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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identify the surface components that supply power to the bit.
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***Top Drive
***Rotary Table |
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List three benefits of mud motors compared with turbines for directional drilling.
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***More energy directly at the bit.
***Greater flexibility in bit RPM ***Greater penetration rate due to greater RPM |
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Match the proportional components of a motor's inpust and outputs.
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***Torque is directly proportional to the motor differential pressure.
***RPM is directly proportional to flow rate (though somewhat affected by torque output.) |
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Choose the function of a float valve.
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Float Vavle acts as a 1-way check valve, preventing backflow.
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Choose the function of a bypass valve.
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Allows fluid in and out of the drillstring.
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List four sources of external magnetic interference
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***Casing
***Fish ***Magnetic Formation ***Magnetic Mud |
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Determine when magnetic interference due to casing or a fish is possible.
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***Any survey within 9m from a fish or casing will be bad.
***Any survey within 15m laterally from a fish or casing will probably be bad. ***Plan 15m separation between ellipse of uncertainty. |
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Explain what MagCorr is.
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Magcorr corrects for drillstring interference, which is interference caused by the iron in the BHA/drillstring.
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Explain how we predict drillstring and external magnetic interference.
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Survey Utilities Drillstring Interference is used for prediction of drillstring interference.
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Choose the correct offshore checks for magcorr and non-magcorr surveys.
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***Don't Panic
***Contact town and raise the issue ***Well planner will double check the survey type. ***More non-mag spacing may be required. **Never change the survey type unless told to- stick to the plan **Survey type has a HUGE affect on survey quality, anti-collision, and ellipse size. |
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How to calculate Friction Factor.
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Take surface torque readings when rotating off bottom to determine the friction factors.
(Torque - Drag) |
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What is Equivalent Circulating Density?
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The incremental weight equivalent to the pressure required to move the fluid through the annulus.
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What does not affect ECD?
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Pressure drops inside the drillstring, tools and across the bit.
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What affects ECD?
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***Cuttings Concentration
***Weight of Cutting ***Velocity of pressure in the Annulus. |
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Consequences of ECD?
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***Formation damage due to fluid invasion.
***Loss circulation due to high equivalent density. |
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What is buckling?
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Buckling occurs when too much compression is applied to a column (like a drillpipe).
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What types are there?
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Sinusoidal and Helical.
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What is Sinusoidal Buckling?
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Pipe is bent but not broken.
***If pipe is not rotated, sinusoidal buckling will not usually lead to failure. ***Limited clearence in the wellbore prevents very high stresses. |
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What is Helical Buckling
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Pipe is bent past its ability to spring back.
***Bent but not broken may no longer apply. ***If pipe is rotated, expect serious damage. |
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How to predict when the BHA is buckled?
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Fcr = 2 x square root of (EIW sin (inc.)/r)
E = Youngs modulus of elasticity. I = second moment of area W = buoyed weight per unit length R = Radial clearance between the pipe tool joint and the borehole wall. ***If the compressive load reaches the Fcr, then sinusoidal buckling occurs. |
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How do you calculate the second moment of area (I)?
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I = pi/64 ( OD^4 - ID^4)
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How do you calculate buoyed weight per inch?
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W = Wt./Ft x BF/12
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How do you calculate radial clearance between the tool joints and the borehole wall (R)?
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r = (Hole I.D. - Tool Joint O.D.)/2
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Young's Mudulous (PSI) approximations:
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30 Mill. for Steel
29 Mill. for Non Mag 10 Mill. for Aluminum |
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Consequences of Buckling?
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***Inefficient Drilling
***Tool Failure ***Wellbore/Hole Damage ***Backwards Whirl |
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Identify the planning considerations when drilling with a motor.
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***Motors increase SPP compared with rotary assemblies.
***Stator elastomer should be able to survive the mud and temperatures experienced while drilling. ***Max and Operational values for WOB, RPM, and differential pressure should be planned based on motor, bit, and pump specifications. ***Stabilization and AKO details should be chosen to optimize hole quality and the performance of the motor. ***Motors increase sensor offset and may require additional non-mag spacing. |
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Tasks to be done on arrival at the rigsite before drilling with a motor.
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***Download fishing diagrams and BUR chart books from tech pubs.
***Inspect tool transfer paperwork. ***Check actual serial numbers and motor type versus paperwork. ***Inspect tool. ***Measure tool and write dimensions on the downloaded fishing diagram. ***Input BHA into reporting software. ***Perform a pre-job safety briefing with rigsite personnel regarding motor PU, laydown, make-up, and operating procedures. ***Check planned AKO, BUR, WOB, and differential pressure. ***Perform motor calculations as necessary. |
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Procedure when picking up a drilling motor.
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***Check Float Valve
***Screw lifting sub to top of motor and torque. ***Mark sub and motor connection with chalk or a grease pen. ***Ensure thread protectors on tool ***Pick up using proper procedures and tag lines. ***Remove thread protectors as required ***Drop connections ***Make up to MWD and bit ***Set AKo ***Scribe MWD ***Surface test motor. ***Measure bearing gap ***RIH |
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Procedure for scribing a motor and MWD:
Preparing the Motor. |
***Ensure the lift sub on top of the MWD is torqued to spec with a chalk line across the connection before beginning.
***Make up the motor and MWD tool to recommended torque. ***After setting the AKO, identify the AKO Angle Setting ***Find this same value on the Highside Band and mark with a chalk line. ***This is the motor Highside Scribeline (the inside of the bend). |
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Procedure for scribing the MWD:
Transferring the Scribeline |
***With the motor highside scribeline in front of you, ask the driller to lower the BHA.
***As the tool descends, transfer the high side scribeline mark up to the MWD. ***Once the area with the MWD high side scribeline is in front of you, ask the driller to stop lowering the BHA. ***Mark the MWD wit a chalk mark directly above the motor highside scribeline. ***Dip an ear plug in dope and place it over the chalk mark. ***As the driller to pick up the BHA until the motor highside scribeline is in front of you. ***Look up at the ear plug on the transferred scribeline and determine whether it is directly above the motor highside scribeline, or whether it should be moved left or right. ***Consult with the MWD to make sure you agree. ***Lower the BHA and adjust the transferred motor highside scribeline so it is directly above the motor highside scribeline. ***Repeat as necessary. |
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What is the procedure when drilling with a motor?
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***Monitor and record WOB, RPM, and differential pressure while rotating and sliding.
***Record on and off bottom pressures. ***Monitor and record vibration and attempts to lessen vibration. ***Use proper procedures for tagging bottom. ***Optimize WOB and RPM ***Record motor stalling. ***Keep up to date on mud properties and cuttings. ***Survey and slide as required ***Trip immediately if calculations show that target can't be hit with current AKO setting. ***Monitor and optimize drilling performance. |
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What is the function of the rotor catching device?
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***In case of back-off or twist-off, the RCD will:
- Secure the lower parts of the motor. - Prevent complex fishing operations. ***Rapid detection of back-off and twist-off are the key to successful use of the RCD. |
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What is the laydown procedure for a motor?
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***Circulate bottoms up
***Slow down during tight hole and high doglegs. Orienting the TF may be required. ***You must be on the rig floor once the top of the HWDP is above the rig floor. ***Determine whether motor could be re-run or must be laid down. ***Supervise break out and lay down of BHA ***Pump motor dry. ***Measure motor axial bearing gap movement. ***Ensure thread protectors are applied to all INTEQ connections. ***Flush motor and MWD with water ***Fill out all necessary paperwork and submit to the office. ***Arrange transport of tools to/from rigsite. |
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When calculating UTM convergence for a point it may be necessary to convert _____?
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***Lat/Long from Deg/Min/Sec to Decimal degrees
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What are the four functions of drilling fluids?
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***Control Subsurface Pressures
***Seal Permeable formations ***Clean the Hole ***Lubrication |
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What is the Aniline Point?
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The temperature at which hydrocarbons break away from the mud properties and affect the elastomer motor.
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What are the three drilling fluid components that affect the density in mud?
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***Barite
***Calcium Carbonate ***Hematite |
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What are the drawbacks of Hematite?
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***Magnetic
***Potentially Abrasive |
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Fluids react to forces applied against them.
These forces are called what? |
Shear Stress
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The velocity or speed of reaction caused by applied shear stress is the?
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Shear Rate
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Non-Newtonian fluids are?
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Many solids-laden Fluids, including most drilling fluids.
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Newtonian fluids are?
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Natural fluids such as oil and water.
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What is Plastic Viscosity?
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The measure of the internal resistance to fluid flow.
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What is the Yield Point?
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Resistance to initial flow or the stress required to start the fluid moving.
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What is Shear Thinning?
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The more shear or velocity applied, the lower their effective viscosity becomes.
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The Herschel-Bulkley Model is used for?
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Water based mud.
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The Robertson - Stiff Model is used for?
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Oil based mud
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What is Laminar Flow?
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A directional, layered (or "Bullet Profile") flow.
***Better for transport of cuttings and solids in the fluid |
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What is Turbulent Flow?
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A Random flow
***Scours and erodes flow. ***Desirable at the bit face ***Undesirable in the open hole ***Does not transport cuttings and solids efficiently |
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What is AutoTrak?
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Inteq's rotary closed loop steering system
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What are the features of AutoTrak?
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***Can change hole trajectory while rotating.
***Extendable stabilizer ribs create side forces at the bit. ***Two-Way communication between downhole and surface systems. ***Fully integrated MWD with directional, resistivity, gamma ray, vibration, and near bit inclination sensors. |
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What are the benefits of AutoTrak?
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***Ability to perform in increasingly challenging well designs and overcome the limitations of current technology.
***Delivers significant increases on rate of penetration. ***Extended capabilities for section lengths and reach distance. ***Improved bore hole quality. |
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Describe what affects the directional behaviour of a rotary assembly.
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***Side force acting on the bit.
***Bit tilt angle |
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How can knowing what affects the directional behaviour of a rotary assembly be used in the design of the BHA?
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***The hole is drilled by the bit
***The BHA follow the hole drilled by the bit. |
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List the affects of various parameters (Increased RPM, Decrease Flow Rate, WOB, etc.) on directional behaviour.
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****WOB:
> The more weight, the more bend, hence more build. > Has the largest effect of the drilling parameters. ***RPM: > Affects the stiffness of the collars, the higher the RPM, the stiffer will be the BHA, and hence less build. >The slower the RPM will usually be better for building angle, but may give less good directional control in terms of walk. ***Flow Rate: > May give a significant jetting effect in very soft formations, leading to difficulties in achieving the desired build rate. *** |
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Explain what is meant by the fulcrum Principle.
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***The near-bit stab acts as a fulcrum, around which we bend the collars in order to tilt the bit upwards.
> Performs optimally when in full-gauge. >T he longer the distance between the near-bit stab and the first string stab, the more the collars are able to bend. |
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Explain what is meant by the Stabilization Principle.
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***To make the BHA stiff by packing it with stabilizers, making it difficult to bend either up or down.
> Often referred to as a "Packed Assembly". |
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Explain what is meant by the Pendulum Principle.
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Is aimed at ensuring a positive (downward) side force and/or tilt angle at the bit in order to drop inclination.
> Typically it is difficult to control hole direction with pendulum assemblies. *** 30 ft and below for more directional control. *** Above 30 ft for faster drops. |
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.What are the Drillstrings forced vibrations-excitation sources?
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***Bit/Rock Interaction
***String Rotation ***Pump Pulsations ***Mud motor eccentricity ***Stabilizer Contacts ***Borehole wall/drillstring contact |
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What is Vibration?
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Movement "to and fro"
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What is Lateral Vibration?
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Transverse to its axis - Side to Side.
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What is Torsional Vibration?
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Twisting about its axis - Most common.
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What is Axial Vibration?
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Along its axis - Up and down.
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What is the most destructive mode of vibration?
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Lateral
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What dysfunction relates to Lateral Vibration?
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***Whirl
> Drillstring rolls around or bangs against side of hole-High bending stress cause rapid fatigue. |
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What dysfunction relates to Torsional Vibration?
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***Stick Slip
> Bit rotation speed cycles from zero to several times average. |
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What dysfunction relates to Axial Vibration?
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***Bit Bounce
> Bit repeatedly loses applied WOB. Bounces up and down. |
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What causes Survey Error?
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***Human Error (Biggest Source)
***Posting flagged surveys ***Using bad practices ***Making up numbers ***Not following procedures |
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What are the corrections used when calculating magnetic declination with a survey?
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***Magcorr
***Drillstring Interference ***SAG |
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What can we adjust when optimizing hydraulics?
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***Flow Rate
***Nozzle Size ***Mud Properties ***Well Profile and Dimensions |
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What are we trying to optimize?
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***SPP within the limits of the pumps.
***Horsepower within the limits of the pumps ***ECD within the limits of the formation ***Hole Cleaning ***Bit Performance |
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BHA Weight in Air
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Mass x Gravity
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Required BHA weight in air.
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Required WOB x Safety Factor/ BF x Cos (Inc.)
SF = 1 + percentage safety margin/ 100 |
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Calculation to find the amount of HWDP needed?
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W x BF
BF = 1 - MW/65.5 |
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What is the purpose of the Standpipe Pressure Transducer?
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***Installed in Standpipe, and Receives Pressure Pulses.
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What does the Depth Encoder do?
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Monitors Height of Blocks and Bit Depth.
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What is the purpose of the hookload sensor?
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It is a strain gauge that monitors tension on the deadline. From that, the surface system can compute WOB.
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What is the Computer System used for?
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It gathers the data signals from the sensors, decodes them, stores them, and then outputs data to the RDD, RD2, or other drilling displays.
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What is the Remote Drillers Dial used for?
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It is an LCD monitor display for directional information: Toolface, Azimuth, and Inclination.
> It is located on the rig floor. |
