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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is Ionization energy?
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the amount of energy needed to remove an outer electron from a specific atom or ion ints ground state and in the gas state
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decreases across the periodic table
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What is electron affinity?
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the energy emitted upon the addition of an electron to an atom or group of atoms while in the gas phase.
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e.g. Na-------> Na+~loses electron---->Na+ +e-
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How do we know a reaction is exothermic or endothermic?
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the energy is released or absorbed
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When do you do redox problems?
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you look at both reactants and products to figure out who gained and lost electrons.
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WHAT ARE THE FIVE RULES FOR ASSIGNING OXIDATION NUMBERS?
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1)SIMPLE IONS HAVE AN OXIDATION # = TO THEIR CHG
2)HYDROGEN=+1 3)OXYGENS OX # 1S-2 4)THE SUM OF THE OX # IN A POLYATOMIC ION MUST = THE TOTAL CHG OF THE POLYAT ION AND THE SUM OF A P.A. AND THE COMPOUND MUST = 0 5)WHEN SOLVING FOR OX #'S DO THE ATOMS YOU KNOW FIRST THEN SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN |
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WHAT IS ELECTRON AFFINITY?
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ENERGY RELEASED WHEN AN ATOM ACCEPTS AN ELECTRON
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WHAT KIND OF ATOMS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY ATTRACTION B/W OPPOSITLY CHARGED IONS
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IONIC CMPDS
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WHAT KIND OF ATOMS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY SHARED ELECTRONS?
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COVALENT COMPOUNDS
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WHAT IS COMPOSED OF ONLY ONE ATOM?
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AN ELEMENT
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WHAT IS THE AVG DISTANCE B/W TWO BONDED NUCLEI?
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BOND LENGTH
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WHAT KIND OF BOND HOLDS ATOMS TOGETHER?
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CHEMICAL BONDS
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COVALENT
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WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF IONIC BONDS?
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E'- TRANSFERRED
SEPERATE ORBITALS ATTR BY OPP IONS IONS ARE FULLY CHGED ELECTRONEGATIVITY IS HIGH TUG OF WAR |
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WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF COVALENT BONDS?
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HELD TOGETHER BY SHARED ELECTRONS
E- ARE SHARED ORBITALS OVERLAP EN DIFF IS LOW TUG OF WAR NON METALS AND NONMETALS POLAR /NONPOLAR UNEQUAL/EQUAL DELTA +OR DELTA- PARTIALCHG ON POLAR ATOMS |
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WHY ARE PARTIAL BONDS ESTABLISHED?
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BECAUSE ATOMS IN THE BOND HAVE DIFF EN VALUES EN IS THE STRENGTH OF THE ATOM AND HOW MUCH PULL IT HAS ON THE SHARED E- IN A BOND
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IN POLAR BONDS
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Why does an atom with a higher en diff get a partial chg?
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it pulls the e- toward itself
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what is the degree of polarity?
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range of polarity in bonds is the diff of strength or EN the more polar a bond is the closer it is to ionic
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the _____ polar bonds are the ______similar to they are nonpolar bonds.
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less
more |
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what was the purpos of the chem bonds lab?
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to determine the mp, solubility, conductivity and determine if the substance si ionic or covalent
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What is solubility?
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the abilty of one substance to dissolve in another
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What is a solvent?
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a dissolving agent
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what is a solute?
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a substance that has been dissolved
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How do substances dissolve?
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substances dissolve in each other when they are highly attracted to one another.
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what are the six factors that afffect solubility?
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temperature,amount, agitation, duration, polarity and the type of substance
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What are the char of a ionic bond?
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conductive
insoluble in ETOH and HEX soluble inH2 O high MP have chgs high EN diff solids- all |
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what are char of covalent bonds?
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not conductive
two types: polar and nonpolar low mp soluble in ETOH and HEX low en diff can exist as solid liquid and gas weakest of all |
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What are multiple bonds?
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in covalent molecules atoms can share more than one pair of e-, 2 or 3 pairs
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What is a double bond?
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two atoms that share two pairs of e-
drawn with two dashes, ea dash reps one bond C=O |
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What is a molecule?
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has a positive and a neg end
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What is a dipole?
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a molecule in which one end has a partial pos chg and the other end is partially neg; a molecule that contains more than one polar bond cancels the other out
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How do molecules and dipoles differ?
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they melt at lower temps than ionic molecular substances and are more likely ot ne solids, liquid or gases
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What is a polar molecule?
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a molecule that has oppositly chg ends
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What is a nonpolar molecule?
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amolecule wiht the same chg on both ends
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What makes substances soluble and unsoluble?
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the attr btwn molecules must be present to make the substances dissolve
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What are IMFs?
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forces btwn molecules
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What holds molecules together?
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bonds that hold two atoms together and are permanent
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What are London Dispersion Forces?
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They occur in nonpolar molecules(no pull)
nonpolar molecules have one chg throughout the molecule. |
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What is an instantaneous dipole?
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is formed when opp chg form on a molecules for an instant and attract the molecules return to orginal state and repel
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DIPole dipole
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THE IMFS SHORT STYLE
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LONDON DISPERSION
NONPOLAR DIPOLEOPP CHG ON MOL POLAR HYDROGEN ATTR, REPEL INST |
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WHAT IS A hydrogen bond?
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hydrogen atoms attr to partially neg atoms in the opp molecules for a small moment in time hydrogen atms for an instant bond with the neg atom
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Why do hydrogen bonds occur?
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because it has only one proton and e- when it forms a bond its e- is spending much more time with the other atom
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What imf is the strongest?
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dipole dipole
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When do imfs occur?
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london forces- by themselves btwn themselves
dipole dipole- occur in polar molecules the stronger the polar the stronger the dipole h bonds occur in polar molecules with hydr |
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How do you calculate if a molecule is polar or nonpolar?
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clculate the en diff
draw delta symbols look at overal distribution of delta symbols |
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What is resonance?
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when multiple bonds switch sides within the molecule
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double arrow
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What are the prefixes for polyatomic ions?
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mono, di, tri, tetra,penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca
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What are the rules for polyatomic ion lewis structure?
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all other structure steps apply
when we have a neg chg p.a ion we add e-, to the valence |
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What is a chemical reaction?
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a chg in the distribution or electrons as the reactants combine to form ions.
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What are the rules for naming rules for inorganic cmpds?
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use prefixes on root to tell # of atoms in cmpd
if mon in the first word leave it out use in second word the first element in formula is the first to name |
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What is organic chemistry?
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the study of life and organic compounds
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What are organic compounds?
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they are produced by living things to support life; must be carbon containing but not all carbon containing cmpds are organic
some carbon containing cmpds are organic i.g. CO2 and CO-oxides CO3 2 - carbonates |
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What are the three types of organic cmpds?
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alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
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What is an alkane?
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all contain only C-C carbon single bonds ending in ane
ig octane C8 H18, hexane C6 H14 formula= Cn(H2n+2) |
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What is an alkene?
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all end in ene
must contain one double bond Cn H2n |
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What are alkynes?
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end in yne
must contain at least one triple bond Cn(H2n-2) |
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what is the diff btwn saturated and unsatured fats?
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saturated fats are coverdin hydrogen
unsaturated fats are hydrocarbons with multiple bonds |
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What are functional groups?
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they are attached to hydrocarbons and are groups of atoms that give phys& chem properties to organic groups
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What are aldehydes?
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O double bonded to H with R
eg formaldehyde |
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What are Ketones?
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R-C=O
I O H2O SOLUBLE HIGH MELTING POINTS AND BOILING PTS EG ACETONE |
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What is a carboxylic acid?
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weak, similar to alcohol
contains naming- add ic to acid eg acetic acid occurs in analgesics very polar high boiling pt exhibit hydrogen bonding not changed in h2o O II C R O H |
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What are ethers?
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R- O-R
alkyl alkyl ether form peroxides- explosive interior ot anesthetic |
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What are alkines?
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R- NH2
R2- NH R3- N High MN absorbed through siki low polarity toxic |
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What are esters?
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carboxylic acid+ alcohol
O double bonded to Carbon and Oxygen add oate naming smell and taste pleasant fruity |
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What are alcohols?
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R-OH
name add -ol low boiling/ freezing---> water soluble acidic |
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