Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Describe the 4 kinds of stamen Arrangement
|
tetradynamous: 4 long +2 short (Brassicaceae)
monadelphous: filaments fused into a tube; free at end - (Malvaceae) diadelphous: 9 fused at the filaments, one free (Fabaceae ) didynamous: 2 long and 2 short (Lamiaceae & Scrophulariaceae) |
|
|
How are Monocots and dicots different?
--in stem structure --in # of cotyledons --in vascular cambium |
Monocots: Scattered bundles, 1 cotyledons, no vascular cambium
Dicots: Ring of vasuclar tissue, 2 cotyledons, vascular cambium (sometimes) |
|
|
How are Monocots and Dicots different?
--in habit --leaf structure --roots --Flw parts --Pollen aperature |
Monocots: Always herbaceous, simple, parrallel, broad leaf insertion, only adventitious roots, flw parts in 3's, always 1 pollen aperture
|
|
|
What are Epiphytes?
(4 characters) |
Thick waxy cuticle
Absorbent scales Swollen stems→psuedo bulbs Aerial roots |
|
|
What are Gramminoid species?
|
Grasses, sedges and rushes
Are all wind pollinated |
|
|
What are the parts of a Spiklet?
|
A spiklet is an inflorescence made up of florets with small bracts
Parts: lemma, Palea, glume |
|
|
what is a ligule?
What family has this trait? |
A ligule is a sheath fused on lower part of the stem in Carex
|
|
|
What is a lemma?
|
Bigger bract on floret of spiklet
|
|
|
What is a Palea?
|
Smaller bract on floret of spiklet
|
|
|
What is a Glume?
|
Glume: upper and lower glume of spiklet on Poaceae. They are solitary bracts on base of spiklet.
|
|
|
What is a perigynium?
|
Perigynium: A thin coat that enclose the ovary and style of the genus carex.
|
|
|
What are the Goals of the Natural Heritage Methodology? (3)
|
To develop objective measures of biological significance
To be consistent in all 50 states, Canadian provinces, nations To set conservation priorities Statewide and across all ownership |
|
|
What are 2 kinds of natural area?
|
1.Natural area reserves: most not available to public
2.Natural Resources conservation areas—low impact recreation allowed. |
|
|
What are the 4 processes of the WNHP?
|
Classification, inventory, prioritization and conservation recommendations
|
|
|
What are trophic levels? What are the 2 kinds?
|
Trophic levels are how organisms obtain their energy.
Autotrophs (self-nurish): produce their own food Heterotrophs (other-nurish): obtain food from other organisms, alive or dead. |
|
|
How did photosynthetic eukaryotes evolve?
|
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes: derived from Endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium and a non-photosynthetic eukaryotic cell.
|
|
|
What are adaptations of a photosynthetic organism?
|
Broad, thin leaf blades
Stems, branches and petioles Roots that can grown in any direction to find water. |
|
|
What are parasites?
What four families contain parasites? |
PARASITES: an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on a different organism at the expense of the host and contributes nothing to the survival of the host.
4 families are parasitic: boraginaceae, scrophulariaceae, ericaceae, orchidaceae |
|
|
What is haustorium?
|
Haustorium: means of connecting to the host—a sucker-like swelling on a root or stem . This structure invades a host root or stem and makes a connection betwn the vascular tissue of the parasite and host.
|
|
|
What is the difference between hemiparasite and a holoparasite?
|
Hemiparasites: still capable of photosynthesis— facultative
Holoparasites: does not contain cholorphyll and completely dependent on host—obligate |
|
|
What are the 6 characteristics of the Parasitic reduction syndrome?
|
1.Loss of leaves—leaves reduce to scales
2.Small size—no need for large plants to hold lvs 3.Lost of roots—reduced to short, stumpy projections with haustoria 4.Loss of chlorophyll 5.Loss of genes needed for photosynthesis 6.Higher substitution rate in genes that are not lost |
|
|
Why is it better to look at morphological characters for ID a parasite to its family?
What character is the most important? |
It's better to look at morphology because a lot of genes are lost due to parasitic reduction syndrome.
The flower is still highly conserved and important for reproduction. Pollinators are usually conserved as well. |
|
|
What is an invasive, non-native species?
|
Can spread into native wilderness and develope self-sustaining populations and become dominant or disruptive to those systems.
|
|
|
How do invasive plants drive out other species?
|
These factors:
Competition for resources Ecosystem engineers Hybridization |
|
|
What are the 3 types of resources that invasives outcompete native species for?
|
Light: cut off light source (kudzu, english ivy)
Water: Invasives make better use of water than natives Attract other pollinators: then natives do not reproduce as effectively |
|
|
What is allelopathy?
|
Allelopathy: produces secondary chemical compounds that inhibit or poision other plants: Stinky Bob
|
|
|
How do invasives engineer their ecosystems?
|
5 ways:
1. Addition of nitrogen to soil (scots broom--makes native uncompetitive, increases rate of succession) 2. Sends deep roots and lower water table (Tamarisk: can trap sediments and destory flood plains) 3. Stablizes the habitat: destroys natural disturbance regime of ecosystem (spartina effects salt marshes by collecting sediments and filling wetland) 4. increases frequency of fires (cheatgrass) 5. Vines add weight (english ivy) |
|
|
Why is hybridization bad between natives and invasives?
|
Hybridization with non-native plants can dilute gene pools
|
|
|
What are positive impacts of non-natives?
|
Food or shelter for animals, Erosion control, Aesthetically pleasing, Fruit, wood
|
|
|
How do invasive introduction occur?
|
•Landscape plants
•Agriculture •Erosion control •Accidental contamination •Cars and boats |
|
|
What are the 3 phases of invasion?
|
1. Establishment ("lag phase" --slowly spreading)
2. Expansion (dramatic take-off in population size) 3. Saturation |
|
|
What triggers the expansion following the lag phase?
|
1.Major disturbance
2.Staging areas (horticultural areas) 3.New genotypes or hybrids (blackberry) 4.Human presence! |
|
|
What is speciation?
How does it happen? |
Speciation: cessation of gene flow
Speciation is reliant on innovations—new traits, apomorphies. It is also driven by Reproductive isolation (Historical factors: no interbreeding has occurred.) |
|
|
What are 2 mechanisms of speciation?
|
1. Gradual: (anagenesis) the accumulation of genetic differences over time. This is the selection for reproductive isolation, reduced fertility of hybrids or mechanism that prevents crossing.
2. Sudden: (cladogenesis) this happens by polyploidy or allopolyploidy |
|
|
What is Polyploidy?
|
polyploidy: individuals with more than 2 sets of chromosomes (3n, 4n, 6n, etc.) The doubling of chromosomes within a species (Rosaceae)
|
|
|
What is allopolyploidy?
|
Allopolyploidy: (4n) the result of a hybridization event between two species, followed by a doubling of the chromosome number.
|
|
|
What is quantum/macromutation?
|
Sometimes called “hopeful monsters”, where a large-scale mutation causes a change in characteristic. This can increase the individual in fitness and may lead to speciation.
|
|
|
What is the Morphological Species Concept?
|
Variation in nature and physical features
Look for gaps in characteristics to define species |
|
|
What is the phylogenetic species concept?
|
Species are identified by derived traits shared by organisms, evidence by DNA only. Species have specific evolvtionary histories
|
|
|
What are process-dependent species concepts?
|
Biological: reproductively isolated
Mate-recognition: mating specificity implies selection favors proper mate selection. Sympatric speciation: occurs in same geographic location Allopatric speciation: occurs when populations are isolated from eachother |
