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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rate at which a object vibrates freely and it is determined by its physical characteristics, including its mass, tension and stiffness.
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Natural or Resonant Frequency
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fact that the vibrations from one object can set another object into vibration if the RFs of both objects are reasonably close to each other.
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forced vibrations
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The wave that forces a resonator into vibration is called the ____________ or _________________
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applied frequency or driving frequency
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Type of resonator where the object is set into vibration
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mechanical resonator
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Type of resonator where a container filled with air selectively filters applied frequencies.
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acoustic resonator
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Which type of resonator is important in the production of speech?
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acoustic resonator
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An acoustic resonator is important in the production of speech by serving as a _________________
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filter
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Resonators acts as a filter by amplifying and transmitting those frequencies ___________ to its own RF and attenuating or preventing frequencies _________ from its own RF from being transmitted.
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close; farther away
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Acoustic resonators could be ___________ or _____________ shaped
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symmetrical, irregularly
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The range of frequencies that it will transmit
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Bandwidth of the resonator
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Bandwidth of the resonator depends on the _______ and _______________________ of the container
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shape, physical characteristics
(i.e. open at both ends, closed at one end, closed at both ends) |
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A symmetrical tube that transmits narrow range of frequencies is what kind of resonator?
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sharply or narrowly tuned resonator
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Narrowly tuned resonators respond __________ to driving frequencies and are ________ damped
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slowly, lightly
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An irregular/complex tube that transmits a wide range of frequencies is what kind of resonator?
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broadly tuned resonator
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Broadly tuned resonators responds _________ to driving frequencies and are_____________ damped.
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quickly, heavily
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What type of resonator?
RF-500 Hz, Bandwidth- 100Hz, Range- 450 to 550Hz |
Narrowly (the range is small 450-550Hz)
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What type of resonator?
RF-500Hz, bandwidth-400Hz, range-300 to 700 Hz |
Broadly (the range is large: 300-700 Hz)
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Point at which a resonator becomes unresponsive to an applied frequency is called; (point at which intensity transmission is reduced by one-half)
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cut-off frequency
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A reduction in intensity by one-half is equivalent to a decrease of ___ dB.
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3
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The frequency at which the intensity is 3dB less than the peak intensity of the RF is the ______________________
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cutoff frequency/ 3 dB down points/half-power points.(≈ 70.7%)
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Depicts the response of a resonator to any applied frequency
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Resonance Curve/Transfer Function
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rate at which the resonator’s amplitude of response is attenuated; slopes can be shallow to steep
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Attenuation rate/roll-off rate/rejection rate/slope
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The attenuation rate is measured in _________________
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dB/octave (Decibels per octave)
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Slope less than 18dB/octave is ________________
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fairly shallow
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Filter with attenuation rate between 18 and 48dB/octave ___________________
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moderately steep
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A doubling or halving of frequency
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Octave
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What are the three types of filters?
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Low-pass filters
•High-pass filters •Band-pass filters |
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Filter that passes acoustic energy below a specific upper cutoff frequency
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low-pass filters
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Vocal tract is an example of ________________ filters
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band-pass
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The frequency measured in a particular speaking task, averaged over the speaking time of the task.
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Average Frequency
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The Average Frequency is also known as the ___________________
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SFF (Speaking Fundamental Frequency)
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True or False The Average Frequency varies across age and gender
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True
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The F0 is ____________ in infants and __________________ with age.
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higher, decreases
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Males F0 is ___________than women's.
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lower (Men=120 Hz & Women=220Hz
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By 60-70 years of age, the male F0 _________________ while the female ____________
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increases, decreases
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Refers to the range of Fo s used in conversational speech measured either in terms of SD of Fo (in Hz) or pitch sigma (in semitones).
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Frequency Variability
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Frequency Variability is measured either in terms of _____________________ or ________________.
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SD of Fo (in Hz) or pitch sigma (in semitones)
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What are some variables that affect frequency variability?
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•Emotions
•Fatigue •Different grammatical constructions •Individual differences •Age (decreases through lifetime) •Neuromuscular or other disorders |
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The Fo SD in normal conversational speech is around __________ Hz and it ____________ when excited.
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20 to 35; increases
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When you sustain a vowel, the SD should be between ___ and ____ Hz
Frequency variability is used to determine how well a person is able to control her __________________ |
3,6
VF vibration |
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If someone has a speech disorder, their voice has a ___________ Fo range
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reduced
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Frequency variability can be used to diagnose neurological problems such as _________________ or _____________________
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VF paralysis, Parkinson’s disease
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Lowest to highest tone (including falsetto) sustained by a person/ complete range of Fos
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Maximum Phonational Frequency Range (MPFR)
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MPFR represents a _________________, while Fo variability represents _________________
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complete range, connected speech
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MPFR is Measured in ________________
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semitones or octaves
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A normal MPFR is around _ octaves
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3
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What are clinical implications of MPFR?
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Reflects both physical and physiological measures
Poor physical condition regardless of age may signal a problem with the speaker. |
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Refers to the level of amplitude during normal conversational levels
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Average Amplitude Level
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The Average Amplitude Level is usually around __________ dB SPL
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65 to 80
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T or F The Average Amp Level has no major age or gender effects.
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True
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Caused when the average amplitude level increases in background noise
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Lombard effect
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What are the clinical implications of the average amplitude level?
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Lower amplitude may be a result of a pathology.
•Parkinson’s disease •Alaryngeal speech |
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Changes in amplitude due to …
•Speaker’s mood and feeling •Message such as stress, duration, syllabic structure, etc. |
amplitude variability
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SD for amplitude variability is around ____ dB (for a neutral, unemotional speech), but varies depending upon level of ____________.
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10, excitement
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Lack of amplitude variation = ?
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monotone, and may be difficult to understand.
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Persons with reduced _______________ have problems with ampl. variability
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average amplitude
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Intensity difference between soft speech and the loudest shout.
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dynamic range
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Normal adult female can produce between ___________ dB SPL; males slightly ___________. Trained singers may have _____________ dynamic range.
(Dynamic range) |
30 and 115; higher; greater
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Graph that plots a person’s maximum phonational frequency range against the dynamic range with Fo on the horizontal axis in Hz and dynamic range on the vertical axis in dBSPL.
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Voice Range Profile, phonetogram or Fo SPL profile
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During a Voice Range Profile, a subject sustains a _________ at different Fo , and increases/decreases voice _____________.
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vowel; amplitude
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During a voice range profile a dip is usually _____Hz for men; ______ Hz for women
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390, 440
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Clinical Implications of Voice Range Profile
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Determine normal vocal function
•Monitor treatment for vocal disorder •Compare vocal characteristics of different groups of speakers (children vs. speakers) •Show differences between trained and untrained voices |
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What are some subjective measures of voice disorders?
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perceptual scales
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What are some objective measures of voice disorders?
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amplitude and frequency
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Are objective or subjective measures more sensitive to changes?
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objective
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What are some examples of voice disorders?
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diplophonia (VFs vibrate differently, two pitches)
puberphonia androphonia esophageal speech |
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What are some examples of neurological disorders?
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Parkinson’s Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), MS, strokes, brain tumors, TBI
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What kind of measures can be used to track course of the neurological disease or treatment?
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objective
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An acoutsic analysis of _____________ and ___________ may detect early changes in voice production due to neurological disease even before such changes can be heard perceptually.
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frequency; amplitude
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Monopitch, monoloudness, inappropriate bursts of pitch and loudness, equal and excess stress
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ataxic speech
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