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28 Cards in this Set
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A greek mathematician who wanted to break from the mythological narratives of his time and sought for a more reasonable explanation of the origin of all things - His quest of the primordial substance of the universe ws “water” - Honored as the first philosopher, not for his answer but because of his intention of his question |
THALES OF MILETUS (624-548 BCE) |
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Considered the foremost philosopher of ancient times - Known critic of intellectuals (Sophists) - He did not claim to be “wise” - Credited with formulating the Socratic Method– |
Socrates |
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A means of examining a topic by devising a series of questions |
Socratic Method |
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a method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive of new knowledge |
Dialectic |
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The process by which specific statements are analyzed to reach a conclusion or generalization |
Deductive Reasoning |
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a device for raising water and a method for determining volume using displacement |
Archimedes Screw |
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Each aspect of the topic in question is analyzed to determine its validity or truthfulness |
Sytematic Doubt |
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Various perspectives on a topic are taken into consideration and examined |
Argument |
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Varied and differing ideas and perspectives are analyzed and from the information gathered, new ideas and views are formulated |
Dialectic |
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Refers to assumptions which are taken for granted in philosophical discussion- Provide a foundation and direction in philosophical studies- Other philosophical topics have their own sets of ____ which are the basis ofdiscussion and debate |
Axioms |
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A problem solving device - Used in analyzing possible explanations regarding a phenomenon. - States that among possible explanations, the one which has the least assumptions is the most acceptable |
Occam's Razor |
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A systematic analysis of the validity of arguments and statements - Uses syllogisms or logical arguments |
Formal Logic |
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These are imagined scenarios used to illustrate a certain problem or describe atheory |
Thought Experiment and Allegory |
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“To see is to believe”- States that something is true if it corresponds to reality or the actual state ofaffairs.- We expect that objects and concepts are defined as they are in real life- Data is a posteriori (knowledge gain from experience)- Mode: Direct- Based: Concrete data |
Correspondence Theory |
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We need to understand the context- Proposes that something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certainsituation or context.- Objective- Truth is varied from different perspectives -Mode: Direct- Based: Context |
Coherence Theory |
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Knowledge is shaped by social forces and influenced by culture and history- Knowledge is gained as part of social experience and requires interaction andcollaboration- Thus the knowledge and “truth” is constantly changing, given that what is truemay be influenced by historical developments and social struggles- |
Constructivist Theory |
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Contends that there are no absolute truth- An idea or principle is only true within a particular context, and thus it is possiblefor alternative truths to exist in various contexts or situations |
Relativism |
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Based on majority agreement- Views knowledge as based on agreement and that something is true if almosteveryone agrees that it is true.- May be imposed by influential groups or institutions- Used to determine the truth of scientific claims, where experts must agree on acertain phenomenon before it can be established as true- Came from experts- |
Consensus Theory |
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- holds the view that something is true if we can put it into practice or is useful inreal life.- believes that ideas should be continually tested to confirm their validity- Applicability of a claim |
Pragmatic Theory |
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considers that ideas must be verified using the senses or experience. |
Verificationism |
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Your status in society - Being useful in society - A social construct - Effects: respect, rights and obligations |
Personhood |
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If one possesses the ability to determine his or her life through “reasoned freechoice” which is increased with maturity- Ability to make their own choices |
Autonomous Being |
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This view asserts that the human being has the inherent capacity to function as a person - Expects the full potential of a person |
Unified Individual |
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This view asserts that a human being becomes a person through interactions with other human beings - Socializing with others |
Person-In-Relation-To-Others |
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Can be considered an autonomous being due to their level of intelligence - Unified individual due to their contribution in science |
Great Apes |
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Unified individual due to their contribution in society- Person-in-relation-to-others |
Corporations/Organizations |
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which is the capacity to choose from alternative courses of action or decision - Based on our rationality/ reasoning - Ex. Having to go abroad as your poor family’s breadwinner to earn money |
Free Will |
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the freedom to perform an action without any obstacles or hindrances - Based on our capacity and resources - Ex: you want to go out but suddenly it rains, in return affecting your free will |
Free Action |
