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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Benthic Sampling methds
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-D-frame net
-Kick net -RBPs (Rapid Bioassessment Protocols) -Surber sampler (quantitative collections) -Coring Devices (box correr for deep water) -Benthic grabs (Ekman used in looser muddy sediments, freshwater; Ponar used for sand, gravel, denser packed sediments) -Colonization Samplers (Hester-Dendy, Artificial Substrate Basket, Periphyton Sampler) -Towed Epibenthic Saplers (Benthic Sled, Biological dredge, Otter trawl) -Collection by Submersible (very deep sea) |
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Epifauna
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- atop sediment, soft bottom or rocks, attached or free
-80% of larger zoobenthos, hard bottoms more diverse |
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Infauna
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-live w/in sediment, mostly soft bottom
-mostly clams and polychaete worms -burrow tubes for food scavaging and O2 supply |
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Epibenthos/ demersal animals
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Live in association with seafloor but temporairily swim up into water (shrimp, prawns, cod, etc.)
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Size classes of Benthos
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1. Macrofauna:animals retained by 1mm seive, largest animals including: starfish, mussels, corals, sponges
2. Meiofauna:0.45 to 1mm, commonly found in mud, includes small mollusks, worms, copepods 3. Microfauna:smaller than 0.45mm, mostly protozoa, include: ciliates, thecate ameoba, foraminifera) |
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RPD (Redox potential discontinuity)
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-oxygenated surface layer overlies anoxic muds
-RPD marks boundary between layers |
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Decay Process and POM viability
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-C:N decreases with decay
-POM generally indigestable, thus associate microbes on POM main source of nutrition for deposit feeders |
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Benthic Feeding Mechanisms
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1. Deposit feeder (either eat at surface (high )2, more digestibility) or deeper in substrate
2. Suspension feeder (eat floating material) 3. Grazers (eat gorwing on rocks/ other surfaces) 4. Predators (regulate community structre) 5. Symbiosis (animal/algae; animal/bacteria) 6. DOM uptake (found in all soft bodies marine inverts. |
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DOM transport across membrane
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-transported by cotransport, travels with Na which is moved in by faciliated difusion
-animal must pump Na out to maintain conc. gradient to continue cotransport (uses ATP) -found using oubain which shuts down ATP->ADP + P |
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Nonselective deposit feeders
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-Arenicola sp.
-ingest sediment, expell unused particles -bring O2 into burrow through funnel into otherwise anoxic muds |
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Selective Deposit Feeders
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1. ex: Amphitrite sp.
-lays burrow w/ tenticle a surface -takes small food particles along tenticles to mouth using cilia -larger sediment paticles lost as passed over "humps" of tentacles 2. ex: Macoma sp. -bivalve buried deep in sand -extends lonh siphons to surface -intake siphon covered with "screen" gills which filter sand particles out -gills, 3 functions: current, O2 exchange, filtering 3. ex: Corophium volutator -digs ditch, moves sediment past body -ingests slower falling organic particles |
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Passive Suspension feeding
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-rely on existing currents
- ex: anemones, corals, basket stars, hydriods, brittle stars -may or may not involve sieving |
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Active Suspension Feeding
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- create current to draw food toards them
1. ex: parchment worm (creates current with modified peripoda, draws food into mucus sac 2. Bivalves -generate water current with lateral cilia on gills -U-lateral cilia beat against current to capture food particles -Frontal cilia carry trapped particles to mouth |
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Barnacles
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- can be active or passive dpending on environment
-can pulse tentacles |
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Benthic Herbivores/ grazers
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1. ex: chitons: use radula for grazing
2. ex: Urchins: use Artistole's lantern to scape algae or rip seaweed 3. ex: parrot fish: specialize mouth to scrape algae from rocks and corals 4. ex: Nereid polychaetes: tear apart sea lettuce |
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Benthic Predators
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-Dog whelk (large gastropod)
-Portunid crab |
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Measuring Tides
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1. Tide Staff
2. Float and Stilling well 3. Sonar 4. Pressure |
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Astronomical Tides
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caused by graviational attraction of objects in space (moon primarily, sun also)
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Meterological tides
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caused by weather
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Hide Tide opposing moon
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-cause by water inertia due to earth spinning, water continues outward as earth spins counter clockwise (to east)
-all water wants to travel to this point, moon's gravity prevents it |
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Types of daily tides
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Semidiurnal: typical tide, 2 high, 2 low
Diurnal: water trapped, 1 high, 1 low Mixed Tide: still semidiurnal, but 1 high, 1 low, 1 high low, 1 low high daily |
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Tides and lattitude
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Range of tides greater at higher latitudes, minimized at low latitudes due to earth's tilt on axis
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Littoral Zone
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intertidal zone, art that is partially submerged/ exposed between spring high and low tides
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Midlittoral zone
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area between neap high and neap low, always partially submerged/ exposed daily
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Intidal inhabitants
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-cheifly marine rather than terrestrial
- species richness greater lower in intertidal - upper intertidal most stressful |
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Physical Stresses on Intertidal
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1. Temp
2. Dessication 3. Reduced O2 4. Wave action |
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Dessication: gastropod adaptation
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-seal shell with operculum
- use anaerobic metabolism -keep constant supply of NAD to accept H ions from Krebs cycle to produce limited ATP |
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Dessication: limpet adaptation
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- seal shell to substrate
-anaerobic metabolism: creates acids, use acid to create perfect hole on rock for tight sealing - mucus trail to find "home scar" when tide recedes |
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Dessication: soft-bodies invertebrate adaptation
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-contract, use crevices (last place to dry)
-cover body with mucus |
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Dessication: macroalgae
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-fleshy algae (fucus sp.) can survive considerable drying
-less substantial algae (sea lettuce) can not - found lower in intertidal |
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Reduced O2
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-ex: barnacles: gape slightly and use atmospheric O2 at surface
-ex: buried worms: use respiratory pigments -hemoglobin (Fe), hemocyanin (Cu), and chlorocruorin (Cu) |
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Temperature
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-color: white, reflects more light
-texture: bumps, give off more heat |
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Wave Action
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-burrowing: razor clams, Donax sp.
-"Swash riding": Emertia sp., crab uses movement sediment by waves to stay where waves are breaking, moves up and down beach w/ waves ex: Littorina nertoides: climbs rock until out of tidal zone, crawls into crevice |
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Beach Zonation
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White: most terrestrial, only wet few times/ yr when storms and spring tides
Gray: upper edge of intertidal, upper portion wet 1-2 days every 2 weeks Black: caused by dried algae, wet consistently w/ spring tides, dry during neap Yellow: true intertidal, area between neap high and neap low Lower PLatform: almost always submerged, exposed only during spring low |
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Species Zonation
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-upper limit determined by tolerance to physical factors (temp, dessication, etc.)
-lower limit determined by biological factors (competition, predation) |
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Keystone Species: Top-down control
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Large, dominant predator responsible for species diversity/ community structure
-Pisaster sp. in Coastal Washington studies by Paine -only found if food web relatively simple, one top predator with only one or two below it |
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Environmental Effects of Aquaculture
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1. Biological Pollution
2. Feeder fish 3. Organic Pollution/ Eutrophication 4. Chemical Pollution |
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Biological Pollution
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-release of farmed fish, their parasites or pathogens into water
-can swamp natural pops due to such consentrted large pops of farmed fish -1/4 mill escaped salmon since mid 90's, competing w/ natural species (Atlantic Salmon) -transgenic fish can: grow faster, parasite resistance, temp tolerance |
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Feeder Fishes
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-wild caught fish used to make feed for farmed fish
-1lb feeder fish = 0.1 lb growth of eater fish harvesting so many bait fish that wild pops have difficulty finding prey |
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Organic Pollution/ Eutrophication
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-much of nutrients eaten by fish released into water
-Porphyra: used as biological filter downstream |
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Chemical Pollution
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-pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, mineral, pigments, vitamins, anestetics
-few medicines used |
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Needed Improvements
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-Increased regulation
-Protect native species -Provide $$ for water quality improvements -Fund research of sustainable production -develop regulations regarding introduced species -Develop siting/ permitting system for offshore cages -Develop "organically grown" standards -Develop guidelines for environmentally sound fish culture and inform public |