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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Do the left and right subphrenic spaces communicate with eachother?
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no
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Do the rt and lt inframesocolic spaces communicate with eachother?
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yes
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What is another name for morrisons pouch?
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Right hepatic space
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what do paracolic gutters connect?
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abdominal cavities to pelvic cavity.
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do paracolic gutters communicate with spleinic spaces?
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no
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Where is the lesser sac in relation to the stomach?
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posterior to the stomach
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Whre is the epiploic foramen in relation to the lesser omentum?
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posterio
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Explain the anterior pararenal space.
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portion of the retroperitoneum and gerotas fascia that contains pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, adn blood vessels
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What are the most dependant spaces when a patient is supine?
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-paracolic gutters
-posterior cul-de-sac |
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What does the right paracolic gutter communicate wth?
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the right subphrenic space, and morrisons pouch
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What does the valsalva manouver cause the IVC to do?
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constrict at first, then dialate.
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What is the relationship of the splenic vein to the SMA?
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posterior to the SMA
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What is the portal confluence made of up? Descibe the path of each of these vessels?
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SMV-Drains the small intestin, part of the large intestine, stomach, and pancreas
IMV-passes into the splenic vein, drains part of the lg intestine Splenic vein-drains blood from the spleen, pancreas, stomach, and part of the large intestine. |
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What is the vasa vasorum?
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drainage network for blood vessels within the adventitia.
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Where do ovarian arteries arise from?
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the posterior aspect of the AO
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Where are renal arteries in relation to renal veins?
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POSTERIOR
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What is the celiac axis made up of? Descibe the course of these arteries.
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Hepatic artery-comes off to the rt and supplies the LT lobe
Splenic artery-comes off to the lt. and supplies the spleen and pancreas Lt gastric artery-superior and to the lt; supplies the stomach and espohagus |
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what is the medial sacral artery?
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sall branch just before the aortic bifercation.
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What are the branches of the IVC?
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gonadal, renal, adreanl, and hepatic
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Where is the splenic vein in renation to the SMA?
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anterior and perpendicular
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what is tripsinogen?
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activated by enterolypase; converted into tripson
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what is chymothrypsin?
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activated by trypsi and converted to chymotrypsin
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what are the primary exocrine secretions of the pancreas?
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bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
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what are teh digestive enzymes, and what do they breakdown
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amylase-carbs
lipase-fat proteases(tripsinogen, and chomytripsimogn) |
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What is the amylase test?
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elevated in acute pancreatitis
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where do pancreatic enzymes arise?
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acinar cells
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what is the calcium test?
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hypocalcium is associated with fat nucrosis, and decreased calcium is associated with acute pancreatitis.
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describe the lipase test
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elevated in acute pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma
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what are the ducts of luschka?
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in perimuscular layer of the GB; sight of thickening of acteria and stasis of debris
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rokinansky-ascoff sinus
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outpouchings of GB that extend to connective tissue. The may indicate tissue injury or mucosal herniation.
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neck glands
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mucous glands found in the neck of the GB
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glucose tolerence test
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inget sugar to determine diabetes
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somatostatin
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released by delta cells; inhibits the production of insulin, and glycogen
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insulin
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released by beta cells; remeoves glucose from the blood
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glucogeon
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released by alpha cells; converts glycogen to glucose
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What would increase predomiinately with biliary obstruction?
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ALP and congugated bilirubin
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Whre does the common duct travel in?
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the hepatoduodenal ligament
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What are the GB wall layers?
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mucosa, fibromuscular, serosa
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What is the endocrine secretions of the pancreas?
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-cholestekonin-stimulates the pancreas to secrete large quantities of digestive enzymes.
-secretin-stimulates duct cells to secrete water ad bicarbonate to flush out digestive enzymes -gastrin-stimulates acid secreteion in stomch and stimultes pancreas cells to secrete digestive enzyes |
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where is the common duct in relation to the epiploic foramen?
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anterior
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What are the fossa of the liver?
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GB
IVC porta hepatis |
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What are other names of uncogugated bilirubin?
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indirect
free |
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what are other names of congugated bilirubin?
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direct,
bilirubin glycoronide |
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What does the triangular ligament connect?
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the liver the the diaphragm
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what does the coronary ligament ocnnect?
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the livet to the diaphragm
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what does the galciform ligament ocntain?
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the ligamentum teres
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what is glucogens?
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formation of glucose from non-carbs
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what is congugation?
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makes the bilirubin more water soluble
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what is AST?
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aspertate amino trasferase-it arises with hapatits, and cirrhosis
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what is albumin?
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decreases with liver disease because it is synthesized in the liver, and it may increase with dehydration
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LDH
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Lactate dehydrogenase-arises with hepatitis
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ALT
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analine amino transferase-liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal
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APT
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alphaphetoprotien-a indicator of liver cnacer and may increase with testicular cancer
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How does bile forM
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The breakdown if bile salts
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what is the function of bile salts?
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digestion and absorption
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what are the surface impressions of the liver?
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gastric
renal colic duodenal esophagus |
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what makes up the portal triad?
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CBD
HA MPV |
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WHat are the functions of the liver?
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bile formation and secretion
metabolism vascular and lympoh functions storage depot detoxification phagocytosis synthesis of vitamin D |
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How does bilirubn travel in the blood?
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it binds with albumin
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What is another name for AST?
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SGOT
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What is uncogugated bilirubin increased with?
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hemolytic ad genetic disorders
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why does prothrombin time increse with liver disease?
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because vitamin K is produced in the liver, and it helps with blood clotting, so with liver disease, there is a decrease in vitamin K which results in an increase in prothrombin time
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What is the albumin/globumin ratio?
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serum albumin/serum globulin; may decrease with cirrhosis
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GGT
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gammaglutamyl Transpertidase-alcoholis,, and cirrhosis
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when does congugated bilirubin increase?
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increases because some diseased livers canot excrete bilirubn, so it bluids up
-also ecause of biliary blockage |
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what is diesse's space?
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the space btw hepatocytes where interstitial fluid resides, and this drains into the lyphatic system
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AST
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aspertate amino transferarase-arises with hepatitis and cirrhosis
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what is enterohepatic circulatiion?
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the recirculation of bile salts
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what is the lt intersegmental fissure made up of?
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cephalic-lt HV
medial-Lt asc PV caudayl-round ligament |
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what does renin do?
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helps regulate BP
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what does ADH do? Where is it from
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it's from the anterior pituitary, and it decreases urine output and increases blood volume
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explain autoregulation for decreased BP?
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as BP drops, GFR drops, and blood vessel walls are relaxed. Afferent arterioles dialate causing increased GFR.
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What happens to GFR as capular pressure increases?
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GFR decreases
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What are the cells of the juxtamedullary aperatus?
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macula densa
granulosa mesangial |
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what are the structures of the juxtamedullary aperatus
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afferent arteriole
macula densa DCT |
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What are the functions of the kidney?
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-control blood volume and consentration
-regulate blood PH -remove toxic waste from the blood -produce erythropoietin |
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what substances arn't suppose to be found in urine?
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glucose
keytones protein blood |
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What happens to the kidneys so they are how they are now?
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in embryo, the hilum of the kidney is facing out and it has to rotate 90 to end up medial
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How does a kidney get accesory renal arteries?
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they occur as a kidney is ascending inutero
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what are th 2 portions of a kidney?
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Parynchma and sinus
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what is renins effect on the kidney?
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leads to angiotensin 2 which leads to vasodialation.
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What vessels receive the absorbed substances from the renal tubule?
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paritubular capillaries
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Explain osmotic pressure?
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blood proteins and other solutes increase pressure in the blood.
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What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidney
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decreases urine output and increases blood volume. It comes from the adrenal cortex
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What are the vessels of the kidney?
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renal artery
segmental artery interlobar artery arcuate artery interlobular artery afferent arteriole efferent arteriole peritubular capillary interlobular vein arcuate vein interlobar vein renal vein |
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what is the course of urine within the kidney?
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renal tubule
collecting duct papillary duct minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter bladder |
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what cells secrete renin?
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granular cells
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What is increased with kidney disease?
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creatin
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How do the kidneys maintin homeostasis?
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renal autoregulation
neural regulation hormonal regulation |
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How does an increase in osmotic pressure affect GFR?
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it decreaes
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Where is morrisons pouch?
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anterior aspect of the RT kidney has alayer of peritoneum that makes morrisons pouch
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is the antrum of the stomach medial to the pylorus?
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yes
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What is the relationship of the adrenal glands to the kidneys/
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SAM
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what is a sight for lymphadenopathy?
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the liver porta
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What is a reliable indicator of lyphadenopathY?
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if there are nodes posterior to the AO and IVC
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Explain where the parts of the adrenal gland came from?
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the medulla originates from the neural crest cells, and the cortex develops from mesoderm of posterior abdominal wall.
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What is the medial umbilical ligament a fetal remnant of?
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the urachnus
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what are naustral folds
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echogenic"air bumps" in the large intestine
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what are chromaffin cells?
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catacholamnes (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
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What does the medulla secrete?
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(epinephrine and norepinephrine)
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Describe the course of lymph?
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goes from capillares to lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunk, to the thoracic, or right lymphatic duct, to sublcavian veins
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where is the splenic vein in relation to the body and tail of the pancreas?
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superior
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what are the outer coats of the adrenal gland?
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parynchma and fibroelastic
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What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?
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zona glomerulosa-mineralcorticoids(aldosterone
zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids(steroids) zona reticularis-sex hormones(androgens) |
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What are the main nodes?
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gastric, hepatic, pancreatic, splenic colic
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what does the glomerulosa secree?
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aldosterone
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What are the layers of the bladder wall?
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mucosa
conective detrusor muscle adventitia |
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what are the functions of the spleen?
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blood reservoir
RBC and platelet destruction lymphocytes manufacture hepatopoietic funtion |
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what is the function of red pulp?
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it is the outer region of the the spleen and it functions in RBC and platelet destruction
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What are the layers of bowel?
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fluid/mucosal
lamina propria/muscularis mucosa submucosa musclularis propria serosa |
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Where does the RT adrenal gland drain?
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the IVC
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where does the LT adrenal gland drain?
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the Lt renal vein
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What are the functions of the lyphatic system?
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-maintin homeostasis
-digest fatty acids -produce lymphocytes -remove debris and organism |
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What courses btw the pancreas and adrenal gland?
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splenic vein and artery
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white pulp
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central in the spleen; composed of lymphocytes which function in immunity
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splenic ligaments
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-gastrosplenic ligament-greater curvature of the stomach to medial spleen
-splenorenal-spleen to posterior abdominal wall -splenocolic-spleen to trx colon -phrenicolic-colin to diaphragm. |
