessive adherence to prescribed forms.

Front 238

ex·ces·sive

ikˈsesiv/

Back 238

much more than is reasonable or necessary:

his excessive drinking

$15 for two beers seems a little excessive.

Front 239

adherence

Back 239

when someone behaves according to a particular rule, belief, principle etc"

"excessive adherence to prescribed forms."

پایبندی

Front 240

tri·o

ˈtrēō/

Back 240

a group of three people or thingstrio of

He was met by a trio of smiling executives.

a classical guitar trio (=three musicians playing together)

2 a piece of music for three performers

Front 241

Aestheticization

Back 241

The definition of aestheticization is the act of making something visually pleasing, particularly in art.

Restoring an old painting is an example of an act of aestheticization.

Front 242

in·ter·sect

ˌin(t)ərˈsekt/

Back 242

if two lines or roads intersect, they meet or go across each other

Front 243

rep·li·ca

ˈrepləkə/

Back 243

an exact copy of something, especially a building, a gun, or a work of art

replica of

an exact replica of the Taj Mahal

replica guns

Front 244

Totemism

Back 244

Totemism is a belief in which each human is thought to have a spiritual connection or a kinship with another physical being, such as an animal or plant, often called a "spirit-being" or "totem." The totem is thought to interact with a given kin group or an individual and to serve as their emblem or symbol.

Front 245

clois·tered

ˈkloistərd/

Back 245

1 protected from the difficulties and demands of ordinary life:

Academics lead a cloistered life.

2 a cloistered building contains cloisters1 protected from the difficulties and demands of ordinary life:

Academics lead a cloistered life.

2 a cloistered building contains cloisters1 protected from the difficulties and demands of ordinary life:

Academics lead a cloistered life.

2 a cloistered building contains cloisters

Front 246

jum·ble

ˈjəmbəl/

Back 246

an untidy collection or pile of things.

"the books were in a chaotic jumble"

Front 247

pseu·do

ˈso͞odō/

Back 247

false or not real:

pseudo-intellectuals (=people who pretend to be clever)

کاذب

شبه

The office is standard Universal issue, sort of a

pseudo English manor house.

Front 248

per·ceive

pərˈsēv/

Back 248

1) written : to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way[↪ perception]

perceive something/somebody as something

Even as a young woman she had been perceived as a future chief executive.

perceive something/somebody to be something

Often what is perceived to be aggression is simply fear.

Children who do badly in school tests often perceive themselves to be failures.

2 formal to notice, see, or recognize something [↪ perceptive]:

That morning, he perceived a change in Franca's mood.

Cats are not able to perceive colour.

perceive that

He perceived that there was no other way out of the crisis.

درک کردن

Front 249

e·quate

əˈkwāt/

Back 249

to consider that two things are similar or connected

equate something with something

Most people equate wealth with success.

equate to something

phrasal verbto be equal to something:

a rate of pay which equates to £6 per hour

Front 250

plaster relief

Back 250

نقش برجسته گچی

Relief, or relievo rilievo, is a sculptural technique. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane.[1

Front 251

syn·thet·ic

sinˈTHedik/

Back 251

produced by combining different artificial substances, rather than being naturally produced:

synthetic chemicals

مصنوعی

Front 252

avatar

ˈavəˌtär/

Back 252

* (in Hinduism and Buddhism) a god appearing in a physical form
* a picture of a person or an animal that represents a particular computer user, on a computer screen, especially in a computer game or on social media

Front 253

spon·ta·ne·ous

spänˈtānēəs/

spon·ta·ne·ous

spänˈtānēəs/

Back 253

something that is spontaneous has not been planned or organized, but happens by itself, or because you suddenly feel you want to do it:

The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer.

My spontaneous reaction was to run away.

2 someone who is spontaneous does things without planning them first - used to show approval

Front 254

com·mod·i·ty

kəˈmädədē

Back 254

1 a product that is bought and sold:

agricultural commodities

Commodity prices fell sharply.

2 formal a useful quality or thing:

Time is a precious commodity.

Front 255

do·mes·tic

dəˈmestik/

Back 255

1 relating to or happening in one particular country and not involving any other countries

domestic market/economy/demand etc

the booming domestic economy

US foreign and domestic policy

2 relating to family relationships and life at home:

Unfortunately his domestic life wasn't very happy.

3 used in people's homes:

a new tax on domestic fuel

domestic appliances such as washing machines

4 someone who is domestic enjoys spending time at home and is good at cooking, cleaning etc:

No, I'm not very domestic.

5 [only before noun] a domestic animal lives on a farm or in someone's home:

domestic pets

Front 256

i·on·ic

īˈänik/

Back 256

made in the simply decorated style of ancient Greek buildings:

an Ionic columnmade in the simply decorated style of ancient Greek buildings:

an Ionic column

Front 257

the·mat·ic

THəˈmadik/

Back 257

relating to a particular theme, or organized according to a theme:

the thematic organization of paintings in the exhibit

Front 258

converse move

Back 258

حرکت معکوس

Front 259

ge·o·met·ric

ˌjēəˈmetrik/

Back 259

1 having or using the shapes and lines in geometry, such as circles or squares, especially when these are arranged in regular patterns:

a geometric design

هندسی

Front 260

so·journ

ˈsōjərn/

Back 260

formal a short period of time that you stay in a place that is not your home:

a brief sojourn in Europe

Front 261

grue·some

ˈɡro͞osəm/

Back 261

very unpleasant or shocking, and involving someone being killed or badly injured:

Police described it as a particularly gruesome attack.

Spare me the gruesome details.

Front 262

o·rac·u·lar

ôˈrakyələr/

Back 262

from or like an oracle

وابسته به غیبگویی

غیبی

"his every utterance was given oracular significance"

Front 263

Pop art

Back 263

Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and in the late 1950s in the United States.[1] Pop art collapses high art into low by incorporating commercial imagery and industrail modes of mechanical reproduction into painting and sculpture. it exemplified a new form of public life rooted in consumer culture.

Front 264

Pop artists

Back 264

Andy Warhol

Claes Oldenburg

Roy Lichtenstein

James Rosequist

Tom Wesselmann

Front 265

Abstract expressionist Artist

New York School (Acting painter)

Back 265

Jackson Pollock

Willem Dekooning

Barnett Newman

Mark Rothko

Clyfford Still

Adolph Gottlieb

Front 266

o·ri·en·tal

ˌôrēˈen(t)l/

Back 266

Noun (old-fashioned not polite

a word for someone from the eastern part of the world, especially China or Japan, now considered offensive)

شرقی

adjective: relating to or from the eastern part of the world, especially China and Japan:

Asia - Easter

a beautiful oriental rug

oriental art

Front 267

o·ri·en·tal·ism

ˌôrēˈent(ə)lizəm/

Back 267

Orientalism is a term that is used by art historians, literary and cultural studies scholars for the imitation or depiction of aspects in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian cultures (Eastern cultures). These depictions are usually done by writers, designers and artists from the West. In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more specifically "the Middle East",[1] was one of the many specialisms of 19th-centuryAcademic art, and the literature of Western countries took a similar interest in Oriental themes

Front 268

orientalist

Back 268

someone who studies the languages and culture of oriental countries

مستشرق

Front 269

o·ri·ent

ˈôrēˌənt/

Back 269

old-fashioned the eastern part of the world, especially China and Japan

Front 270

oreintalist painters

Back 270

* Henri Regnault,
* Mariano Fortuny
* , Georges Clairin
* Jean-Paul Laurens
* Eugène Delacroix
* Benjamin-Constant

Front 271

im·per·a·tive

əmˈperədiv/

Back 271

1 something that must be done urgently:

A broad and balanced education is an imperative for raising standards.

2 formal an idea or belief that has a strong influence on people, making them behave in a particular way:

Sharing food is the most important moral

imperative in Semai society.

3 technical the form of a verb that expresses an order. For example, in the order 'come here', 'come' is in the imperative

امری

ضروری

Front 272

trans·pose

tranˈspōz/

Back 272

1 formal to change the order or position of two or more things

2 to use a system or method in a different situation from the one you used it in originally

3 to write or perform a piece of music in a musical key that is different from the one that it was first written in

ترانهادن

"but Pop did much more than transpose comics, billboards, and product packaging into the realm of fine art"

Front 273

com·mod·i·ty

kəˈmädədē/

Back 273

a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.

"how commodities came to serve as a public icons"

Front 274

chart

CHärt/

Back 274

1 to record information about a situation or set of events over a period of time, in order to see how it changes or develops:

Scientists have been charting temperature changes in the oceans.

2 to make a plan of what should be done to achieve a particular result:

Each team was responsible for making its own decisions and charting its own course.

3 to make a map of an area of land, sea, or stars, or to draw lines on a map to show where you have travelled

"they charted the commercialization of public space"

Front 275

re·sem·ble

rəˈzembəl/

Back 275

to look like or be similar to someone or something:

It's amazing how closely Brian and Steve resemble each other.

He grew up to resemble his father.

"This installation resembled a cardboard shantytown"

Front 276

shrink

SHriNGk/

Back 276

become or make smaller in size or amount; contract or cause to contract.

"the workforce has shrunk to less than a thousand"

Front 277

a·rouse

əˈrouz/

Back 277

evoke or awaken (a feeling, emotion, or response).

"the fantastic associations aroused by advertising as well as its quotidian functionality"

"something about the man aroused the guard's suspicions"

Front 278

rep·li·ca

ˈrepləkə/

Back 278

1) an exact copy or model of something, especially one on a smaller scale.

"a replica of the Empire State Building"

2) a duplicate of an original artistic work.

"Oldenburg's plaster reliefs were not simply replicas of things like 7-up cans or wedding dresses."

Front 279

as·so·ci·a·tion

əˌsōsēˈāSH(ə)n,əˌsōSHēˈāSH(ə)n/

Back 279

a connection or relationship between two events, ideas, situations etc

"the line a thing and its symbolic associations was hard to discern"

Front 280

dis·cern

dəˈsərn/

Back 280

perceive or recognize (something).

"I can discern no difference between the two policies"

Front 281

ac·knowl·edg·ment

əkˈnäləjmənt/

Back 281

1) acceptance of the truth or existence of something.

We want an acknowledgement of the existence of the problem.

2) a movement of your body that shows that you have noticed someone or heard what they have said:

Basil nodded an acknowledgement as he entered the room.

He gave her a faint smile of acknowledgement.

3) the act of publicly thanking someone for something they have done

She received a special award in acknowledgement of all her hard work.

Front 282

ground

ɡround/

verb

Back 282

give (something abstract) a firm theoretical or practical basis.

" he grounded his art in ubiquity of the packaged commodity"

مبتنی کردن

Front 283

con·trac·tion

kənˈtrakSH(ə)n/

Back 283

انقباض

the process of becoming smaller.

" the contraction of the public sphere inti its commodified representations"

Front 284

mar·quee

märˈkē/

Back 284

2 American English a large sign above the door of a theatre or cinema which covers the entrance and gives the name of the play or film

Front 285

al·le·go·ry

ˈaləˌɡôrē/

Back 285

a story, painting etc in which the events and characters represent ideas or teach a moral lesson

"Pilgrim's Progress is an allegory of the spiritual journey"

تمثیل

Front 286

au·then·tic

ôˈTHen(t)ik/

Back 286

a painting, document, book etc that is authentic has been proved to be by a particular person [= genuine]:

an authentic work by Picasso

Front 287

cir·cuit

ˈsərkət/

Back 287

جریان

a path that forms a circle around an area, or a journey along this path:

We did a circuit of the old city

Front 288

mar·quee

märˈkē/

Back 288

a rooflike projection over the entrance to a theater, hotel, or other building.

*

Front 289

an·thro·pol·o·gy

ˌanTHrəˈpäləjē/

Back 289

the study of humankind, in particular.

*

Front 290

het·er·o·sex·u·al

ˌhedərəˈsekSH(əw)əl/

Back 290

(of a person) sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex.

Front 291

mon·u·ment

ˈmänyəmənt/

Back 291

a statue, building, or other structure erected to commemorate a famous or notable person or event.

Front 292

an·ti·thet·i·cal

ˌan(t)əˈTHedək(ə)l/

Back 292

directly opposed or contrasted; mutually incompatible.

"people whose religious beliefs are antithetical to mine"

Front 293

Ben-Day dots

technique

Back 293

The Ben-Day dots printing process, named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Henry Day, Jr., is a technique dating from 1879. Depending on the effect, color and optical illusion needed, small colored dots are closely spaced, widely spaced or overlapping.

Front 294

Plaster

Back 294

گچ

Front 295

id·i·o·syn·cra·sy

ˌidēəˈsiNGkrəsē/

noun

Back 295

خصوصیاتاخلاقی

طرز فکر ویژه

1 an unusual habit or way of behaving that someone has:

my uncle's idiosyncrasies

2 an unusual or unexpected feature that something has:

one of the many idiosyncrasies of English spelling

Front 296

id·i·o·syn·crat·ic

ˌidēəsiNGˈkradik/

adjective

Back 296

ویژه

"she emerged as one of the great idiosyncratic talents of the Nineties"

Front 297

pe·cu·liar

pəˈkyo͞olyər/

Back 297

1 strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising:

There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen.

Something peculiar is going on.

It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone.

3 behaving in a strange and slightly crazy way:

He's been a little peculiar lately.

She's a very peculiar child.

عجیب و غریب

Front 298

en·coun·ter

inˈkoun(t)ər,enˈkoun(t)ər/

Back 298

1 an occasion when you meet someone, or do something with someone you do not know:

She didn't remember our encounter last summer.

encounter with

His first encounter with Wilson was back in 1989.

Bernstein began training the young musician after a chance encounter at a concert (=a meeting that happened by chance).

2 an occasion when you meet or experience something

encounter with

a child's first encounter with books

a close encounter with a snake

their personal encounter with its diversity

مواجهه

شخصی خود را با ترویارویی نوع آن

Front 299

pos·ture

ˈpäsCHər/

Back 299

the way you position your body when sitting or standing

good/bad etc posture

Poor posture can lead to muscular problems.

her upright posture

2 [singular] the way you behave or think in a particular situation

posture towards

He tends to adopt a defensive posture towards new ideas.

If the posture of Pop was bemused detachment

حالت

وضعیت قرارگیری بدن حین

Front 300

be·muse

bəˈmyo͞oz/

Back 300

looking as if you are confused [= bewildered]:

a bemused expression

bemused by

He looked slightly bemused by all the questions.

Front 301

fre·net·ic

frəˈnedik/

Back 301

frenetic activity is fast and not very organized

She rushes from job to job at a frenetic pace.

fast and energetic in a rather wild and uncontrolled way.

"a frenetic pace of activity"

Front 302

pa·tron·age

ˈpatrənəj,ˈpātrənəj/

Back 302

حمایت

sponsorship

"art patronage"

the support given by a patron.

"the arts could no longer depend on private patronage"

Front 303

pro·found

prəˈfound/

Back 303

1 having a strong influence or effect

Tolstoy's experiences of war had a profound effect on his work.

The mother's behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child.

profound changes in society

Front 304

al·ien·a·tion

ˌālyəˈnāSH(ə)n/

Back 304

a‧li‧en‧a‧tion [uncountable]

1 the feeling of not being part of society or a groupalienation from

Unemployment may provoke a sense of alienation from society.

بیگانگی

Front 305

oth·er·ness

ˈəT͟Hərnəs/

Back 305

the quality or fact of being different.

"the developed world has been celebrating African music while altogether denying its otherness"

مغایرت /

Front 306

ho·mo·ge·ne·i·ty

ˌhōməjəˈnēədē,ˌhōməjəˈnāədē/

Back 306

یکدستی

the quality or state of being homogeneous.

"the cultural homogeneity of our society"

Front 307

ho·mo·ge·ne·ous

ˌhōməˈjēnēəs/

Back 307

consisting of people or things that are all of the same type[↪ heterogeneous]:

a homogeneous society

همگن

Front 308

rhet·o·ric

ˈredərik/

Back 308

language that is used to persuade or influence people, especially language that sounds impressive but is not actually sincere or useful:

The speech was dismissed by some people as merely political rhetoric.

rhetoric of

the rhetoric of socialism

Front 309

im·pris·oned

imˈpriz(ə)nd/

Back 309

kept in prison: captive.

"an imprisoned dissident"

Front 310

seg·re·gated

Back 310

a segregated school or other institution can only be attended by members of one sex, race, religion etc [≠ integrated]:

a racially segregated education system

Front 311

ge·om·e·try

jēˈämətrē/

Back 311

"geometric shapes"

"the geometry of spiders' webs"

هندسه

Front 312

a·sym·me·try

āˈsimətrē/

Back 312

1 having two sides that are different in shape [≠ symmetrical]:

asymmetrical patterns

عدم تقارن

Front 313

as·sem·blage in art

əˈsemblij/

Back 313

Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium. It is part of the visual arts, it typically uses found objects, but is not limited to these materials.

Front 314

as·sem·blage

əˈsemblij/

Back 314

1) a group of things collected together

assemblage of:

a unique assemblage of wildlife

- a collection or gathering of things or people

."a wondrous assemblage of noble knights, cruel temptresses, and impossible loves"

2) when parts are put together in order to make something

اجتماع- مجموعه - مونتاژ

Front 315

ir·ra·tion·a

li(r)ˈraSH(ə)nəl/

Back 315

not based on clear thought or reason [= unreasonable;

≠ rational,reasonable]:

an irrational fear of flying

He's becoming increasingly irrational.

غیر منطقی

Front 316

fet·ish

ˈfediSH/

Back 316

طلسم

2) something you are always thinking about or spending too much time doing[↪ obsession]

fetish for/aboutSue

has a real fetish about keeping everything tidy.

Front 317

pen·du·lous

ˈpenjələs,ˈpendyə-/

Back 317

hanging down loosely.

"pendulous branches"

پاندولی

Front 318

mu·tate

ˈmyo͞otāt/

Back 318

change or cause to change in form or nature.

"technology continues to mutate at an alarming rate"

جهش یافته

Front 319

dis·card

Back 319

get rid of (someone or something) as no longer useful or desirable."Hilary bundled up the clothes she had discarded"

Front 320

con·no·ta·tion

ˌkänəˈtāSH(ə)n/

Back 320

معنای نهفته

a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning [↪ denotation]

connotation of:

The word 'professional' has connotations of skill and excellence.

a negative connotation

Front 321

ush·er

ˈəSHər/

Back 321

1) show or guide (someone) somewhere.

"a waiter ushered me to a table"

راهنمایی کردن

2) cause or mark the start of something new."

the railroads ushered in an era of cheap mass travel"

طلیعه چیزی بودن -

چیزی بودن آغازگر

Front 322

ex·tin·guish

ikˈstiNGɡwiSH/

Back 322

1 to make a fire or light stop burning or shining [= put out]:

Please extinguish all cigarettes.

Firemen were called to extinguish the blaze.

2 to make an idea or feeling stop:

All hope was almost extinguished.

Front 323

ply·wood

ˈplīˌwo͝od/

Back 323

تخته چندلا

Front 324

a·dorn

əˈdôrn/

Back 324

-formal to decorate something

adorn something with something

church walls adorned with religious paintings

-make more beautiful or attractive.

"pictures and prints adorned his walls"

زر و زیور اراستن

Front 325

Paradigm

Back 325

a typical example or pattern of something; a model.

"there is a new paradigm for public art in this country"

Front 326

Fluxus

Back 326

an avant-garde art movement of the 1950s and 1960s that was heavily influenced by Dada

Front 327

Orchestrate

Back 327

to organize an important event or a complicated plan, especially secretly:

The riots were orchestrated by anti-government forces.

هماهنگ و موزون کردن

a carefully orchestrated promotional campaign.

2 to arrange a piece of music so that it can be played by an orchestra

Front 328

Pivot

Back 328

to turn or balance on a central point, or to make something do this

pivot on

The table-top pivots on two metal pins

.2 [intransitive] to turn quickly on your feet so that you face in the opposite direction:

Magee pivoted and threw the ball to first base.

Front 329

Foreground

Back 329

the part of the view in a picture or a photograph that is closest to you when you are looking at it [≠ background]:

There were three figures in the foreground.

2 be in the foreground to be regarded as important and receive a lot of attention:

Education has been very much in the foreground recently.

Front 330

shrewd

SHro͞od/

Back 330

having or showing sharp powers of judgment; astute.

"she was shrewd enough to guess the motive behind his gesture"

Malcolm is a shrewd businessman.

She was shrewd enough to guess who was responsible.

Capra looked at her with shrewd eyes.

2 well judged and likely to be right:

a shrewd decision

Bridget has a shrewd idea of what will sell.

Front 331

Spectrum

Back 331

a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite

spectrum of

طیف

the ethnic spectrum of America

Front 332

Assimilation

Back 332

the process of understanding and using new ideas

2 [uncountable + into] the process of becoming an accepted part of a country or group

Front 333

Nerd

Back 333

someone who seems only interested in computers and other technical things - used to show disapproval [= geek]:

a computer nerd

Front 334

Anthology

Back 334

a set of stories, poems, songs etc by different people collected together in one book [= collection]:

an anthology of American literature

گلچین ادبی

Front 335

whimsical

Back 335

unusual or strange and often amusing:He has a wonderful whimsical sense of humour.

Front 336

embalm

əmˈbä(l)m/

Back 336

مومیائی

preserve (a corpse) from decay, originally with spices and now usually by arterial injection of a preservative.

"the Egyptian method of embalming"

Front 337

dissent

Back 337

"two members dissented from the majority"

دگراندیشی

Front 338

at the end of the day

Back 338

dast-e akhar

Front 339

amplification

Back 339

taghviyat

Front 340

threshold

Back 340

a strip of wood, metal, or stone forming the bottom of a doorway and crossed in entering a house or room.

synonyms: doorstep, doorway, entrance, entry, door, gate, gateway, portal,

"the threshold of the church"

Front 341

dispel

dəˈspel/

Back 341

to remove fears, doubts, or false ideas, usually by proving themwrong or unnecessary:We need to dispel the myths and establish real facts.

Front 342

convention

Back 342

1) a large formal meeting for people who belong to the same profession or organization or who have the same interests:

-a teachers' convention

2)a formal agreement, especially between countries, about particular rules or behaviour [= pact, treaty]

convention on:

-the European convention on human rights

3)behaviour and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal and right [= custom]:

-Playing together teaches children social conventions such as sharing.

4)a method or style often used in literature, art, the theatre etc to achieve a particular effect:

-the conventions of the nineteenth century novel

Front 343

dialectic

Back 343

a method of examining and discussing ideas in order to find the truth, in which two opposing ideas are compared in order to find a solution that includes them both

"feminism has of course contributed to this dialectic"

Front 344

facade

Back 344

1) the front of a building, especially a large and important one

facade of:

-the facade of the cathedral

-an impressive building with a red brick facade

2) a way of behaving that hides your real feelings:

-Behind her cheerful facade, she's a really lonely person.

Front 345

esrtwhile

Back 345

former.

"his erstwhile rivals"

-She found herself ostracized by erstwhile friends.

Front 346

confront

Back 346

if a problem, difficulty etc confronts you, it appears and needs to be dealt with:

-The problems confronting the new government were enormous.

Front 347

Fascinate

(verb)

Back 347

1-I am fascinated with you

2- He is fascinated with rock climbing

3- I am fascinated with your question.

4- I'm fascinated by you

5-I have great fascination for you

if the object of the fascination is something that can be held, handled, or manipulated (say, Rubik's cube for example), then someone can be fascinated "with" it. If - for example - someone is reading an interesting article, they may be fascinated "by" it.

Front 348

incarnation

Back 348

تجسم

تناسخ

She believes she was an Egyptian queen in a previous incarnation.

Front 349

Disguise

Back 349

give (someone or oneself) a different appearance in order to conceal one's identity.

"he disguised himself as a girl"

Front 350

confess

Back 350

1) to admit, especially to the police, that you have done something wrong or illegal

confess to (doing) something:

-Edwards confessed to being a spy for the KGB.

2) to admit something that you feel embarrassed about [↪ confession]

confess (that)

Marsha confessed that she didn't really know how to work the computer.

اعتراف کردن

Front 351

Euphoria

Back 351

an extremely strong feeling of happiness and excitement which usually only lasts for a short time:

There was a general atmosphere of pessimism after the euphoria of last year.

شعف و وجد

Front 352

Humiliate

Humiliated

Back 352

to make someone feel ashamed or stupid, especially when other people are present [= embarrass]:

Her boss humiliated her in front of all her colleagues.

humiliated adjective:I've never felt so humiliated in all my life.

Front 353

Flying saucer

Back 353

a disk-shaped flying craft supposedly piloted by aliens;

a UFO.

Front 354

deism

Back 354

the belief in a God who made the world but has no influence on human lives

Front 355

Configuration

Back 355

formal or technical the shape or arrangement of the parts of something[= layout]configuration ofthe configuration of pistons in an engine

Front 356

psychosis

Back 356

a serious mental illness that can change your character and make you unable to behave in a normal way

Front 357

psychotic

Back 357

suffering from or caused by psychosis:

psychotic patients

psychotic illness

Front 358

endow

Back 358

1) to give a college, hospital etc a large sum of money that provides it with an income

2) endow somebody/something with something phrasal verb1

to make someone or something have a particular quality, or to believe that they have it:

Her resistance to the Nationalists endowed her with legendary status.

2 be endowed with something to naturally have a good feature or quality:

She was endowed with good looks.

موهبت داشتن

3 to give someone something

Front 359

celestial

Back 359

آسمانی

She has a celestial voice

Front 360

Hypocrisy

Back 360

when someone pretends to have certain beliefs or opinions that they do not really have - used to show disapproval [≠ sincerity]:

It would be sheer hypocrisy to pray for success, since I've never believed in God.

دورویی

Front 361

hypocrite

Back 361

someone who pretends to have certain beliefs or opinions that they do not really have - used to show disapproval

منافق

سالوس

ریاکار

متظاهر

Front 362

Hypocritical

Back 362

we don't go to church and we thought it would be hypocritical to have him christened

ریاکارانه

Front 363

peculiar

Back 363

1 strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising:

There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen.

Something peculiar is going on.

It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone.

2 be peculiar to somebody/something if something is peculiar to a particular person, place, or situation, it is a feature that only belongs to that person or only exists in that place or situation:

The problem of racism is not peculiar to this country.

3 behaving in a strange and slightly crazy way:

He's been a little peculiar lately.

She's a very peculiar child.

عجیب و غریب

Front 364

picturesque

Back 364

visually attractive, especially in a quaint or pretty style.

"the picturesque covered bridges of New England"

1 a picturesque place is pretty and interesting in an old-fashioned way:

a quiet fishing village with a picturesque harbour

2 picturesque language uses unusual, interesting, or sometimes rude words to describe something:

a picturesque account of his trip to New York

Front 365

Account

Back 365

1 noun ac‧count [countable]1description:

a written or spoken description that says what happens in an event or process

account of

He was too shocked to give an account of what had happened

Front 366

in my humble opinion

Back 366

Used to introduce or qualify a statement, as expressing one's own view, not one backed by external authority or to be accepted without question

in my view

Front 367

Dogmatic

Back 367

someone who is dogmatic is completely certain of their beliefs and expects other people to accept them without arguing:

-Her staff find her bossy and dogmatic.

Front 368

Deprive

Back 368

deprive somebody of something phrasal verbto prevent someone from having something, especially something that they need or should have:

A lot of these children have been deprived of a normal home life.

When we are prevented from seeing it, we are being deprived of the history which belong to us.

محروم کردن

Front 369

constitute

Back 369

را تشکیل می دهند

be (a part) of a whole.

"single parents constitute a great proportion of the poor

"farmers constituted 10 percent of the population"

Front 370

deprivation

Back 370

the lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy:

Sleep deprivation can result in mental disorders.

social/economic/emotional etc deprivation Low birth weight is related to economic deprivation.

deprivation of

the deprivations of prison life

Front 371

Mystify

Back 371

make obscure or mysterious.

"lawyers who mystify the legal system so that laymen find it unintelligible"

Front 372

libel

Back 372

when someone writes or prints untrue statements about someone so that other people could have a bad opinion of them [↪ slander]

for libel

افترا

Holt sued the newspaper for libel.

a libel action/case/trial (=a court case against someone for libel)

restrictions on press freedom, such as libel laws

Front 373

pictorial

Back 373

using or relating to paintings, drawings, or photographs:

of or expressed in pictures; illustrated.

"feelings presented in a pictorial form"

a pictorial record of their journey

I am a pictorial person

تصویری

Front 374

segregation

Back 374

when people of different races, sexes, or religions are kept apart so that they live, work, or study separately [≠ integration]:

racial segregation

جدایی نژادی

segregation of

the segregation of men and women

Front 375

beholder

Back 375

A beholder is an observer: someone who gains awareness of things through the senses, especially sight. If beauty is in the eye of thebeholder, then the person who is observing gets to decide what isbeautiful.

Front 376

beam

Back 376

1a) a line of light shining from the sun, a lamp etc:

the beam of a powerful flashlightb) a line of light, energy etc that you cannot see:

a laser beam

2 a long heavy piece of wood or metal used in building houses, bridges etc

3 a wide happy smile:a beam of delight

Front 377

converge

Back 377

1 to come from different directions and meet at the same point to become one thing [≠ diverge]:

The two rivers converge into one near Pittsburgh.

2 if groups of people converge in a particular place,

they come there from many different places and meet together to form a large crowd

همگرا بودن

converge on

Reporters converged on the scene.

3 if different ideas or aims converge, they become the same [≠ diverge]:

Cultural beliefs about the role of women converge with government policies.

Front 378

integral

Back 378

1 forming a necessary part of something:

- Vegetables are an integral part of our diet.

integral to

-Statistics are integral to medical research.

Front 379

behold

Back 379

to see or to look at something -

sometimes used humorously be a sight/joy/pleasure etc. to behold

"The beauty of the garden was a pleasure to behold."

Front 380

monarch

Back 380

a king or queen

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Bogus

Back 381

not true or real, although someone is trying to make you think it is [= false]:

"bogus insurance claims

"bogus applications for asylum"

He was arrested and charged with carrying a bogus passport.

جعلی

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relic

Back 382

an old object or custom that reminds people of the past or that has lived on from a past time:

"Roman relics found in a field"

Front 383

genuine

Back 383

truly what something is said to be; authentic.

"each book is bound in genuine leather"

(of a person, emotion, or action) sincere.

"she had no doubts as to whether Tom was genuine"

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axiomatic

Back 384

something that is axiomatic does not need to be proved because you can easily see that it is true [= self-evident]

"it is axiomatic that dividends have to be financed"

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Picture

Back 385

1 to imagine something by making an image in your mind:

"Tom, picturing the scene, smiled."

picture somebody/something as something

"Rob had pictured her as serious, but she wasn't like that"

picture somebody doing something

"I can't picture him skiing. He's so clumsy!

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i.e.

Back 386

An abbreviation for id est, a Latin phrase meaning “that is.” It indicates that an explanation or paraphrase is about to follow: “Many workers expect to put in a forty-hour week — i.e., to work eight hours a day.”

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Can I make an appointment to see the ...?

Doctor

dentist

Back 387

Yes

Front 388

I would like a check up.

Back 388

Polish and clean

Front 389

Holocaust

Back 389

destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war."a nuclear holocaust"

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exile

Back 390

a writer now living in exile

He went into exile to escape political imprisonment.

force/drive somebody into exile:

The house was raided and the family was forced into exile.

He spent many years in enforced exile.

voluntary/self-imposed exileShe had been in voluntary exile since 1990.

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dilemma

Back 391

a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do, because all the choices seem equally good or equally bad:

a moral dilemma

in a dilemma

I'm in a dilemma about this job offer.

This placed Robert Kennedy in a dilemma.

Many women are faced with the dilemma of choosing between work and family commitments.

Front 392

compelling

adj

Back 392

compelling reason/argument/case etc an argument etc that makes you feel certain that something is true or that you must do something about it:

Lucy had no compelling reason to go into town.

The court was presented with compelling evidence that she'd murdered her husband.

2. very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention:His life makes a compelling story.

Front 393

surmount

Back 393

overcome (a difficulty or obstacle).

"all manner of cultural differences were surmounted"

Front 394

wanderer

Back 394

a person who moves from place to place and has no permanent home

Front 395

ambiguous

Back 395

something that is ambiguous is unclear, confusing, or not certain, especially because it can be understood in more than one way[≠ unambiguous]:

The language in the Minister's statement is highly ambiguous.

His role in the affair is ambiguous.

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Mutilate

Back 396

to severely and violently damage someone's body, especially by cutting or removing part of it:

The prisoners had been tortured and mutilated.

Front 397

banal

Back 397

ordinary and not interesting, because of a lack of new different idea:

Conversation about the most banal subjects.

banalize: make it ordinary

Front 398

Imperialism

Back 398

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

the struggle against imperialism

Front 399

elucidate

Back 399

make something clear, explain

work such as theirs will help to elucidate this matter

Front 400

expulsion

Back 400

the process of forcing someone to leave a place, especially a country.

Front 401

objectify

Back 401

to treat a person or idea as a physical object:a culture that objectifies women

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anguish

Back 402

mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or worry:the anguish of not knowing what had happened to her

Front 403

loss

Back 403

the fact or process of losing something or someone.

"avoiding loss of time"

Front 404

clustered

Back 404

if a group of people or things cluster somewhere, or are clustered somewhere, they form a small group in that place

cluster around/together etc

Reporters clustered around the palace gates for news.

Industries in Britain tend to be clustered together.

Front 405

bear

Back 405

(of a person) carry.

"he was bearing a tray of brimming glasses"

to bravely accept or deal with a painful, difficult, or upsetting situation [= stand]:

She was afraid she wouldn't be able to bear the pain.

Overcrowding makes prison life even harder to bear.

Make the water as hot as you can bear.

he humiliation was more than he could bear.

Black people continue to bear the brunt of most racial violence(=have to deal with the most difficult or damaging part).

تحمل کردن - طاقت اوردن - متحمل شدن

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inflict

Back 406

cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something

"they inflicted serious injuries on three other men"

Front 407

Secular

Back 407

not having any connection with religion:

We live in an increasingly secular society, in which religion has less and less influence on our daily lives.s

ecular educationa secular state

Front 408

outsider

Back 408

a person who is not involved with a particular group of people or an organization, or who does not live in a particular place:I moved here three years ago, but I still feel like an outsider.

Front 409

flux

Back 409

a situation in which things are changing a lot and you cannot be sure what will happen:

Everything is in flux at the moment.

The education system is still in a state of flux.

Front 410

Masochism

Back 410

sexual behaviour in which someone gains pleasure from being hurt or punished [↪ sadism, sado-masochism]

2 behaviour that makes it seem that someone wants to suffer or have problems:

Unconscious masochism seemed to drive her from one disaster to the next.

Front 411

Narcissistic

Back 411

خودشیفتگی

Front 412

dogma

Back 412

a set of firm beliefs held by a group of people who expect other people to accept these beliefs without thinking about

themreligious/political/ideological etc

the rejection of political dogma

تعصب

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ethos

Back 413

the set of ideas and moral attitudes that are typical of a particular group:

a community in which people lived according to an ethos of sharing and caring