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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Double day
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when women work and do domestic work
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Trends in changing nature of family workweek
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-couples are working more hours
-vast majority of couples with children are dual earners -dual earners wives contribution to family hours and earnings are increasing |
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glass ceiling
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results in earning differences between men and women
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participation in labor force age differences
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peaks at age 25 to 55, when eighty six percent of adult family members are working for pay
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dual earners
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dominant family form, comprise 7 of 10 couples
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Child care
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• Biggest domestic component because increases housework and reduces work hours
• Child care programs do not accommodate irregular work schedules • Not always affordable to those who need it most -Women are about 3 times more likely to give physical care to children |
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Child care effect on paid work
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• Employers feel women have less of a commitment to work because kids come first
• Men are seen as more stable if they are married with children • Women make more use of parental leave and flex time |
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Effects of increase of women's paid work
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• Women working alters authority patterns – separate bank accounts, joint decisions on major purchases
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Results of women being responsible for domestic work
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unlikely to build own economic resources
Women become economically dependent After divorce they get fucked over |
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Culturally induced stress
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inability to get all the work done leads to stress and guilt
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Spillover
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demands from work that workers bring home and that family struggles to meet
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overload
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excessive amounts of work
-sometimes women like the job then domestic work. Workplace may be more egalitarian than home |
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SWAH
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Supplemental work at home
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Occupational inequalities
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• Lower pay for women (make about .70 for every dollar)
o Sometimes higher paying jobs require travel and women don’t want to do that • Women work the double shift (work and then housework) • Men contribute to tasks that can be postponed (repairs, yard work) while women’s work is immediate (cooking dinner) • Mr. Mom is rare and stigmatized |
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Mommy track
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employers see women as less committed to their work and get put on less promotable track
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3 models between family and work
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Traditional
Modern Dual-breadwinner |
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4 types of welfare state strategies
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Carer strategy-husband seen as breadwinner. Policies encourage women to provide care, enforce traditional gender divisions
Eearner strategy-based on dual breadwinner model. Policies against gender discrimination. Little effor addresses work family tension choice strategy-progressive strategy to provide women with more opportunity Earner-carer strategy-Informal carework and employment is equally shared between men and women |
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Access to child care
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Only 15 percent of people who need child care have access to it.
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SOLUTIONS to work problems
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• mom stays home
• have fewer children • time management (routines) • rely on extended family or outsource work • change work arrangements (part time, shift work – good for kids, bad for relationship, self employment, home office) • flextime: same number of hrs/week, but have some choice in when to work them • part time work (employer doesn’t have to pay benefits) • job sharing: employer has to pay benefits for both people |
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Factors affecting stress
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• disruptions causing crisis include:
o the coming apart of the family due to death of a member o the addition of a new or returning family member o the sense of disgrace of a combination of the above |
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Factors affecting coping
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• number of previous stressors
• degree of role change involved in coping • social support available • institutional support available (makes coping easier) |
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Stress
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a disruption in life patterns due to change or potential for change
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ABCX model of stress
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• A = event
• B = family’s crisis meeting resources o Includes adaptability, family roles, support system, income, insurance, friends, religious beliefs, education, and good health • C = definition/appraisal family gives to the event • X = crisis o If B and C are in check, stress level is low If one or both are inadequate, stress level is high Events within the family are more stressful because they reflect poorly on the family’s adequacy Some life changes (e.g. childbirth) can relieve stress when role stress is high Resources (B) and definition of event (C) determine whether an event becomes a crisis or not How we define a situation depends on values and previous experience meeting a crisis Family's belief in their ability to cope affects how well they will be able to cope |
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Types of stressors
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Major upheavel-war, natural disaster
Major life transition-birth of child, death of someone, divorce, etc. Chronic stressors-disability, drug alcohol abuse, unemployment Occasional stresses-car accident, burglary, |
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acculturative stress
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faced by immigrant families,
results from strains of adapting to a new society |
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Economic well being and stress
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economic well being is predictor for individual and family well being
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Single moms and stress
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-vulnerable to social and economic stress
-more stressed than married counterparts |
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Caregiving and stress
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-aging population leads to increased demands by families, and more stress
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Crisis episodes
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Significant events that are likely to lead to seeking help from professional, changing caregiving conditions.
-results from trying to balance caregiving and other responsibilities |
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Crisis episodes occurances
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Enduring or acute
predictable or unpredictable |
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Coping with caregiver stress
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people with larger support networks report lower levels of stress
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Pyschological/emotional resources
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-internal abilities to withstand misfortune
-coping skills, aspects of personality ex. calm and bravery -feelings of trust and affection for other family members, good communication families with good stock of psychological and emotional resources are best able to withstand stress |
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Resources that help address problems
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Members of family vary in coping skills
An effective family has good systemic properties, -leadership, co-operation, communication Specifically they have a high degree of cohesion, and high degree of flexibility |
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Types of violence (macmillan & Gartner)
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-interpersonal conflict--pushing, shoving, slapping
-non-systematic abuse--threats, thrwoing shits, kicking and hitting -systematic abuse--all type of violent acts, life-threatening, beating, attacks with weapons.--most concerning to researchers |
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Conflict Tactics Scale
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Scale for measuring family violence
-measure verbal aggression and physical violence on a continuum. -have there been 3 or more acts of violence in previous year -severity of the acts |
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Intimate partner violence
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Higher rates of violence between cohabiting couples
-equal small acts of violence between men and women |
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People who are more violent
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Younger people more violent
-unemployed people -lowe income and less education are no more violent, that is, there is nothing about lower class people that makes them more violent, but the stresses can cause more violence |
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Previoius experience of violence
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Single best predictor of violent behavior towards partner, or having witnessed partner violence as a child
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Status inconsistency
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A state in which one does not quite fit into any social class, associated with increased risk of psychological and physical abuse.
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Increased likelihood for violence
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alcoholism and drug abuse
-lack of coping resources -social isolation -cultural attitdues -traditional family values -ex value of male dominance, gender based div of labor |
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Lone mothers and child abuse
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not more likely to punish thier children hecka severely than partnered mothers
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Elder abuse
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Psychological abuse--dehumanize/intimidate older adults
-financial abuse--financial manipulation, or exploitation -physical abuse--any act of violence -Neglect--failing to care for older/dependent adults -sexual abuse--haha |
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Same sex violence
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equally high than partner violence
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Cycle of abuse
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tendency for abused girls and daughters of abused mother to become abused women and for male children of abusive fathers to become abusive themselves.
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crude divorce rate
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number of divorces in a year, divided by mid year population, multiplied by 100,000
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social pathology
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A borad-based distres of disorganization within society
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social disorganization
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a breakdown of societal functioning
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No-fault divorce laws
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1960s and 70s laws that didn't require someone to be at fault. Reason for divorce could be irreconcilable differences
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High divorce rate characteristics
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-Age (younger more likely)
-Cohabitation -Second marriage (more likely) -Parental divorce -Child bearing before marriage -Stage of marriage (u-shaped) -Urban more likely than rural -Religion -SES -poorer people more likely |
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Adverse selectivity
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A tendency for people who choose to engage in a given behavior to be, by nature of the kind of people they are, also at risk for a given outcome, May create the appearance of cause and effect relationships where they don't exist
ex-people who choose to cohabit are different than those who choose to marry first without cohabiting |
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Cohort effect
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Accumulated experience of going through the life in the same set of years,
ex-people born 1924-1928 experienced WWII as teenagers and the postwar econ. boom as young married, and may have certain views or attitudes in common because of these experiences. |
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Men and women SES
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men with higher-less likely to divorce
women with higher-more likely to divorce |
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Macrosociological causes of divorce
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Econ cycles-less likely to divorce in recession
Gender expectations-As women become more financially secure, higher divorce rate will be Cultural values and SOcial integration- value on marriage been declining since 60s. |
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Social integration
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Higher it is less likely for divorce, In stable highly integrated community, social rules are strong, rule breakers are punished.
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Effects of divorce
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-Less communicaiton with kids
Poor women For men, remarriage predicts lower levels of parental satisfaction and involvment |
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Smart and Neale (1999)
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Post divorce dads found more satisfaction bcuz they could focus on kids better
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Effects of divorce on kids
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depression, lower self esteem, can be related to bad in school, crime, suicide.
Associated with less schooling, bcuz of less financial support |
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Dung, Cheng, Oconner
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Positive relationships between kids and non-resident dad were correlated with ongoing contact with dad, quality of mother to child relationship, and frequency of contact between mom and ex partner
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SNAF
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standard north american family,
no longer exists |
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Living solo
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increasing a lot
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fastest growing family type in Canada over 1990-2000
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lone father families
However--majority of lone parents are mothers |
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Package deal of mattirage
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women is econ subordinate and gets fudged over by divorce
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Latchkey Children
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Kids who get left alone for part of the day
Good-independent, responsible, can get skills like how to make dinner bad-lonely, fear, boredom, underachievmenr |
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Private family approach
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family is believed to be a private institution ought to look after itself
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family oriented model
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sees gov't as having public interest in families
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state base model
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sees state intervention as important to promote socio economic participation as much as possible
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Remarriage rates
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sevty percent of men 58 percent of women
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social construciton of marraige
(as defined by stupid book) |
couples create together own shared traditions and memories
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Intentions to remarry
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More than half of divorced canadians say the do not intend to remarry
men more likely |
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blended families
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remarried or cohabiting families in which one or both partners brings children into the new relationship
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challenges with blended families
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sharing children at special occasio
sense of rootlessnewss and possible insecurity for kids |
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Forces that draw lone parents to remarry
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desire to escape from "cheerless life"
view in western societies that nuclear family is proper setting for kids |
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widows
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myths not always true
More women widows. Like men who are old are married, but women arent cuz they outlive men |
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Grandparent caregivers
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happens when shit happens to parents
Stressed, poor, bad stuff |
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Queer theory
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We perform gender like actors on stage
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Post gender family
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gender does not form any part of division of labor
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Boomerang kid
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kids who leave home, but are forced to come back
Likely when young adults move out coluntarily to pursue educational or emplloyment opportunities or to gain independence |
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Sandwich generation
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people in midlife who life with or have responsibilities for both young and old
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Less households
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overall decline in proportion of households headed by poeople younger than 30 bcuz these people are staying at home
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Why more boomerang kids
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more common-law which is more likely to end in dissolution
More kids going for educatoin=lots of debt reduced stigma wanting hier standard of living so staying with parents longer |
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intergenerational contagion
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process by which trends that being in one generation may be adopted by other generations. ex-cohabitation was mostly for youthful people but now accepted for oldies and shit
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POSSLQ
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person of the opposite sex sharing living quarters
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