Final Zool

Front 1

The kidneys are an example of a(n) _________ in the human body

Back 1

organ

Front 2

Blood is considered to be _________ tissue.

Back 2

connective

Front 3

Which of the following tissue types is found in the heart?

Back 3

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Front 4

Nutrients and water are absorbed into the body mainly by the ________ system.

Back 4

digestive

Front 5

Plasma is:

Back 5

extracellular fluid that is within the circulatory system.

Front 6

The hormone glucagon causes the release of of glucose from body cells into the bloodstream. Its secretion is controlled by a negative-feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the glucagon-secreting cells in the pancreas. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?

Back 6

A decrease in blood glucose concentration stimulates glucagon secretion, which in turn increases the blood glucose concentration which stops further glucagon secretion.

Front 7

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

Back 7

During childbirth the fetus pushing on the cervix causes the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin causes an increase in uterine contractions which increases the pressure of the fetus on the cervix which causes further oxytocin release and stronger uterine contractions.

Front 8

Which of the following statements is FALSE about the plasma membrane: Every cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Plasma membranes separate intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid.
Plasma membranes are made up of phospholipid bilayers.
Plasma membranes are only permeable to hydrophilic substances like sodium.
Plasma membranes are freely permeable to hydrophobic substances like oxygen.

Back 8

Plasma membranes are only permeable to hydrophilic substances like sodium.

Front 9

The nucleus:

Back 9

is enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope.
contains our genetic code or DNA.
is the site of ribosome assembly.
ultimately directs protein synthesis and cell replication.

Front 10

There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. The ________endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes and is the site of the synthesis of secretory proteins and the _________ endoplasmic reticulum that packages the secretory proteins and synthesizes lipids.

Back 10

rough : smooth

Front 11

During protein synthesis:

Back 11

ribosomes catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids.

Front 12

The __________ collects, modifies and packages cell products for secretion.

Back 12

Golgi complex

Front 13

______ contain the enzyme catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide while ________ contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down worn out organelles.

Back 13

Peroxisomes : lysosomes

Front 14

The krebs cycle and electron transport chain take place in the________________.

Back 14

mitochondria

Front 15

_______ are hollow cytoskeleton elements and play a role in cellular movement while _________ are ropelike cytoskeleton elements that help anchor organelles.

Back 15

Microtubules : intermediate filaments

Front 16

_________ are adhering cell junctions found in tissues that undergo alot of stretching, ________ are impermeable cell junctions frequently found in epithelial tissue, and _________ are communicating cell junctions found between cardiomyocytes in the heart.

Back 16

Desmosomes : tight junctions : gap junctions

Front 17

The making of a trigyleride from glycerol and three fatty acids is an example of a(n) __________ reaction where _______ is used and _______ is released.

Back 17

dehydration synthesis : energy : water

Front 18

Animals store carbohydrates as _________.

Back 18

glycogen

Front 19

_______ fat like lard is _______ at room temperature because there are no double bonds present in the fatty acid tails.

Back 19

Saturated : solid

Front 20

__________ are amphipathic lipid molecules and have a polar head region and non polar tail region.

Back 20

Phospholipids

Front 21

In the primary structure of a peptide or protein, the amino acids are held together by _____________ which are a type of covalent bond.

Back 21

peptide bonds

Front 22

When a protein denatures:

Back 22

the protein unfolds losing its quaternary and tertiary structure.

Front 23

Glycolysis occurs in the _______ and ______ require oxygen.

Back 23

cytosol : does not

Front 24

Under anaerobic conditions our cells will convert _______ to ______.

Back 24

pyruvate : lactate

Front 25

The krebs cycle occurs in the _______.

Back 25

mitochondrial matrix

Front 26

The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:

Back 26

oxygen

Front 27

ATP synthase is the transmembrane protein found on the inner mitochondrial membrane that allows _____ into the matrix which provides it with the energy needed to convert _____ to ______.

Back 27

protons : ADP : ATP

Front 28

Cells other than neurons can use which types of macromolecules to make ATP?

Back 28

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins

Front 29

The anions that give the interior of cells their negative charge are ______?

Back 29

proteins

Front 30

Potassium:

Back 30

is positively charged AND is in higher concentration inside of the cell

Front 31

Sodium:

Back 31

is positively charged

Front 32

Which of the following substances is MOST likely to passively diffuse across the plasma membrane by dissolving in the membrane?

Back 32

a nonpolar molecule like oxygen

Front 33

If you are dehydrated your plasma may be ________ and water would ______ your red blood cells.

Back 33

hypertonic : leaving

Front 34

The concentration of glucose in the lumen of the intestine is lower than the concentration of glucose in the enterocytes (epithelial cells lining the small intestine). The concentration of glucose in enterocytes is higher than the concentration of glucose in the blood stream. Therefore glucose is transported by ________ when it is absorbed into enterocytes from the intestine and transported by ________ when it is transported into the bloodstream from enterocytes.

Back 34

active transport : facilitated diffusion

Front 35

Vesicular transport is the process by which cells bring in or release large amounts of solutes or large particles. Which of the following is the vesicular transport method that white blood cells would use to engulf a bacterial cell to digest it in one of their lysosomes?

Back 35

phagocytosis

Front 36

Which of the following is an improper pairing of a neuron component with its function?

Back 36

soma : portion of the axon where the action potential stops

Front 37

Sodium's chemical and electrical driving forces:

Back 37

are the same. The chemical and electrical driving forces bring sodium into cells.

Front 38

Potassium's chemical and electrical driving forces:

Back 38

are opposite. The chemical driving force pushes potassium out of cells and electrical driving force brings potassium into cells.

Front 39

The resting membrane potential of cells is closer to the equilibrium potential of ______ since cells are more permeable to ______ than ______ at rest

Back 39

potassium : potassium : sodium

Front 40

If a cell becomes more polarized than it is at rest it is said to be:

Back 40

hyperpolarized

Front 41

Graded potentials:

Back 41

vary in magnitude
can be summed spatially
can be excitatory or inhibitory
can be summed temporally

Front 42

During an action potential in a neuron, depolarization is caused by:

Back 42

opening of voltage gated sodium channels leading to an influx of sodium into the cell.

Front 43

Action potentials in neurons:

Back 43

are unidirectional.

Front 44

During an action potential in a neuron, repolarization is caused by:

Back 44

opening of voltage gated potassium channels leading to an efflux of potassium into the cell.

Front 45

During the absolute refractory period in a neuron another action potential cannot be fired because:

Back 45

the inactivation gates of many sodium channels are closed.

Front 46

During the relative refractory period of a neuron it is harder to fire another action potential because

Back 46

the membrane is hyperpolarized.

Front 47

Conduction of action potentials in unmyelinated neurons:

Back 47

is slower than conduction in myelinated neurons.
is called continguous conduction. NOT SALTATORY

Front 48

Order the following events that occur at the synapse from first to last. 1 - calcium triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron 2 - neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse and binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell 3 - an action potential reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell 4 - neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse to terminate the response 5 - voltage gated calcium channels open on the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell 6 - the postsynaptic cell responds

Back 48

3,5,1,2,6,4

Front 49

An excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) occurs when acetylcholine binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors which opens __________ channels.

Back 49

nonspecific cation

Front 50

What type of glial cell acts locally to maintain normal electrolyte composition of the cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 50

astrocytes or ependymal cells

Front 51

Which of the following is the correct order of the meninges, from neural tissue to bone?

Back 51

Pia mater : arachnoid mater : dura mater

Front 52

In order for ions to move across the capillary endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, they must ________.

Back 52

be transported across endothelial cells

Front 53

The brain uses 20% of the oxygen we take in during rest because:

Back 53

it is continously active, it cannot do anaerobic glycolysis, & it can only aerobically metabolize glucose

Front 54

The ________ is the region of the brain that controls heart and blood vessel function, respiration, and many digestive functions.

Back 54

brainstem

Front 55

The ________ is the region of the brain involved in the control of subconscious coordination of learned motor tasks.

Back 55

cerebellum

Front 56

The ________ is a region of the diencephalon that filters and refines sensory information, allowing us to direct our attention to specific external

Back 56

thalmus

Front 57

The ________ is a region of the diencephalon that provides an important link between the endocrine and nervous system.

Back 57

hypothalamus

Front 58

The ____ is a region of the cerebrum that selects and maintains purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement.

Back 58

basal nuclei

Front 59

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a specialization of the right side of the cerebrum in most individuals?

Back 59

logic

Front 60

The ________ contains the visual cortex because visual information is processed there

Back 60

occipital lobe

Front 61

The _______ localizes the source of sensory input from the skin and perceives the level of intensity of the stimulus.

Back 61

primary somatosensory cortex

Front 62

A speech impediment like stuttering is due to a problem in _________ which governs speaking ability.

Back 62

Broca's area

Front 63

Which of the following is found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?

Back 63

efferent neuron cell bodies

Front 64

Motor neurons often act as the ___________ in basic reflexes.

Back 64

efferent pathway

Front 65

The knee jerk reflex is an example of a(n) ______ reflex.

Back 65

stretch

Front 66

Which of the following physiological responses would be associated with elevated sympathetic nervous system activity?

Back 66

increased contractile force of the heart

Front 67

Which of the following endocrine glands is innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream when stimulated?

Back 67

adrenal medulla

Front 68

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________; sympathetic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________.

Back 68

acetylcholine : acetylcholine

Front 69

With respect to their innervation, individual skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are innervated by ________.

Back 69

a single motor neuron

Front 70

The steps of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction are listed below, out of order. Choose the correct order. 1 - Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the motor end plate. 2 - Acetylcholine is released by exocytosis from the motor neuron. 3 - An action potential is produced on the muscle fibers sarcolemma. 4 - Voltage-gated calcium channels on the motor neurons plasma membrane open. 5 - An action potential arrives at the motor neurons axon terminal.

Back 70

54213

Front 71

Which of the following statements concerning receptors is correct?

Back 71

The larger the receptor potential, the greater the frequency of action potentials initiated in the afferent neuron.

Front 72

The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs is called ________.

Back 72

proprioception

Front 73

Which of the following statements about sensory coding is FALSE?

Back 73

The ability to locate the stimulus is inhibited by lateral inhibition.

Front 74

Sensory receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli or stimuli that have the potential to damage tissue are called ________.

Back 74

nociceptors

Front 75

Which is characteristic of fast pain?

Back 75

impulses carried along myelinated fibers

Front 76

Pain signals from visceral receptors are 'referred' to the body surface by:

Back 76

the convergence of visceral and somatic afferent neurons on the same second-order neurons in the spinal cord.

Front 77

The circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the ________ nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary ________.

Back 77

parasympathetic : constriction

Front 78

When the ciliary muscles of the eye are contracted, the zonular fibers are _____ and the lens is relatively ________, allowing the eye to focus on objects that are ________.

Back 78

round : tight : distant

Front 79

Rods:

Back 79

are more sensitive to light than cones.
have low acuity
provide vision in shades of gray
are important in night vision

Front 80

When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the ________ must first ________ before low light levels can be detected.

Back 80

rods : associate

Front 81

What type of sensory receptor detects sound waves in the cochlea?

Back 81

mecahnoreceptor

Front 82

Amplitude or loudness of sound is coded for by:

Back 82

the number of hair cells stimulated in the semicircular canal.

Front 83

Whether the hair cell in the semicircular canal is depolarized or hyperpolarized is dependent upon the:

Back 83

direction the stereocilia on the hair cells are bent.

Front 84

Which of the following is not a taste perceived by the chemoreceptors present on taste buds?

Back 84

mushy

Front 85

Olfactory receptors:

Back 85

are specialized endings on afferent neurons.

Front 86

A ________ is the fundamental repeating unit of the myofibril that gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance.

Back 86

sarcomere

Front 87

What is the function of T tubules?

Back 87

They conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell.

Front 88

During skeletal muscle contraction, as the muscle shortens, the thick and thin filaments ________.

Back 88

slide past one another

Front 89

What is the protein component of the thin filament that binds to calcium thereby initiating skeletal muscle contraction?

Back 89

troponin

Front 90

In order for crossbridge cycling to occur, the cross bridge between actin and myosin must be broken by the:

Back 90

binding of ATP to myosin.

Front 91

Which of the following steps in excitation-contraction occurs first?

Back 91

Sodium channels open on the sarcolemma in response to acetylcholine binding.

Front 92

Which of the following would allow a contracting muscle to relax?

Back 92

Calcium being taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 93

Which of the following energy sources regenerates ATP in muscle fibers the fastest?

Back 93

creatine phosphate

Front 94

Mild exercise like walking at a leisurely pace uses primarily _____ from _____ to supply the energy needed for contraction.

Back 94

fatty acids : blood

Front 95

When you lift a book off of a table, your bicep undergoes _____ muscle contraction which creates force _____ movement.

Back 95

isotonic : with

Front 96

A muscle that does not relax between numerous stimulations and develops a sustained contraction is undergoing ______ .

Back 96

tetanus

Front 97

Which of the following is a way that the strength of contraction is increased in skeletal muscles?

Back 97

increasing the frequency of muscle fiber stimulation

Front 98

Which of the following characteristics would be typical of an extreme endurance athlete's leg muscle?

Back 98

low glycogen content

Front 99

Muscle fatigue is caused by:

Back 99

lactic acid accumulation
depletion of energy reserves
changes in ion concentration
depletion of acetylcholine

Front 100

______ is the largest constituent of blood.

Back 100

Water

Front 101

Which of the following feature(s) of red blood cells help(s) to increase the diffusion rate of oxygen into them at the pulmonary capillaries?

Back 101

A thin plasma membrane that decreases the diffusion distance for oxygen.
A biconcave shape that increases the diffusion area for oxygen.
The presence of hemoglobin that binds oxygen and maintains the large concentration gradient for oxygen between the alveoli and the red blood cells.

Front 102

_________ detects a reduction in oxygen carry capacity of the blood and releases erythropoeitin. Erythropoeitin than increases red blood cell production in the ___________.

Back 102

kidney : bone marrow

Front 103

________ are the least abundant leukocytes in the blood and have histamine and heparin containing granules.

Back 103

Basophils

Front 104

B-cells produce antibodies and are a type of ______.

Back 104

lymphocyte

Front 105

________ are immature macrophages.

Back 105

Monocytes

Front 106

Which of the following statements concerning platelets is INCORRECT?

Back 106

Platelets from the meshwork of a blood clot that traps other blood cells.

Front 107

Order the events that occur during hemostasis from first to last. 1 - blood clot formation 2 - vascular spasm 3 - platelet plug formation

Back 107

2,3,1

Front 108

The myocardium is thickest in the _________ since it pumps blood to the ________ circuit that requires higher pressure than the ________ circuit.

Back 108

left ventricle : systemic : pulmonary

Front 109

Which of the following is a SIMILARITY between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Back 109

ALL: Presence of sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium storage.
Contraction is regulated by troponin and tropomyosin.
Presence of T-tubules.
Presence of sarcomeres.

Front 110

The atrioventricular (AV) valves open when ________.

Back 110

pressure inside the ventricle is less than pressure inside the atrium

Front 111

The slow depolarization or pacemaker potential that occurs in the hearts autorythmic cells is due to:

Back 111

opening of T-type calcium channels.

Front 112

The repolarization of autorythmic cells is due to:

Back 112

opening of potassium channels.

Front 113

Autorythmic cells in the ________ have the fastest intrinsic firing rate of action potentials and therefore serves as the pacemaker for the heart.

Back 113

SA node

Front 114

The plateau phase and long refractory period of cardiac contractile cells action potentials result from the opening of ________ channels in the plasma membrane of the cardiac contractile cells.

Back 114

calcium

Front 115

Which of the following components of an ECG represents ventricular depolarization?

Back 115

QRS complex

Front 116

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four heart valves closed while the pressure in the ventricles is decreasing?

Back 116

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Front 117

During which phase of the cardiac cycle re the semilunar valves are open?

Back 117

Ventricular ejection

Front 118

During _________ the atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure.

Back 118

ventricular filling

Front 119

During _______ the AV valves and semilunar valves are open.

Back 119

none of the phases of the cardiac cycle

Front 120

Which of the following is TRUE of sympathetic activity to the SA node?

Back 120

Potassium channel closing is enhanced.

Front 121

Which of the following factors will NOT increase cardiac output?

Back 121

Increased parasympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Front 122

bottom 2/3 of esophogus is made of what?

Back 122

smooth muscle

Front 123

2 types of digestive motility

Back 123

Propulsive movements (pushing), mixing

Front 124

Consist of water, electrolytes, mucus, enzymes, antibodies

Back 124

secretion

Front 125

Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure and resistance?

Back 125

Pressure = Flow X Resistance

Front 126

Arteries:

Back 126

act as pressure reservoirs when the ventricles relax.

Front 127

Which of the following factors is MOST important in matching the blood flow to a specific tissue with the metabolic needs of that tissue?

Back 127

Local changes within a tissue resulting from increased metabolic activity can produce local arteriolar vasodilation to allow more blood to flow into the tissue.

Front 128

During exercise, which organ would receive the largest increase in the amount of blood delivered to it?

Back 128

Skeletal muscle

Front 129

Capillaries have the largest _______ of all the blood vessels and the smallest _______.

Back 129

cross sectional area : flow rate

Front 130

What is the primary method by which hydrophobic materials such as oxygen, and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and surrounding tissues?

Back 130

Passive diffusion across the capillary endothelial cells down their concentration gradients.

Front 131

At the end of a capillary bed the ____________ of the blood __________ fluid and solutes _________ the capillaries.

Back 131

colloid osmotic pressure : pulls : into

Front 132

The order of vessels in the vascular tree from the left ventricle of the heart back to the right atrium of the heart is:

Back 132

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Front 133

Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?

Back 133

Return of excess fluid filtered at the capillaries to the circulatory system.
Defense against disease.
Transport of fat absorbed from the small intestine.
Return of any plasma proteins filtered at the capillaries to the circulatory system.

Front 134

Because veins are _______ they act as a major blood reservoir with 60% of our blood residing in them.

Back 134

compliant

Front 135

When measuring blood pressure the pressure reading on the sphygmomanometer the 1st time you hear a sound is the ______ pressure while the pressure reading on the sphygmomanometer when you no longer hear any sounds is the ______ pressure.

Back 135

systolic : diastolic

Front 136

While taking this exam if baroreceptors in your carotid sinuses detect an increase in blood pressure and increase the frequency of action potentials the cardiovascular control center in your oblongata your cardiovascular control center will do which of the following in order to DECREASE your blood pressure?

Back 136

Via the parasympathetic nervous system decrease heart rate.

Front 137

Hypertension is the most common blood pressure abnormality and if left untreated can lead to:

Back 137

stroke
congestive heart failure
renal failure
retinal damage

Front 138

Order the following steps in external respiration from first to last. 1 - O2 and CO2 are exchanged between air in alveoli and blood within the pulmonary capillaries via diffusion. 2 - Blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues. 3 - Air is moved into and out of the lungs. 4 - O2 and CO2 are exchanged between tissues and blood via diffusion across systemic (tissue) capillaries.

Back 138

3, 1, 2, 4

Front 139

This dome-shaped skeletal muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing.

Back 139

diaphragm

Front 140

As the volume of the lung decreases, intra-alveolar pressure ________.

Back 140

increases

Front 141

During heavy breathing, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.

Back 141

active : contraction of the internal intercostals

Front 142

A DECREASE in airway resistance is caused by ________.

Back 142

norepinephrine
epinephrine
carbon dioxide
bronchodilation

Front 143

A decrease in the _________ of the lungs would increase the amount of work needed for ________.

Back 143

compliance : inspiration

Front 144

Surfactant:

Back 144

ALL: increases the compliance of alveoli.
is produced by Type II alveolar cells.
decreases water's ability to hydrogen bond.
has a greater effect on small alveoli than large alveoli.

Front 145

The ___________ is the amount of air you left in your lungs even after a maximum expiration.

Back 145

residual volume

Front 146

The volume of air in conducting airways, like the trachea and bronchi, that is useless for exchange is referred to as ________.

Back 146

anatomical dead space

Front 147

Which of the following contributes to the rapid movement of gases into and out of the blood within the lungs?

Back 147

ALL: thin alveolar plasma membranes
large surface area of alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
large partial pressure gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide
alveolar and capillary endothelial plasma membranes being highly permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 148

The partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic capillaries is ______ than the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the tissues is _____ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the systemic capillaries.

Back 148

greater, greater

Front 149

During intense exercise, the localized increase in temperature at skeletal muscles ________ hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, ________ oxygens movement into the tissue.

Back 149

decreases : facilitating

Front 150

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is:

Back 150

decreased in response to an increase in carbon dioxide

Front 151

What is the primary way that carbon dioxide is carried in the bloodstream?

Back 151

dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate

Front 152

________ catalyzes the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid within ________.

Back 152

Carbonic anhydrase : erythrocytes