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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Experimental group
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Group used in an experiment where the variable is manipulated
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Control group
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Group in an experiment where the variable used is not maniplulated.
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Dependant variable.
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The variable that is observed.
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Independent variable
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Variable that is manipulated
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Name some important aspects about the Mitochondria
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-"powerhouse of cell"
-produces nearly all of the ATP required for cellular work -most numerous organelle -has two membranes: inner, highly folded, cristae -have their own circular DNA and produce some of their own proteins |
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Name some important aspects about the ribosomes
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-site of translation
-complex of DNA and RNA -may be 'free' or 'membrane bound' |
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Name some important aspects about the endoplasmic reticulum
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-sheet of membrane enclosing a complex interconnected network of cavities and channels
-continuous with the nuclear membrane |
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Name some important aspects about the rough E.R.
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-An E.R. sudded with ribosomes; protein synthesis
-modifies proteins that need modification; especially ones being exported to organelles or out of cell |
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Name some important aspects about the smooth E.R.
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-free of ribosomoes
-metabolism of lipids |
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Name some important aspects about the protesomes
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-degrade old proteins and recycle the amino acids
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Name some important aspects about the cytoplasm
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-all cellular material outside of the nucleus but inside of the plasma membrane
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Name some important aspects about the cytosol
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-part of the cytoplasm that is not contained within the membrane-bound organelles
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What is the cell theory?
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1. all livin organisims are composed of cells
2. cell is the basic structural unit of life 3. new cells come from preexisting cells through division |
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Name the three basic parts of a cell
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1. plasma membrane
2. genetic information 3. cytoplasm |
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Who was Robert Hooke?
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-perfected the compound microscope
-he observed cork -coined the term 'cell' |
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Who was VanLeeuwenhoek?
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-amateur lens maker
-1st to observe living cells -called cells "animacules" |
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Name some important aspects about the golgi complex
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-flat membranous disks
-modifies glycoproteins |
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Name some important aspects about the lysosome
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-contains 40 different enzymes that break down proteins, nucleic acids, sugars and lipids
-specialized vesicle -numerous in phagocytes |
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Describe phagocytosis
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-the process by which cells ingest and digest large particles of food
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Define: chromosomes
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-threads of DNA and proteins that carry the genetic information
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Name some important aspects about cell division:
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- the nucleus divides so each daughter cell gets hald of the replicated nuclar materials
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How many sets chromosomes does the human cell have?
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23
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How do prokaryotes divide?
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-process called binary fission
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Define: binary fission
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-cell pinches into two cells
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Define: Eukaryotes
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-cells contain membrane bound nucleus and organells
-humans |
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Define: Prokaryotes
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-cells do not carry membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
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Define: Homologous chromosomes
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-paired chromosomes
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How many pairs of chromosomes does a diploid have?
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2
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How many pairs of chromosomes does a haploid cell have?
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four
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Define: mitosis
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-the division of the nucleus
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Define: cytokinesis
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-division of the cytoplasm and formation of two separate plasma membranes
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Name the five phases of mitosis:
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Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase
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Define: cytokenesis
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process by which a dividing cell partitions its cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells
-separate from mitosis |
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(mitosis)
What happens during Prophase? |
-chromatin relax (diffuse)
-chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes -nucleoli disappears -mitotic spindles develop outside the nucleus |
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(mitosis)
What happens during Prometaphase: |
-nuclear membrane disappears
-chromosomes attach to miotic spindles at the centromere -chromosomes start to move toward the cell equator |
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(mitosis)
What happens during Metaphase: |
-chromosomes align along cell's equator in a single plane
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(mitosis)
What happens during Anaphase: |
*cytokenesis begins
-chromosomes separate more in opposite directions away from the metaphase plate (center) |
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(mitosis)
What happens during telephase: |
*cytokenesis ends
-chromosomes addume the appearance of chromatin -nucleoli reappear -nuclear membrane forms around chromatin |
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Define: meiosis
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process that distributes one haploid set of chromosomes to each of the four germ cells produced from one original diploid cell
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True or false: haploid cells come from diploid cells via mitosis
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False: meiosis (GERM cells)
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What are all non-germ cells called
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Somatic (body) cells
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Define: fertilization of gametes
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-the union of two haploid gametes forming a diploid cell called a zygote
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Define: zygote
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a fertilized cell
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What is Meiosis I also refered to?
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Reduction division
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What is Meiosis II also referred to as?
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Equational division (replicating haploids)
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True or false: DNA replication occurs before the 1st division but not before the 2nd division?
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True
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Name the four stages of Meiosis I
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
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(meiosis)
What happens during prophase I? |
Homologous chromosomes form pairs
-synapsis: alignment of the homologuous chromosome pairs -crossing over: homologous chromosomes break and exchange similar pieces forming new combinations of genes |
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(meiosis)
What happens during prophase I? |
Homologous chromosomes form pairs
-synapsis: alignment of the homologuous chromosome pairs -crossing over: homologous chromosomes break and exchange similar pieces forming new combinations of genes |
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(mitosis)
What happens during Metaphase I? |
-each tetrad migrates to the cell equator
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(mitosis)
What happens during Anaphase I? |
-sister chromatids go to the same pole
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(mitosis)
What happens during Telephase I |
-cell goes telephase I and cytokenesis quickly and right into Mitosis II
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Define: Meiosis II
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separates the sister chromatids so that each chromosome of the daugter cells consist of a single chromatid
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(mitosis)
What happens during Anaphase II: |
-separates the sister chromatids so that each chromosome of the daughter cells consist of a single chromatid
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Define: Aneuploid
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-a cell/organism with abnormal number of chromosomes
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Define: Euploid
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a cell/organism with a normal # of chromosomes
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Define: disjunction
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-when the homogolous chromosomes separate
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Define:Nondisjunction
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-when separation doesn't occur normally
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Define: autosomes
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All other chromosomes other than the X or Y chromo
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How many pairs of autosomoes do humans have?
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22
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How many pairs of sex chromosomes do humans have?
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one
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True or false: "Y" chromosomes carry far fewer genes than the "X" chromosome?
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True
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True or false: egg and sperm are haploid?
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True
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How many sperm are produced from a germ cell?
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Four
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How many eggs are produced from a germ cell?
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One, and one polar body
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Define: cervix
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lower part of the uterus and acts as a passage from vagin to uterus
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Define: fallopian tubes
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-the oviducts, or where the oocyte finds its way after being released from the follicle
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Define: uterus
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Female organ used to nourish zygote
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Define: Urethra
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-carries urine from the bladder
-exit tube in men surrounded by spongy, cylindrical tissue forming the glans |
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Define: testes
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Male reproductive gland that produces sperm
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List some of the characteristics regarding the 1st Trimester of pregnancy
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-fatigue and nausea
-glucose and calcium redirected from mom to fetus -metabolism increases |
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List some of the characteristics regarding the 2nd Trimester of pregnancy
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-abdomen swells
-energy increases, morning sickness ends -fetus kicks |
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List some of the characteristics regarding the 3rd Trimester of pregnancy
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-frequent urination
-leg numbness -poor sleep -fetus pushes on internal organs |
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Define: colostrum
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-similar to milk, but has less fat and high in antibodies
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Define: allele
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-alternate versions of the same gene
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Define: gene
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a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located in the germ plasm usually on a chromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission and expression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide and especially a protein or controlling the function of other genetic material
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instructions for making a certain protein
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Define: Homozygous
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-two copies of the SAME allele
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Define: Heterozygous
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-two different alleles for a single gene i.e. Tt
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Define: genotype
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-the actual genes present in the cells of an organism
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Define: phenotype
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The expression of the genes creating an observable trait
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When is a gene recessive?
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When it contributes nothing to the phenotype of a heterozygote
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Define: Homeostasis
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a relatively stable state of equilibrium
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Define: codominance
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-when two alleles each contribute to the phenotype
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Define: linkage map (group)
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-sets of genes that do not independently assort
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Define: recombination
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-results in new chromosome with some genes from each of the parental homologus
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Who were Watson and Crick?
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-discovered the structure of DNA
-model -sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside -nitrogen bases on the inside |
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What are the three components of a nucleotide?
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phosphate,nitrogen and sugar
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What is the basic building block of DNA and RNA?
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-nucleotide
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What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
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DNA-RNA----Proteins
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Define: Translation
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-is the copying of DNA into RNA, occurs in the nucleus
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Define: Transcription
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-used RNA to direct the synthesis of protein, occurs in the cytoplasm
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Define: mRNA
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Messenger RNA-carries the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome
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Define: tRNA
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Transfer RNA: carries the animo acid to the complimentary mRAN codon at the ribosome
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Define: rRNA
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Ribosomal RNA: part of the ribosome and it's involved with forming the peptide bond between growing "protein" and the next amino acid
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Define: Intron and extron
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the removal of large pieces of RNA (intervening sequences; intron) and splicing the remainders (expressed sequences; extron) into mRNA
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Define: codon
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sequence of three nitrogen bases
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Describe the four types of gene regulation:
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1. Transcriptional control: increase or decrease the amount of mRNA
2. Posttranscriptionl control: mRNA transcribed, but regulates the modification of pre-mRNA 3. Translational control: regulates the rate of translation 4. Posttranslational control: polypeptide needs modification to become functional protein |
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Define: mutagen
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-permanent change to a DNA sequence
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Complimentary base pairing:
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C-G
A-T (RNA) A-U |
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Purine:
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double ringed H-bases (A and G)
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Pyrimidine:
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Single ringed N-base (C,T,U)
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Bolus:
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A soft mass of chewed food
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Chyme:
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the semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
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Vitamins:
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any of various organic substances that are essential in minute quantities to the nutrition of most animals and some plants
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Minerals:
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Inorganic substance needed in small amounts in the body
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Cartilage:
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cushions the joint
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Ligaments:
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attach bone to bone and around the joint
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Tendon:
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attach muscle to bone
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Plasma:
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fluid part of blood
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Erythrocytes:
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red blood cells
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Leukocytes:
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white blood cells, contribute to the body's defense against infection and tumors
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Platelets:
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small cell fragments that help blood coagulate
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Hemoglobin:
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An oxygen binding protein whose iron containing heme groups are red when O2 is attached
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Pericarduim:
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fibrous sac surrounds the heart and baths it in a lubricating fluid
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Myocardium:
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muscular wall of the heart (4 chambers)
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Systolic blood pressure:
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the highest number and occurs when the ventricle contracts
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Diastolic blood pressure:
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lowest, occurs when heart is relaxed
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True or false: the contraction period of the heart is the systole?
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True
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Aorta:
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Largest vessel, artery that carries blood from left ventricle to rest of the body
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Ventricle:
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thicker walled sending chamber
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Cardiovascular
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involving the heart and blood vessles
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Pulmonary circulation:
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carries blood without oxygen from the heart to the lungs
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Systematic circulation:
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delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
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Axon:
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long appendage that transmits a signal
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Dendrites:
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shorter, more numerous appendages that receive signals from other cells
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Synapse:
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space between nerve cells
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Thalamus:
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Located in the forebrain, major integrator of sensory information about the external world
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Substantia nigra:
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Located in the midbrain, important for initiating movements
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Diencephalon:
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Located in the forebrain, contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus
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Pons:
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link information passing between the brain and spinal cord
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Medulla:
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also contains the "centers" that regulate breathing and blood circulation
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Amygdala:
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coordinates autonomic responses to emotional states
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Reflexive memory:
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has reflex like quality, automatic, not dependent on awareness
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Declarative memory:
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recalled through thought or experience
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Who was Charles Darwin:
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Developed theory of natural selection, evolutionary theory, "descent with modification"
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Who was Louis Pasteur
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founder of microbiology
designed simple experiment disproving spontaneous generation concluded: all life comes from existing life |
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List the types of reproductive isolations:
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1.Ecological isolation-how species live
2. temporal-when they reproduce 3. behavioral-mating behaviors 4. mechanical-do not have complementary male and female reproductive organs 5. gametic-gametes aren't compatable |
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What is the proper way to write scientific names?
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(italicised) Homo sapien
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Who was Carl Linneus:
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designed a taxonomic heirarchy for the classification of life
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Name the three bacterial cell shapes:
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Baccili-rod shaped
Cocci-spherical Spirilla-spiral shaped |
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Who is Carl Woese?
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From the U of I; lef to the recognition of archea as a separate domain of life
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Name some aspects of chrysophytes:
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(golden algae and diatons)
-most commmon in temperate lakes and ponds as plankton -diatons are some of the most numerous and attractive chrysophytes composed of silica |
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Name some aspects of parasitic protozoans:
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1.complex life cycles
2. plasmodia causes malaria |
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Name the technical name for vascular plants:
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Tracheophytes-includes all the most familiar living plants; not restricted in size
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Name the technical name for non-vascular plants:
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Bryophytes:include the mosses,liverworts and hornworts. Anchor to surfaces by special "rootlike" structures
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Define: rhizoid
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root-like structure of Bryophytes, not designed for absorption of water
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Name aspects of Tracheophytes:
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subdivided into:seedless and seed plants
-diploid sporophytes are dominant -transport of water involves the xylem and the phloem |
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Name aspects of the Bryophytes:
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most prominent phase of the life cycle is the haploid gametophyte which produce the gametes via mitosis
-require freestanding water for photosynthesis and fertilization by free-swimming sperm |
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Xylem:
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carries water and minerals from the root to the leaves for use in photosynthesis
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Phloem:
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distributes the sugars and other organic compounds made in the leaves to the rest of the plant
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Angiosperm:
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produce seends with fruits and flowers
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Gymnosperm:
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conifers,cycads,ginkos,gnetae-produce seends without flowers or fruits
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Photosynthesis:
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synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially light
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Blastula:
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hollow ball of cells that developes from the fertilization of a eumetazoa
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Endoderm:
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innermost layer of cell, gives rise to the intestines and other digestive organs
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Mesoderm:
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the middle layer of cell, gives rise to the intestines and other digestive organs
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Ectoderm:
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outermost layer, gives rise to the skin, sense organs and nervous system
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List the three order of reptiles:
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Crocodilia:crocodiles and aligators
Chelonia-turtles and tortoises Squamata:lizards |
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Hyphae:
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thread-like filaments which contain many nuclei-composition of fungi
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Endosymbiosis:
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a close association of two organisims, which one lives inside the other, mutually beneficial
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Endosymbiosis:
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a close association of two organisims, which one lives inside the other, mutually beneficial
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Macroevolution:
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the orgin and multiplication of species
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Population genetics:
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explains in mathematical terms the process by which variation is generated and passed on within populations of organisms
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Microevolution:
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comparatively minor evolutionary change involving the accumulation of variations in populations usually below the species level
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Transpiration:
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passage of watery vapor from a living body through a membrane or pores
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Nuceloid:
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the DNA-containing area of a prokaryotic cell
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Antibiotics:
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chemicals that kill the bacterial cells without harming our own
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Plasmid:
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smaller loop of DNA in prokaryotes
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Endotherm:
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maintain constant body temperature by capturing the heat released by metabolism and releasing heat from their bodies (birds and mammals)
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Ectotherm:
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reptiles,depend on external sources of heat
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Three types of animal defenses:
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1. camoflogue
2. chemical defenses 3. coloration |
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How do humans alter the carbon and nitrogen cycles?
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fertilizers, burning of fossil fuels
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Symbiosis:
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two species have intimate associations
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Parasitiism:
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species benefits at expense of other species
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Mutialism:
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symbiotic relatonship between two species that mutually benefit
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Commensalism:
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intimate relationship btwn two species that neither helps not harms
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Primary succession:
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invasion of a completely new environment
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Secondary succession:
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invasion of an environment which contains a previous community that has suffered damage
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Pioneer community:
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part of 1st succession
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Climax community:
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Long lived and occurs at the end of a succession, low rate of change
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Biotic:
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living
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Abiotic:
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non-living
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Herbivore:
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gets source of energy from plant matter
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Carnivore:
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gets energy from both plant and other organisms
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Scavengers
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get energy from carcases of other organisms
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Decomposers:
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dead organisms
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Food chain:
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linear sequence of "who eats who"
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Food "web"
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collection of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem
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Cloaca:
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the common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes
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