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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymphatic system is comprised of what structures?
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lymphatic vessels & nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
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Lymph rejoins blood in the?
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subclavian veins
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Function of thymus
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Secretes hormones that influence the matutation of T lymphocytes
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Difference between innate (nonspecific) defenses and adaptive defenses against infection?
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Innate defenses refers to those defenses that guard against pathogens; adaptive defenses are those that respond to specific foreign pathogens
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Innate defense examples
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mechanical & chemical barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis and fever
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First line of defense
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skin and mucous membranes
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Primary respiratory system function
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exchange of gases between lungs and blood
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Process of exchanging gases between atmosphere and body cells
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respiration
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Driving force for inspiration
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atmospheric pressure
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Driving force for expiration
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elastic recoil
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Where is the respiratory center which controls breathing located?
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Pons and medulla oblongata
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The two divisions of the skeletal system
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axial and appendicular
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Osteoblast function
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Build bone matrix
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Osteoclast function
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break down bone matrix
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classes of bone shapes
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long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
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The axial skeleton contains:
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skull, vertebral column, rib cage
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Five regions of vertebral column, from superior to inferior
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
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Number of lumbar vertebra
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5
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Number of thoracic vertebra
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12
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Characteristic of true ribs
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they attach directly to sternum
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The appendicular skeleton is composed of the:
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pectoral & pelvic girdle, and limbs
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The pectoral girdle is composed of:
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the clavicle and scapula
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the bones of the upper limbs include:
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humerus, radius, ulna
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Two surface features of bones include:
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projections, depressions
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Major portion of coxal bone:
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illium
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Functions of the nervous system
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Sensory input, integration, motor output
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Structural classifications of the nervous system
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Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
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Functions of neuroglia cells
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Support, insulate, and protect cells
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Function of oligodendrocytes
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produce myelin in the CNS
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Function of astrocytes
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brace and anchor neurons to nutrient lines
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Part of the brain that regulates breathing rate, rhythm and heart rate
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Medulla
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Two major functional properties of neurons
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irritability and conductivity
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Function of thalamus
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sorting impulses and sending them to the cerebral cortex
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Four major regions of the brain
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cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
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The occipital lobe of the cerebrum houses:
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the visual area
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Functions of hypthalamus
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maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities such as body temperature, body weight, growth, and reproduction
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What regulates heart rate, respiratory rate and vomiting?
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medulla oblongata
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Part of the brain that provides precise timing and smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements:
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cerebellum
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Connective tissue membranes of the meninges
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dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater
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PNS division that maintains homeostasis of visceral activities without conscious effort
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autonomic nervous system
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"fight or flight" response is initiated by the:
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sympathetic division
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Division of the autonomic nervous system that operates primarily during ordinary, restful conditions
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parasympathetic division
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Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones?
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Directly into body fluids such as blood
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Major difference between steroid hormones and other hormones
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Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and can cross into the cell's nucleus
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Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
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Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, acth, luteinizing hormone
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Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland
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antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
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Hormones of the thyroid gland
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thyroxin, calcitonin
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Parathyroid gland hormones
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parathyroid hormone
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adrenal gland hormones
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epinephrine, norepinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol
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pancreas hormones
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glucagon and insulin
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Pineal gland hormones
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melatonin
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thymus gland hormones
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thymosins
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The muscle tissue that consist of single, very cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations:
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skeletal muscle
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During muscle contraction myosin cross bridges attach to active sites of:
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the actin filaments
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Acetylcholine is:
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a neorotransmitter
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The gap between the nerve ending and muscle cell membranes is called:
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synaptic cleft
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The ____ of a muscle is the part attached to the immovable or less movable bone
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origin
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The body movement that moves the limb toward the midline
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adduction
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Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
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perimysium
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Connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
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epimysium
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Contractile unit of muscle
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sarcomere
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A muscle cell
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fiber
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Thin connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers
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endomysium
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Plasma membrane of muscle cells
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sarcolemma
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Long, filamentous organelle found within muscle cells that has a banded appearance
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myofibril
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actin or myosin containing structure
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myofilament
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A bundle of muscle cells
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fascicle
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attaches muscle to bone
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tendon
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protein found in thick filaments
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myosin
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protein found in thin filaments
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actin
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the network of interconnected filaments and microtubles within a cell is collectively called the:
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cytoskeleton
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Which structure contains the majority of genetic material within the cell?
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nucleus
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What serves as a packaging center for proteins?
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Golgi apparatus
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What functions to produce ribosomes?
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Nucleolus
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What is the primary source of ATP production?
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mitocondrion
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Organelle that contains digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion?
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lysosome
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The plasma membrane is composed of:
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phospholipids and protein
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What are the two places within a cell where ribosomes are located?
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cytoplasm & ER
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the central structure within the nucleus that contains ribosomal RNA is called:
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nucleolus
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A hypertonic solution contains:
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greater concentration of solute than the cytoplasm
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A cell in a hypotonic solution:
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gains water
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A cell in a hypertonic solution:
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loses water
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A cell in an isotonic solution:
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neither gains nor loses water
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The assisted transport of a molecule across the cell membrane without expenditure of energy
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facilitated diffusion
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The assisted transport of a molecule across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient requiring the use of energy
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active transport
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The process of cell membrane invagination to take substances into the cell
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endocytosis
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The process of forming an internal vesicle and releasing it from the cell
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exocytosis
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What is required for diffusion to occur?
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a concentration gradient
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Series of steps of the cell cycle
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interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, differentiation
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What occurs during interphase?
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Cell grows, undergoes metabolic activities, DNA replicated
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What occurs during metaphase?
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Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and spindle fibers attach to centromeres
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What occurs during prophase?
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Chromosomes are condensed, centrioles replicate, nuclear envelope disappears
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What occurs during anaphase?
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Spindle fibers contract and pull their attached chromosomes toward poles
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Which organs are found in the ventral body cavity?
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heart, lungs, stomach
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The dorsal body cavity contains which cavities?
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cranial and spinal
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Atomic structure
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An atom consists of one or more electrons surrounding a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons
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An element's atomic number is equal to the number of ____.
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protons
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Atoms that lose electrons become _____ charged.
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positively
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an ionic bond involves
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a transfer of electrons
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A chemical reaction in which larger molecules are broken into smaller ones is called a ______ reaction
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decomposition
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Normal blood pH is
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7.40, which is basic
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Important inorganic compounds in the human body include:
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water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts
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Building blocks of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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A DNA molecule is comprised of
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sugar, phosphate, and base
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Organic substances are distinguished by molecules that _____.
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contain carbon
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Inorganic substances are distinguished by molecules that ______.
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do not contain carbon
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Four primary body tissues
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epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
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Connective tissue functions
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giving support, allowing movement and transport of materials
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epithelial tissue functions
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protect, secrete,excrete and absorb
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nerve tissue function
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receive and conduct electrochemical impulses
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Integumentary system composition
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hair, nails, skin, sweat and oil glands
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Functions of skin
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Vitamin D activation, protection, thermoregulation
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What two types of tissues compose skin?
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epithelium & dense connective
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What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
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stratified squamous epithilium
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The most superficial stratum of the epidermis
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stratum corneum
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Deepest layer of the skin
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dermis
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The stratum of the epidermis that cuts off more superficial strata from their nutrient supply
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granulosum
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Epithelial tissue found in capillaries and alveoli of lungs
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simple squamous
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Epithelial tissue found only in the urinary system
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transitional
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several layers of cells that have flat, scale like cells on the apical surface
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stratified squamous
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epithelial tissue that lines the respiratory tract
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pseudostratified columnar
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Formed elements of blood
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leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes
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Plasma accounts for what volume of blood?
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55%
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Components of plasma
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nutrients, hormones, and proteins
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average of WBCs
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4,000 - 11,000
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Leukocytes that increase during acute infections
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lymphocytes
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Leukocytes that function during an allergic reaction
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eosinophils
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Site of hematopoiesis
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red bone marrow
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if sample of blood agglutinates with anti A and anti B it is ____.
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type AB
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The layer of the heart wall that contains cardiac muscle tissue
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myocardium
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Double sac of membrane that encloses the heart
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pericardium
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Which vessel receives blood during right ventricular systole?
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pulmonary artery
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The ______ is the outside layer of the heart wall that is the same as the parietal pericardium
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epicardium
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the myocardium receives blood from the:
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coronary arteries
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Pacemaker of the heart
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sinoatrial node
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When measuring blood pressure:
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the bottom number is the diastolic and represents ventricular relaxation
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point in the intrinsic conduction system where the impulse is delayed
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AV node
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What is the purpose of the AV delay?
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to allow time for the atria to finish contracting
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Term that describes location of kidneys
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retroperitoneal
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Blood pressure in the glomerulus is:
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extremely high
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two main structures of kidney
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glomerulus and renal tubule
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substance not reabsorbed by kidney
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urea
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Alimentary tract
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esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
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functions of mouth
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chew, mix food with saliva, taste
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digestive function of saliva
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moisten & dissolve food, carbohydrate digestion
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Internal folds of mucosa of stomach
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rugae
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function of stomach
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mechanical breakdown of food, begins protein digestion
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chief cells secrete:
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pepsinogen
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role of hydrochloric acid in stomach
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activate pepsinogen into pepsin
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pepsin begins digestion of:
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protein
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enzyme present in mouth and pancreas
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amylase
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gatekeeper of small intestine
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pyloric sphincter
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functions of small intestine
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completes chemical digestion of all food categories & absorbs nutrients into bloodstream
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Three structures that increase the absorptive surface of the small intestine
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microvilli, villi and circular folds
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functions of large intestine
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dry out food residue by absorbing water and eliminate these residues
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digestive function of the pancreas
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produce enzymes that breakdown all categories of digestible foods
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Large food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes
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chemical digestion
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Swallowing and peristalsis both are examples of:
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propulsion
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Transport of digested end products from the GI tract to the blood
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absorption
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GI tract segment with no digestive function
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esophagus
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gall bladder function
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store and release bile
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Bile function
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emulsification of fats
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digestive function of the liver
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produce bile
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composition of feces
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food residues, mucus, and bacteria
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