Final Review

Front 1

What kind of infarction is a hospitaltized, severely hypotensive patient typically having?

Back 1

Subendocardial infarction; usually occurs in a setting of shock and affects most ECG leads

Front 2

Elevated serum cardiac enzymes, patient borught in with typical mycocardial pain and ST elevation in a few leads

Back 2

Most likely transmural infarction due to occlusion of a coronary artery

Front 3

Compares CSF and serum glucose

Back 3

CSF glucose is normally 2/3 serum glucose

Front 4

T or F, viral meningitis alters CSF glucose

Back 4

False, viral meningitis does not alter CSF glucose

Front 5

Congenital encephalities due to HSV-1 usually involves this part of the brain

Back 5

Temporal lobe bilaterally

Front 6

CREST syndrome is also know as

Back 6

Limited scleroderma

Front 7

Plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy

Back 7

Prominent in primary pulmonary hypertension

Front 8

ARDS

Back 8

Rapid onset of respiratory insufficiency secondary to diffuse alveolar damage

Front 9

Sarcoidosis

Back 9

Interstitial pneumonia, noncaseating giant cell granuloma's

Front 10

Parasites that may cause suppurative cholangitis due to biliary tract obstruction

Back 10

Roundworm: Ascaris lumbricoides, Liver flukes: Clonorchis Sinensis and Fasciola hepatica

Front 11

Homan's sign

Back 11

Pain due to extension of foot in one with DVT

Front 12

Virchow's triad

Back 12

Endothelial cell injury, alteration of blood flow and hypercoagulability

Front 13

Drug of choice for N. gonorrhea

Back 13

Ceftriaxone

Front 14

Has a non-immunogenic capsule

Back 14

Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 15

Episome

Back 15

Plasmid that has been stably inserted into a chromosome by specific recombination

Front 16

Give examples of traits given to bacteria by stable integration of bacteriphages to bacterial chromosomes

Back 16

O antigen of salmonells, erythrogenic toxin of S. pyogenes, botulinum exotoxin & diptheria toxin

Front 17

Apraxia

Back 17

Deficit of purposeful movement caused by a central lesion

Front 18

Dysarthria

Back 18

Deficit of speech articulation despite normal word finding & normal grammar

Front 19

Drug used in mercuric and arsenic poisoning

Back 19

Dimecaprol

Front 20

Drug used in Lead poisoning

Back 20

Edetate calcium sodium (EDTA)

Front 21

When do Sickle cell disease patients present with symptomts?

Back 21

98% present with symptoms before the age of 8years old

Front 22

This infection precipitates aplastic crises in sickle cell patients

Back 22

Parvovirus B19

Front 23

How can you temporarily control bleeding esophageal varices?

Back 23

Sclerotherapy or esophageal balloon

Front 24

Achalasia

Back 24

Motor difficulty of the esophagus, difficulty swallowing

Front 25

Plummer-vinson syndrome

Back 25

Causes hypochromic microcytic anemia, atrophic glossities and esophageal webs - is due to the deficiency of iron

Front 26

Schatzki rings

Back 26

Found in squamocolumnar juntion of esaophagus just below the aortic arch. May be asymtpomatic, complete blockage may be caused uf food is not chewed properly - steakhouse syndrome - sensation of food "sticking"

Front 27

Zenker diverticulum

Back 27

Evagination of esaphagus at the junction of the esophagus and pharynx

Front 28

Definitive test of candida

Back 28

Germ tube test - formation of pseudohyphae on samples grown in tissue cultures

Front 29

MOA of Terbinafine

Back 29

Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol by inhibiting the synthesis of squalene epoxidase - used to treat dermatophyte infections

Front 30

MOA of nystatin

Back 30

Complexes with ergosterol and causes the membrane to become leaky - treat candida

Front 31

MOA of Griseofulvin

Back 31

Inhibits microtubule formation and is used to treat dermatophyte infections

Front 32

Why is flucytosine contraindicated in HIV patients

Back 32

Flucytosine is a thymidylate synthetase inhibitor that is used to treat crytpoccocis, may cause bone marrow suppresion in HIV patients and is therefore contraindicated

Front 33

Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase

Back 33

Marker for Hairy cell leukemia -a B lymphocyte leukemia

Front 34

Histaminase

Back 34

Eosenophils make this to regulate inflammatory reactions due to the release of histamine by Mast cells

Front 35

Histamine

Back 35

Mast cells and basophils

Front 36

Major Basic Protein

Back 36

In eosenophilic cell granules - destroy parasites

Front 37

Lactoferrin

Back 37

Specific granules of neutrophils - they intefere with iron metabolism needed by bacteria

Front 38

Myeloperoxidase

Back 38

Azurophilic granules of neutrophils - handling bacteria - holes in their cell walls

Front 39

Where is hCG made during the first trimester of pregnancy?

Back 39

Syncytiotrophoblast lining the placental villi, maintains the corpus luteum

Front 40

Enzyme released by corpus luteum

Back 40

Estrogen, progesterone and relaxin

Front 41

Role of progesterone during pregnancy

Back 41

Progesterone maintains pregnancy

Front 42

Where are endotoxins and cholera toxin genes found

Back 42

Bacterial chromosomes, most exotoxins are encoded on plasmids

Front 43

Vancomycin resistant enterococci

Back 43

Form new cell wall bridges D-lactic acid instead of D-ala and can therefore not be recognized by vancomycin

Front 44

These enzymes are inactivated by B-lactamases

Back 44

penicillins and cephalosporins

Front 45

Give examples of drugs that are inactivated by acetylation, adenosylation

Back 45

Aminoglycans, sulfonamides and chloramphenicol

Front 46

Give examples of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis - resistance to this drugs may be due to modified ribosomes

Back 46

Tetracyclines and macrolide antibiotics

Front 47

Layer of epithelium affected by HPV

Back 47

Stratum basale

Front 48

Level of epidermis where HPV maturation takes place

Back 48

Stratum lucidum and granulosum. Genome duplication takes place in stratum spinosum

Front 49

Preeclampsia onset before the 20th week is indicative of

Back 49

hydatiform mole

Front 50

Conditions that increase the risk of pre-eclampis but at 6 months

Back 50

Anencephaly, NT defects and twin gestations

Front 51

Cause of pseudohepatitis in children

Back 51

Yersinia enterolitica - ingestion of milk or pork - found in cooler climates

Front 52

Chromosome with mutation in Becker and Ducheme musculodystrophy

Back 52

X-linked recessive; In frame mutations with Beckers and Frame shift mutations with Duchemes : Gene affected: dystrophin

Front 53

Medial calcification of small arteries

Back 53

Monckenberg calcification

Front 54

Hyperplastc arteriosclerosis.

Back 54

Laminated thickening of arterial walls - onion skinning phenomenon

Front 55

What part of cell are inclusion bodies due to molluscum contagiosum?

Back 55

Cytoplasm

Front 56

This carcinoma has S-100 positivity

Back 56

Melanoma

Front 57

Viruses implicated in atherosclerosis

Back 57

Chlamydia pneumoniae and CMV

Front 58

Immunoglobulin markers thay could be used in paternity test

Back 58

Kappa light chains and IgG1 IgG2 IgG3 - genetic allotypic markers

Front 59

Idiotypes

Back 59

Immunoglobulins made in response to certain antigens that one has been exposed to

Front 60

Isotypes of Immunoglobins

Back 60

5 major classes: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, IgE

Front 61

Inherited disorder due to trinucleotide repeat in myotonin protein kinase

Back 61

Myotonic dystrophy

Front 62

Pseudomonas mallei

Back 62

Causes glanders

Front 63

Psuedomonas psuedomalle

Back 63

Causes melioidosis

Front 64

streptobacillus molliform

Back 64

Rat bite fever in the US

Front 65

Spirillum minus

Back 65

Sodoku rat bite fever in Japan

Front 66

Muscle supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Back 66

all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid

Front 67

Toxocariasis

Back 67

Visceral larva migrans due to dog roundworm

Front 68

The only family of double stranded RNA viruses

Back 68

Reovirus: Rotavirus and reovirus, naked and segmented with 10-11 segments

Front 69

Circumvallate placents

Back 69

Extrachorial portion outside the insertion of amniotic membranes

Front 70

Bipartite Placenta

Back 70

Placenta has two equal segments

Front 71

Anemia, atrophic glossitis and esophageal webs are associated with

Back 71

Plummer-vinson syndrome

Front 72

Hour glass shaped stomach within the thoracic cavity

Back 72

Sliding hiatial hernia, incidence increases with age, most are not symptomatic on their own

Front 73

What GI tract organs may be affected in Chaga's disease

Back 73

May see massively dilated esophagus and dilated colon, cause dby trypanosoma cruzii

Front 74

Sequence of arteries and veins in the femoral region

Back 74

NAVEL (Lymphatics are most medial)

Front 75

Hormones needed for luteal maintenance

Back 75

Progesterone and estrogen, both are secreted by the corpus luteum during the secretery phase of the menstrual cycle

Front 76

What happens to hormone levels fertilization takes place

Back 76

Progesterone levels remain high to maintain the pregnancy

Front 77

Explain the inrease in estradiol levels in preovulatory stages

Back 77

Due to positive feedback from estradiol to anterior pituitary causing increase in FSH and LH secretion

Front 78

GnRH is usually released in a pulsatile manner, what is observed in it is given continuously?

Back 78

Downregulated receptors in the anterior pituitary leading to decreased levels of FSH and LH

Front 79

Level of FSH and LH during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Back 79

Reduced, negative feedback from progesterone and estrogen

Front 80

EBNA

Back 80

A molecule found on the membrane of EBV, may be presented to CD8+ T-Cells on MHC-type 1

Front 81

Specific gravity of transudates

Back 81

<1.012

Front 82

Specific gravity of exudates

Back 82

>1.012

Front 83

Chylous ascites

Back 83

Accumulation of lymph within the pleural cavity

Front 84

What kind of effusion is associated with blocked lymphatics

Back 84

Exudate - usually will have cells and protein either secondary to infection eg filariasis or postop for auxillary lymph nodes

Front 85

Two main mechanisms by which liver cirrhosis results in the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Back 85

Increased portal hypertension and resudec osmotic pressure

Front 86

Motilin

Back 86

Hormone released by the small intestine during the fasting stage, the levels of this hormone in the blood vary with the MMC (Migrating Motor Complex)

Front 87

What interrupts the MMC

Back 87

Eating a meal

Front 88

What evokes the release of CCK during the intestinal phase of the digestive period?

Back 88

Fat and protein digestion products in the duodenum

Front 89

This hormone induces the contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of oddi

Back 89

CCK

Front 90

Function of gastrin

Back 90

Released during gastric phase of digestion - increased motility of stomach - DECR. Rate of empyting due to contraction of the pyloric sphincter - increase in ileal molitily (gatroileal reflex - increase in colonic motility (Gastrocolic reflex)

Front 91

Where in the stomach are the cells that release Gastrin-releasing Peptide

Back 91

Antrum: Vagal efferents or local reflexes activate antral enteric neurons to release GRP which stimulate G cells to secrete gastrin

Front 92

This hormone is released by delta cells in the stomach mucosa when the PH < 3, inhibits gastric acid production and also acts directly on parietal cells to decrease production of H+

Front 93

Why would you see an increase in VEGF MRNA in skeletal within one hour of exercising?

Back 93

Angiogenesis, growth of new capillaries, to decrease diffusion distance for nutrients and waster products

Front 94

How do we estimate left atrial pressure

Back 94

Pulmonary wedge pressure, catheter via pulmonary artery, inflate balloon - decrease blood flow distally - pressure due to events in left atrium.

Front 95

Most likely cause of miscarriage in first trimester

Back 95

Chromosomal abnormalities

Front 96

Abruptio placentae

Back 96

Placenta detatches prematurely from implantation site, usually occurs in the third trimester. Char by retroplacental hemorrhage betweem the placental and uterine wall

Front 97

Placenta previa

Back 97

Implanted in lower segment of uterus, may bleed profusely in late pregnancy

Front 98

What percentage of patients with ischemic heart disease present with death?

Back 98

25%

Front 99

Repair mechanisms deficient in patient with HNPCC?

Back 99

Have microsatellite instability, have problems with mismatch repair genes

Front 100

Xeroderma pigmentosus is due to deficiency in

Back 100

Nucleotide excision repair proteins

Front 101

MOA of Epoprostenol

Back 101

It stimulates PGI2, used to treat pulmonary htn

Front 102

PGE1 agonist used to treat gastric induced peptic ulcer and is an abortifacient

Back 102

Misoprostol

Front 103

PGE1 agonist used to maintain patency of PDA and treat male impotence

Back 103

Alprostadil

Front 104

PGE2 agnost used for cervical ripening and as abortifaceant

Back 104

Dinoprostone

Front 105

PGF2alpha agonist used to treat glaucoma

Back 105

Latanoprost

Front 106

PGF2alpha agonist used to as abortifaceant

Back 106

Carboprost

Front 107

Virchow's node is associated with which tumors if no primary can be found in lung and neck?

Back 107

Gastric carcinoma

Front 108

Which electrolyte is raised in the following conditions? Addison's disease, hyperparathyroidsm, hyperthyrodism, multiple myeloma, chronic renal failure, metastatic carcinoma,

Back 108

Hypercalcemia

Front 109

Why is hypercalcemia seen in leukemia, multiple myeloma, metastatic carcinoma?

Back 109

Due to bone destruction

Front 110

A neoplastic disease of C-cell lineage which would be linked with high levels of calcitonin

Back 110

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Front 111

What is the role calcitonin?

Back 111

Decreasing calcium absortpion in intestine, decreasing osteoclast activity in bones and decr. Reabs. Of calcium in the renal tubules

Front 112

Factors that may predispose a woman tro vaginal candida infection

Back 112

High pH, diabetes (high glucose) and antibiotics

Front 113

This disease can predispose for fistulas involving the vagina

Back 113

Crohns disease

Front 114

Drugs thar cause drug induced SLE:

Back 114

Procainamide, INH, quinidine, methyldopa, hydralazine and chlropromazine

Front 115

Indications for Digoxin

Back 115

CHF, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter

Front 116

Disopyramide

Back 116

Class Ia antriarrhythmic - Rx of ventricular arrhythmias

Front 117

Flecainide

Back 117

Class Ic antiarrhythmic - Rx of life threatening ventricular arrhythmias

Front 118

Trousseaus sign

Back 118

Migrating thrombophlebitis that is associated with pancreatic carcinoma, also carcnimina of the lung & colon

Front 119

This disease is highly associated with IBD and presents with liver failure, preogressing biliary cirrhosis

Back 119

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Front 120

Splenic infarction is usually associated with:

Back 120

arterial thromboembolic events

Front 121

How does hyperprolactinemia lead to infertility in males?

Back 121

Leydig cells have receptors that bind prolactin and LH, synergy betw the two. High prolactin causes down regul of LH receptors in the testis on the leyding cells, decrease pulsatile nature of LH and inhibits intracellular events cause by LH

Front 122

Oral cancer due to chewing tobacco most often involves

Back 122

Lower lip

Front 123

Oncogene associated with Neueoblastoma?

Back 123

N-myc

Front 124

2 year old, has tumor of adrenal medulla - Homer-wright psuedorossetes

Back 124

Nueroblastoma

Front 125

Organ most likely to be involved in neuroblastomas

Back 125

Adrenal medulla

Front 126

Homer-wright pseudorosettes

Back 126

Circles of tumor cells - central young nerve fibers arise from the tumor cells - Seen in Neuroblastoma

Front 127

What cancers is erb-B2 gene associated with?

Back 127

Breat, ovarian, gastric carcinomas

Front 128

What cancers is c-myc gene associated with?

Back 128

Burkitt's lymphoma

Front 129

What cancers is L-myc gene associated with?

Back 129

Small cell carcnoma of the lung

Front 130

What cancers is ret gene associated with?

Back 130

MEN II and MEN III

Front 131

6/14/2007

Front 132

Latest test

Back 132

Continue from question # 36 up to 1

Front 133

2nd Latest test

Back 133

Continue from question #10

Front 134

3rd latest test

Back 134

Continue from question #11

Front 135

4th latest test

Back 135

Continure from question 11

Front 136

6/7/2007

Front 137

Causes cervitis - infection is established in subendothelial space

Back 137

N. gonorrhea

Front 138

Causes cervitis - obligate intracellular parasite

Back 138

Chlamydia

Front 139

Drugs of choice for chlamydia

Back 139

Has an altered cell wall devoid of muramic acid - treat with Quionolones, macrolides or tetracycline - not B-lactams

Front 140

Owl's eye

Back 140

Basophilic intranuclear inclusion - CMV

Front 141

Double stranded, naked, Icosahedral virus

Back 141

Reovirus - Rotavirus is in this group, is associated with diarrhea in children

Front 142

The only cells in the body devoid of class I MHC

Back 142

RBC's

Front 143

The cytotoxic cell that kills in the absence of MHC I

Back 143

NK cells

Front 144

CD16

Back 144

Receptor for the Fc portion of Immunoglobulin G

Front 145

Common valves damaged due to carcionoid disease

Back 145

Pulmonic and tricuspid valves

Front 146

Which Staph exotoxin is associated with food poisioning whose onset is 3-4hrs - presents with nausea & vomit?

Back 146

Enterotoxin A

Front 147

Gram positive spore forming bacteria in rice that causes food posioning

Back 147

Bacillus cereus

Front 148

T. cruzii is an intracellular parasite that localizes in:

Back 148

nerve cells & myosites

Front 149

Main organs affected by Borrelia burgdorferi

Back 149

Skin, CNS and heart

Front 150

T or F: plasmodium parasites can invade the myocardium leading to myositis

Back 150

TRUE

Front 151

Symptoms of infection by Gp B coxcaskie virus

Back 151

pleuritis, myocardities

Front 152

Drugs that can induce hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD

Back 152

Quinine, Nitrofurantoin, dapsone, sulfonamides, primaquine

Front 153

How is Strep pyogenes differentiated from other beta hemolytic strep

Back 153

It is bacitran sensitive

Front 154

Test used to differentiate staph aureus from other staph

Back 154

S. aureus is coagulase positive

Front 155

Test used to differentiate Staph epidermidis from Staph saprophyticus - both are alpha hemolytic

Back 155

S. epidermidis is sensitive to novobioicin

Front 156

Test used to differentiate strep pneuomonia from strep viridans -

Back 156

strep pneuomonia is sensitive to optochin

Front 157

Common examples of heterophile tests

Back 157

Monospot test, Weil-Felix tests and VDRL - Where ab from patient cross-react with unrelated substances - the causative agents are usually hard to id in culture

Front 158

Weil-Felix tests

Back 158

Used to diagnose rickestial diseases: cross-reaction between heterophiles produced by ricketsial diseases and Ox strain of proteus vulgaris

Front 159

What ailment has autoantibodies againts histones

Back 159

drug induced lupus

Front 160

What ailment has autoantibodies againts ribonucleoprotein

Back 160

Mixed connective tissue disease

Front 161

Virus that is a major cause of bonchiolitis in children

Back 161

RSV - a paramyxovirus

Front 162

Interferon alpha

Back 162

Product of leukocytes - inhibits viral replication

Front 163

Interferon beta

Back 163

Product of fibroblasts - inhibits viral replication

Front 164

TNF-alpha

Back 164

Given off by macrophages and NK cells, is cytotoxic to tumor cells and causes cachexia of chronic disease

Front 165

The cause of Q fever

Back 165

Coxiella burnetii

Front 166

Gram negative normal flora implicated in Sub acute endocarditis following oral procedures

Back 166

HACEK (Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis (resistant to erythromycin), Eikenella corrodens, Kingella kingae)

Front 167

Antibody associated with systemic scleroderma

Back 167

Anti-Scl 70

Front 168

Cause of swelling and inflammation for 1-2 days after vaccine?

Back 168

Due to secondary immune reactions, happens if individual has seen this immunogen before, ie is now getting a booster shot to a vaccine he has had before

Front 169

Treatment and cure of Wiskott Aldrich syndrome

Back 169

Bone marrow transplant from a HLA identical sibling

Front 170

What is the defect in Wiskott Aldrich syndrome?

Back 170

Defective gene that codes for a protein WASP that is responsible for the reorganization of hematopoietc cytoskeleton in response to external stimuli. Hence cells cannot migrate in response to stimuli.

Front 171

Bacterial causes of hepatic abcess include

Back 171

E. coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Staph, Bacteroides, pseudomonas

Front 172

How do you treat flaccid paralysis due to Clostridium botulinum

Back 172

Supportive

Front 173

How does D. latum cause megaloblastic anemia

Back 173

Sists in ileum and absorbs Vitamin B12 making it unavailable for absorption

Front 174

These bacteria obstruct the biliary tract or pancreatic duct and are associated with cholangiocarcinoma

Back 174

Clonorchis sinensis

Front 175

Shepherd with dog, has unilocular cyst in liver

Back 175

Echinochoccus granulosus larvae

Front 176

Guarnieri bodies

Back 176

Molluscum contagiousm, pox viruses diff, replicate in the cytoplasm, they need to carry their own enxymes - DNA dependent RNA polymerase

Front 177

Bacteria with drug resistance due to mutation of porin pore protein

Back 177

Psuedomonas aeruginosa

Front 178

Bacteria with drug resistance due to mutation of PBP - chromosomally mediated

Back 178

Staph aureus, Strep pneuomina, N. gonorrhea and H. influenza

Front 179

Bacteria with drug resistance due to mutation of topoisomerase - chromosomally mediated

Back 179

Pseudomonas and E. coli

Front 180

Bacteria with drug resistance due plasmid mediated acetyltransferase

Back 180

Enterobacter and klebsilla to gentamicin and Salmonella to Chloramphenicol

Front 181

This toxin inactivates elongation factor 2 in eukaryotic cells via ADP ribosylation affecting translation elongation

Back 181

Diptheria toxin

Front 182

FTA-Abs

Back 182

Anti treponema test

Front 183

Symptoms of later syphyllis - neurosyphillis

Back 183

Personality change, Affect - no facial expressions, Reflexes - Argyll Robertson pupils, Eye defects, Sensorium, Intellectual decline, Speech is deficient.

Front 184

Next common pool of peeps after Hiv patients at risk of Pneumocystis carinii infections

Back 184

Premature infants

Front 185

Crytpococcus neoformans

Back 185

Profound problem in HIV - causes cryptococal meningitis, is urease positive test, india ink stain, best dx testm latex particle agglutination test for capsular antigen

Front 186

Medium of choice to diagnose meningococcal meningitis

Back 186

Chocolate agar

Front 187

CMV

Back 187

Aseptic encephailits, not meningitis

Front 188

Infectious agent of H. pylori is

Back 188

CagA gene and type III secretory system that injects CagA into host genes

Front 189

6/8/2007

Front 190

Cross tolerance

Back 190

Tolerance to one drug occurs as a result of exposure to another drug

Front 191

Physiologic dependence

Back 191

Copmulsive drug using behavior for passive satisfaction

Front 192

Physical dependence

Back 192

When one has signs and symptoms when they stop taking a drug

Front 193

Form of drug that is rapidly absorbed in the stomach

Back 193

Uncharged

Front 194

Treatment generally indicated with organophosphate intoxication

Back 194

Atropine

Front 195

What is the function of teichoic acids found on gram +ve bacteria

Back 195

To attach on body surfaces

Front 196

Efficacy

Back 196

The maximum effect that can be produced by a drug regardless of its dose

Front 197

Potency

Back 197

Dose of drug needed to achieve 50% of the drugs effect

Front 198

Cocaine

Back 198

Local anesthetic, blocks monoamine reuptake of NE, DA and 5HT

Front 199

Fluoxetine

Back 199

Serotonin reuptake blocker

Front 200

Levothyroxine

Back 200

Thryoid replacement hormone used to treat hypothyroidsm

Front 201

A patient with EBV is given Ampicillin, how will he present in a few days?

Back 201

maculopapular rash, he should not be given ampicillin because this is a viral infection

Front 202

Symmptoms of EBV infection

Back 202

Sorethroat, headache, ferer, malaise, palat enanthem, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, periorbital edema, rash, tonsillitis and pharyngitis

Front 203

Congenital pyloric stenosis

Back 203

This is due to a hypetrophied pylorus, diagnosed at 3 -4 wks life, can be corrected by pyloromyotomy in which the pylorus causing the obstruction is cut.

Front 204

The two most common agents used to treat Clostridium dificille

Back 204

Vancomycin and metronidazole, Bacitran may also be used

Front 205

Caused by a necrolitic toxin produced by Clostridium dificille

Back 205

Pseudomonas colitis - you may not see anything grow on cultures - NOTE THAT THIS IS CAUSED BY TOXINS

Front 206

Vibrio parahemolyticus

Back 206

Food poisoning due to ingestion of sea food that has the toxin

Front 207

What is the physiology behind gastric ulcers due to stress

Back 207

Increase pepsin or gastric acid production due to stress may also be low gastric defenses due to stress

Front 208

Define isometric muscle contraction or relaxtion

Back 208

Contraction or relaxation without change in muscle length

Front 209

define isotonic muscle contraction or relaxtion

Back 209

There is a change in muscle length but no change in muscle tone

Front 210

Viruses that cannot complete their life cycles without their own polymerases

Back 210

Retrovirus, Reovirus, all -ve sense RNA viruses

Front 211

How do tetenus toxins cause disease?

Back 211

They block the release of GABA/ Glycine

Front 212

How do bordetella pertusis toxins cause disease?

Back 212

Cause ADP ribosylation of Gi leading to increase in CAMP

Front 213

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Back 213

Uterine bleeding occuring at irregular intervals

Front 214

Menorrhagia

Back 214

Abnormal uterine bleeding occuring at regular intervals

Front 215

A diagnostic prerequisite for endometriosis

Back 215

Inflammation of the endometrium - Plasma cells must be present

Front 216

Cramps during ones period are due to

Back 216

Local prostaglandin release

Front 217

Left parasternal heave

Back 217

This is due to right ventricular hypetrophy

Front 218

Rupture of papillary muscles after MI manifests with

Back 218

Valvular insufficiency, patient may have signs of mitral regurgitation and signs of acute congestive heart failure

Front 219

What happens to oxygen content in an anemic individual

Back 219

Goes down

Front 220

Narcissitic personality disorder

Back 220

Grandiose personality disorder, fantasies of glory, exploitative behavior, sense of entitlement, lack of empathy and concern for others

Front 221

Histrionic personality dirsoder

Back 221

Attention seeking behavior and labile emotions, tend to dress to be noticed and to be seductive

Front 222

Genes for synthesis of heavy chains - immunoglobulins are on chromosome

Back 222

14

Front 223

Genes for the synthesis of kappa light chains

Back 223

Chromosome 2

Front 224

Genes for the synthesis of lambda light chains

Back 224

Chromosome 22

Front 225

This bacteria leads to granulomatosis infantiseptica in baby infected in utero

Back 225

Listeria monocytogenes - mum hardly has any symptoms, except pershaps diarrhea

Front 226

Causes granuloma inguinale that looks like syphyllis infection

Back 226

Klebsiella granulomatis

Front 227

Why is histoplasmosis usually not communicable from person to person?

Back 227

It is intracellular organism - yeast form - in the RES and lungs. Hence not communicable from person to person

Front 228

How is infection of histoplasma capsulatum acquired

Back 228

By inhaling spores: in the body histo is in form of yeast but at lower temperature is in hyphal form with microconidia and macroconidia

Front 229

6/10/2007

Front 230

Entamoeba hystolitica

Back 230

15 -40 micron ameoba with ingested erythrocytes, small nuclei and tiny distinctivecentral karyosomes, like the cecum and ascending colon, caused flask shaped ulcerations, may be asymtpomatic or vary from mild diarrhea to severe purging dysentery. May also get to liver and cause liver abscesses. Causes bloody diarrhea

Front 231

Acanthomoeba

Back 231

Free living emoeba that causes amoebic meningoencephalitis

Front 232

Balantidium coli

Back 232

A large ciliated intestinal parasite that causes damage that resembles E. histolytica

Front 233

Giardia lamblia

Back 233

Small distinctive protozoa that looks like it has a face, it has suckers at the bottom

Front 234

Naegleria fowleri

Back 234

Free living emoeba that causes amoebic meningoencephalitis

Front 235

Wilsons diseases

Back 235

Failure of copper to enter the circulation in the form cerulopasmin. Have accumulation of cooper in the brain, eyes (Kayser-Flesicher rings) and liver. Sxs seen in the patient: asterexis - parkinsonian symptoms due to basal ganglia degeneration -

Front 236

Pathogenesis of varicose veins

Back 236

Increase in venous pressure in veins, seen in men as they age and seen in women rlt to pregnancy, puberty and menopause

Front 237

When can htn cause exacerbation of varicose veins

Back 237

Right heart failure - increase in venous pressure in the veins

Front 238

Pathogenesis of polio

Back 238

Loss of motor neurons from the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Front 239

What is the disease: lack of sensation in cool parts of body, have nodular lesions - biopsied, show granulomatous infection with acid fast bacilli

Back 239

Leprosy

Front 240

How are multinucleated cells formed

Back 240

From fusion of activated macrophages, these are in no way related to giant cells seen in anaplastic neoplasms, or osteoclast like or virus-induced syncitia

Front 241

Vestibular adenitis

Back 241

tender posterior introitus with focal ulcerations

Front 242

Vaccines associated with benign paracortical expansion that is associated with scattered multinucleated giant cells with eosnophilic cytoplasm, and nuclear inclusion bodies (the giant cells are composed of lymphocuyts - Warthin- finkeldy giant cells

Back 242

Measles

Front 243

Most common tumors in women

Back 243

Leiomyomas

Front 244

Marker for seminomas

Back 244

Placental alkaline phosphatase

Front 245

S100 marker can be useful in determining which cancers

Back 245

Melanoma and schwannomas, S-100 is expressed by different types of cells and not entirely specific

Front 246

Predominating WBC in patient infected with mono

Back 246

CD8+ cells, B cells are destroyed by the virus

Front 247

Which cells are infected by CMV

Back 247

Monocytes, CM?V causes heterophile negative mononucleosis

Front 248

6/14/2007

Front 249

New born baby presents with triad of: cutaneous hemorrhages (Blueberry muffin baby), deafness, periventricular calcifications are due to what infection

Back 249

CMV

Front 250

Most common intrauterine fetal viral infection

Back 250

CMV

Front 251

New born babby has vessicles around the skin and encephalitis

Back 251

Herpes viral infection during vaginal birth

Front 252

Mentally retarded baby, with heart malformations, is blind, cataracts, hearing loss, retinopathy and has some motor abnormalities: No antiviral treatment works, just supportive

Back 252

Congenital rubella infection

Front 253

Baby born with abnormal teeth, bones and CNS

Back 253

Congenital syphillis - will probably die in utero

Front 254

Severe congenital infections cause intracerebral calcifications

Back 254

Toxoplasmosis

Front 255

How do mumps virus attach to host cells?

Back 255

Via hemagluttinin-Neuraminidase glycoprotein

Front 256

The F glycoprotein is responsible for the formation of multinucleated giant cells, by allowing these viruses to move from one cell to another

Back 256

Measles virus and RSV

Front 257

Glutamate receptors

Back 257

NMDA receptor (ligand and voltage gated) & Ligand gated cation channels (AMPA and Kainate receptors)

Front 258

NMDA receptor (N-methyl-D-Aspartate)

Back 258

Let's Ca++ and Na++ thru, requires glutamate as ligand to activate and also depolarization (voltage-gated) that expels Mg2+ that plugs the channel at resting potential

Front 259

Give an example of a pure voltage gated channel

Back 259

Sodium channel involved in action potential down the axon of the neuron

Front 260

A child is exposed to a grandmother with shingles, what will this child present with if they have never been exposed to either shingles or chicken pox

Back 260

Chickenpox

Front 261

Prokaryote without a cell wall

Back 261

Ureaplasma or mycoplasma

Front 262

Prokaryote without muramic acid in its cell wall

Back 262

Chlamydia

Front 263

Major cardiac effects seen in children born to alchoholic mums

Back 263

Atrial and ventricular septal defects

Front 264

Diethylstilbestrol

Back 264

Clear cell adenocarcinoma

Front 265

What teratogenic effects does maternal lithium have

Back 265

Ebsteins anomals and tricuspid atresia

Front 266

What teratogenic effects does maternal thalidomide have

Back 266

Phocomelia and cardiac manifestations

Front 267

Contraction alkalosis

Back 267

This is seen with loop diuretics -> Have loss of Na+ Cl- and water, but very little HCO3- is contained in this volume lost and hence the concentration in the body increases with decrease in water. Leads to alkalosis

Front 268

List hormones that can be secreted by bronchogenic carcinomas

Back 268

ADH, ACTH, MSH, PTH, VIP. hCG, prolactin and calcitonin

Front 269

On what gene is the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 that is associated with breast cancer located?

Back 269

17q

Front 270

What cancer should you associate with the following genes APC (5q), DCC (18q), p53 (17p)

Back 270

Colon cancer

Front 271

What cancer should you associate with the following gene DPC (18q)

Back 271

Pancreatic cancer

Front 272

What cancer should you associate with the following gene NF-1 (17q)

Back 272

Neurofibromatosis type I - associated with peripheral nerve tumors

Front 273

DCC (18q)

Back 273

Stomach cancer

Front 274

Physiological calcification of this structure is known to produce "phantom lung" lesions

Back 274

Costal cartilage

Front 275

Drug used to treat visceral leishmaniasis

Back 275

Sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimonate

Front 276

Vector that spreads leishmaniasis

Back 276

Female phlobotomine sandfly

Front 277

Annular pancreas

Back 277

Rare- condition where head of pancreas circles the second part of the duodenum and may cause obstruction

Front 278

Increased activity of this enzyme is seen in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. It is a serine protease closely linked to emphysema

Back 278

Elastase, the one in the liver has some residula capacity and therefore the effects are not as severe as in the lung

Front 279

IL3

Back 279

Hematopoietic colony stimulating factor

Front 280

Permanent non-dividing cells

Back 280

Have left the cell cycle and can no longer undergo mitotic division again : neurons and cardiac myosites

Front 281

Labile cells (Continuously dividing cells)

Back 281

eg. epithelial lining

Front 282

Stable cells

Back 282

Quiescent - divide in response to injury - liver and glandular organs in body

Front 283

The gastroepiploic nodes drain

Back 283

Greater curvature of the stomach

Front 284

Internal iliac nodes drain

Back 284

bladder and male internal genitalia

Front 285

Subpyloric nodes

Back 285

Drain distal stomach, pancrease and duodenum

Front 286

Superficial inguinal nodes drain

Back 286

Perinium, vagina and rectum

Front 287

Which beta blockers are not recommended for patients with angina and why?

Back 287

Acetabulol and pindolol, they both have sympathomimetuc activity and may exacerbate the angina

Front 288

Peutz-jeghers syndrome

Back 288

An AD hereditary disease, three main criteria for dx: Family hx, Mucocutaneous lesions - patches of hyperpogmentation in hand, mouth and feet, and Harmatomatous polyps in the GI tract

Front 289

Gardner syndrome

Back 289

AD - have mouth lesions - impacted and supernumerary teeth, multiple jaw osteomas. Multiple polyps in colon and extracolonic tumors

Front 290

Typical response of renal vasculature to increased blood pressure is

Back 290

Affterent arteriolar constriction

Front 291

Typical response of renal vasculature to decreased arterial pressure is

Front 292

You see brown murky amniotic fluid, what do you suspect?

Back 292

Neonatal listeriosis - causing amnionitis

Front 293

Antibody Dependent Cytotoxic Cells ADCC

Back 293

NK cells, find virally infected cells and tumor cells coated with antibody and kill them

Front 294

LAK cells

Back 294

Superactivated NK cells, activated by IL2

Front 295

Aprepitant

Back 295

NK1 antagonist apporved for chemo induced nausea and vomiting, NK1 and NK2 receptors are closely related to substance P

Front 296

Dronabinol

Back 296

orally active carnabinoid - approved from chemo induced nausea and vomiting

Front 297

Prochloperazine

Back 297

Dopamine antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting sx

Front 298

Agent useful in the treatment of anticipatory emesis and vertigo

Back 298

Lorezapam and diazepam - Bind to GABA A Receptors and enhance GABAergic transmission

Front 299

Scopolamine

Back 299

Muscarinic antagonist - used to treat motion sickness and preop nausea

Front 300

Digoxin is mainly used to treat

Back 300

A-fibrillation and flutter

Front 301

What do these drugs treat: Amiodarone, Quinidine. Disopyramide, Adenosine

Back 301

Supraventricular tachycardias

Front 302

Drug you would use to prevent ventricular tachycardia/ fibrillation

Back 302

Amiodarone and Disopyramide

Front 303

In case or rapid hemolysis what is the change seen in haptoglobin and bilirubi

Back 303

Inc. unconjugated bilirubin (Indirect) and decrease in haptoglobin cause it binds free hemoglobin

Front 304

A non-hemolytic cause of indirect hyperbilirubinemia

Back 304

Criggler-Najjar syndrome

Front 305

Stimulation of vagal afferents by CCK leads to inhibition of what secretions

Back 305

Serotonin inhibition of gastric acid secretion

Front 306

Apocrine metaplasia of breat

Back 306

Benign seen in normal breast and fibrocystic changes

Front 307

Florid epithelial hyperplesia of breast tissue

Back 307

Associated with increased risk of carcinoma

Front 308

Adenosis in breast tissue

Back 308

Increase in the number of acinii - seen in pregnant women

Front 309

What kind of motility does Giardia lamblia have

Back 309

Falling leaf motility - has flagella on both ends - jerky back and forth movement

Front 310

Guanfacine

Back 310

Central acting alpha 2 receptor agonist

Front 311

6/17/2007

Front 312

Sturge-weber syndrome

Back 312

port-wine stain, purple and flat telangiectasia, lie in distribution of trigeminal nn, grow with the body, other symptoms include mental retardation, seizures, hemiplegia

Front 313

Milroy's disease

Back 313

Congenital lymphatic malformation

Front 314

Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome

Back 314

Multiple small telangiectasia's

Front 315

Von-Hippel-Linadua

Back 315

Have carvenous hemangiomas

Front 316

Minoxidil MOA

Back 316

It is a potassium channel agonist that is used to treat htn, causes hyperpolarization of endothelial cells, leads to vasodilation. Also binds to receptors n beta pancreatic iselt cells --> hyperpolarize --> reduced insulin production

Front 317

Atenolol is selective for which receptos

Back 317

B1

Front 318

MOA of Clonidine used as antihtn drug

Back 318

Binds a2 receptors --> decr release of NE from presynpatic terminal

Front 319

Phentolamine

Back 319

Non-selective alpha adrenergic antagonist - can be used to treat pheochomocytoma or normal htn if other drugs such as beta blockers and calcium channel blockers have failed

Front 320

MOA of Digoxin

Back 320

Digixon inhibit the Na/K pump. Inhibition of the pump directly --> increase in intracellular Na. The rise in intracellular Na also results in a rise in intracellular Ca due to the Na/Ca exchange mechanism.

Front 321

MOA of diptheria toxin

Back 321

Toxin Causes inhibition of protein synthesis by acting on EF-2, main target is the heart and nerve

Front 322

MOA of alpha toxin - P. aeruginosa

Back 322

Toxin Causes inhibition of protein synthesis by acting on EF-2, main target is the liver

Front 323

MOA of anthrax toxin

Back 323

An adenylate cyclase - causes fluid loss from cells

Front 324

MOA of Botox

Back 324

Neurotoxin - binds presynaptic vessicles and decr. Release of Ach

Front 325

MOA of cholera toxin

Back 325

Ribosylates GTP binding protein --> activate adenylate cyclase --> fluid loss

Front 326

MOA of clostridium prefringerens alpha toxin

Back 326

This is a lecithinase (a phospholipidase)

Front 327

MOA of Ecoli labile toxin

Back 327

Ribosylates GTP binding protein --> activate adenylate cyclase --> fluid loss

Front 328

Pertussis toxin

Back 328

Ribosylates Gi, causes fluid loss

Front 329

Shiga toxin

Back 329

Decr. Protein synthesis by inhibiting 60S ribosome subunit

Front 330

Streptococcal erythrogenic toxins

Back 330

Inhibit protein synthesis by increasing cytokine production

Front 331

Tetenus toxin

Back 331

neurotoxin - inhibits neurotransmitters that have glycine and GABa as NT

Front 332

Gram -ve, lactose -ve, and oxidase positive (only enterobacteriacae that is ox +ve) causing UTI

Back 332

P. aeruginosa, seen in patients with chronic indwelling catheters

Front 333

UTI in diabetics

Back 333

Candida albicans

Front 334

UTI infections in older men with prostate problems

Back 334

E. Faecalis

Front 335

Lactose +ve, oxidase -ve, gram -ve rod that is the most common cause of community acquired urinary tract infections

Back 335

E. coli

Front 336

Lactose +ve, oxidase -ve, gram -ve rod that can cause UTI in poorly controlled diabetics

Back 336

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Front 337

Patients with kidney stones predisposed to UTI by this bacteria that is lactose -ve and urease positive

Front 338

UTI in young women, catalase +ve, cocci, coagulase -ve

Back 338

S. saprophyticus

Front 339

Cause of tumor necrosis

Back 339

Ischemia - sometimes gwo too fast, blood supply can't keep up.

Front 340

Extramammary Paget's disease

Back 340

Non-invasive adenocarcinoma of the skin, usually in areas rich in apocrine glands - eg genital areas, Skin itchy, may mistake for excema, biopsy to dx - mucin rich cells

Front 341

Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulvar may have been preceeded by

Back 341

VIN (less differentiated) or condyloma (better differentiated)

Front 342

Markers for vulvar melanoma

Back 342

S100 or HMB-45

Front 343

The Hib vaccine is composed of

Back 343

It is has the polyribitol phosphate capsule polysaccharides coupled to a protein carrier molecule. Children betw 2 - 15 months are vaccinated

Front 344

Drug given for the prophylaxis of Hib

Back 344

Rifampin is given to family members

Front 345

Which bacteria have mycolic acid in their cell wall?

Back 345

Acid fast bacteria: Mycobacterium. Nocardia is slightly acid fast

Front 346

Protein A

Back 346

Anti-phagocytic - Staph aureus

Front 347

35F : abdominal pain, flushing, diarrhea, and elevated 5H-IAA in urine

Back 347

Carcinoid syndrome

Front 348

MOA of octreotide used to treat carcinoid syndrome

Back 348

A somatostatin analog that binds carcinoid tumors and reduces the release of hormones that cause diarrhea and flushing

Front 349

Alosetron MOA

Back 349

5HT3 analog - used to treat IBS - diarhea predominat

Front 350

Domperidone MOA

Back 350

D2 R agonist - prokinetic - constipation

Front 351

Dronabinol MOA

Back 351

Orally active cannabinoid - antiemetic for nausea causeb by chemo

Front 352

Famotidine MOA

Back 352

H2 antagonist - reduce gastric acid secretion

Front 353

Lansoprazole MOA

Back 353

PPI - reduce gastric acid secretion

Front 354

Phentermine MOA

Back 354

Amphetamine - decrease. apetite

Front 355

What is sulfasalazine used to treat

Back 355

Mild - mod Ulcerative collitis

Front 356

Ursodiol

Back 356

Dissolve cholesterol gallstones and reduce cholesterol in bile

Front 357

Bence-jones proteins

Back 357

Light chains found in urine - monoclonal - indicative of multiple myeloma

Front 358

Percentage of downsyndrome children that have cardiac problems

Back 358

1/5, have Atrial septal defects (ostium primum) or VSD

Front 359

What needs to be presnt in boipsy for a dx of chronic endometritis to be made?

Back 359

Plasma cells

Front 360

NMDA receptor

Back 360

Ligand gated ion channel, lets in Na and Ca ions leading to depolarization of neurons when bound

Front 361

GABA and Glycine receptors

Back 361

Ligand gated ion channels that let in cl-

Front 362

Most prominent cells found in where have a positive PPD

Back 362

Macrophages (activated with lots of vessicles - called epithelioid) --> stain positively for CD14

Front 363

A defect in this enzyme causes congenital methemoglobinemia

Back 363

NADH-methemoglobin reductase

Front 364

True or false: Partial pressure of oxygen in an individual is determined by solution of oxygen in combination with hemoglobin

Back 364

False - determined by solution of oxygen in plasma

Front 365

What determines oxygen content?

Back 365

How much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin

Front 366

Hepatic cirrhosis

Back 366

Sites of fibrosis and disorganization of hepatic parenchyma

Front 367

Focal nodular hyperplasia of live

Back 367

Benign, disorganized nests of normal hepatic cells

Front 368

Artery that is injured in epidural hematoma

Back 368

Middle meningeal artery

Front 369

Patient - hemotypmanum, battle sign (echymossis over the masotid process, periorbital echymosse (racoon sign)

Back 369

Basilar skull fractures

Front 370

Which bones are usually affected in a basilar skull fracture

Back 370

Sphenoid bone & petrous bone

Front 371

Causes of intracerebral hemorrhage

Back 371

Most often due to htn, blood anticoagulants, cocaine use, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and methamphematime use

Front 372

Patient complaining of setting off metal detectors probably suffers from

Back 372

Hemochromatosis

Front 373

Arygria

Back 373

Blu-gray skin coloring due to silver poisoning

Front 374

Wilsons disease

Back 374

Copper accumulation in the liver and brain

Front 375

Hutchinson's triad

Back 375

Seen in congenital syphillis - deaf, notched incisors and interstitial keratitis

Front 376

Sulfadiazine

Back 376

Used to treat toxoplasmosis

Front 377

Thiazodilinedione

Back 377

Drug that can be used to treat metabollic syndrome, causes decrease in glucose, decr. C protein levels, Decr. In Triglycerides and increase in HDL

Front 378

Niacin

Back 378

Drug that can be used to treat metabollic syndrome, causes increases in glucose, Decr. In Triglycerides and increase in HDL

Front 379

Statins

Back 379

Drug that can be used to treat metabollic syndrome, causes decr. C protein levels, Decr. In Triglycerides and increase in HDL

Front 380

How does Protein A in S. aureus prevent opsonization

Back 380

Binds to the Fc portion of IgG

Front 381

What role does IgA protease play in the bacteria that have them

Back 381

Prevent shedding of bacteria from mucocal surfaces

Front 382

Bacteria that have IgA proteases

Back 382

S, penumoniae, N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhea and H. influenza

Front 383

How does strep pneumoniae prevent opsonization

Back 383

Inactivation of complement

Front 384

Describe the pain of biliary colic

Back 384

Right upper quadrant pain of the abdomen that radiates to the scapular area

Front 385

Colicky pain without jaundice ->

Back 385

Obstriction of cystic duct - still have bile flowing via hepatic and common duct

Front 386

Bacterial forms containing dipicolinic acid

Back 386

Bacteria with spores

Front 387

How would you remove endotoxin from surfaces

Back 387

Scrub with detergents - they can withstand really high temperatures therefore autoclaving may not work for them

Front 388

Diphenoxylate

Back 388

A drug that is used with atropine to treat diarrhea

Front 389

Infliximab

Back 389

Monoclonal ab to TNF-alpha used to treat crohns disease

Front 390

Octreotide

Back 390

somatostatin analog used to treat diarrhea in a variety of endocrine disorders such as carcinoid syndrome, gastrinoma, also treat VARICEAL BLEEDING & ACROMEGALY

Front 391

Omeprazole

Back 391

Inhibits H+/K+ pump, used to treat gastric ulcers

Front 392

Tizanidine

Back 392

Spasmolytic used in cerebral palsy, MS and stroke

Front 393

Role of CD3 on T cells

Back 393

Signal transduction

Front 394

HLA alleles found in patients with lyme disease that get monoarticular arthritis more frequently

Back 394

HLA-DR4

Front 395

Maintains patency of PDA

Back 395

Prostaglandin E

Front 396

Effects of NSAIDS on PDA

Back 396

Promote closure eg indomethacin

Front 397

Effect of insulin on surfactant production in neonates

Back 397

Inhibit surfactant production

Front 398

LAK cells

Back 398

NK cells that have been activated in vitro by IL-2

Front 399

Complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection

Back 399

(Fever spikes at 48 hr intervals) - Renal failure, pulmonary edema, hypoglycemia, cerebral malaria, shock

Front 400

T or F: Babesia microti causes a self limiting disease

Back 400

TRUE

Front 401

Periodicity of malaria caused by P. malariae

Back 401

72 hours - mild

Front 402

Most common cause of malaria

Back 402

P. vivax

Front 403

Vasodilator metabolites

Back 403

Adenosine, carbon dioxide, lactic acid

Front 404

Predisposing risk factors for eclampsia

Back 404

First pregrancy, diabetic, SLE, htn

Front 405

You may find chloramphenicol used in developing countries to treat

Back 405

Typhoid fever and salmonella

Front 406

MOA of chloremphenicol

Back 406

Inhibits ribosomal peptidyl transferase

Front 407

MOA of linezolid

Back 407

Block the formation of initiation complex - used in vancomycin resistant cases

Front 408

Class IB antiarrhythmics MOA

Back 408

They block sodium channels, shorten AP duration and refractory period, also reduce SA node automaticity and AV node conduction

Front 409

Class IB antiarrhythmics

Back 409

Tocainide, mexiletine and lidocaine. Mexiletine & tocainide may be given orally. Lidocaine is given via IV -has a first pass metabolism

Front 410

Esmolol

Back 410

Ultra short acting B1 blocker to treat arrythmias

Front 411

Class IV antiarrythmics

Back 411

Slow conduction via AV and SA node: Diltiazem and verapamil

Front 412

Most common breast mass in men under 25

Back 412

Gynecomastia, generally idiopathic related to hormonal changes

Front 413

Robertsonian translocations involving chromosome 14 and 21 may lead to

Back 413

Down syndrome & recurrent first trimester spontaneous arbotions

Front 414

Antidote for treating OD of fibrinolytic agents

Back 414

Aminocaproic acid

Front 415

The transmitter that is of primary important in REM sleep

Back 415

Ach

Front 416

Role of Dopamine as NT

Back 416

Voluntary movement, mood, Prolactin release inhibitor,

Front 417

NE in CNS

Back 417

Involved in attention, mood and arousal

Front 418

Serotonin in CNS

Back 418

Mood & sensation

Front 419

Serotonin in the periphery

Back 419

Vascular regulation and digestive function

Front 420

Gingival hyperplasia is a side effect ot this drug used to treat epilepsy

Back 420

Phenytoin

Front 421

MOA of phenytoin

Back 421

Blocks Na+ channels and is actually a class IB antiarrhythmic drug

Front 422

Which class of antiarrhythmics is sometimes used to block digitalis-induced arrhythmias

Back 422

Class IB

Front 423

Sotalol MOA

Back 423

Class III antiarrhythmic - acts by blocking K+ channels

Front 424

Malignant otitis externa is most common in

Back 424

Diabetics

Front 425

Most common causes of meningitis (bacterial)

Back 425

S.pneumonia (elderly), H. influence (unvaccinated youngins) + S. agalactiaie and E. coli & N. meningitidis (young adults)

Front 426

Most common cause of otitis media

Back 426

S. pneumonia and H. influenza

Front 427

Most patients with syringomyelia have congenital protrusion of the cerebellum and the medulla through the foramen magnum

Back 427

Arnold Chiari syndrome

Front 428

What is the purpose of coupling H. influenza capsule with diphtheria toxoid?

Back 428

Diptheria toxoid - peptides are presented on MHC type II and this can bing T cells - T cell response is importance in class-switching so that other types of immunoglobulins are made

Front 429

Patient presents with epilepsy, mental retardation, ash-leaf spots of the trunk (ovoid hypopigmented areas), red yellow papules on face (adenoma sebaceum), cortical hamartomas (large white nodules)

Back 429

Tuberous sclerosis: AD

Front 430

Acoustic Neuromas

Back 430

NF-2

Front 431

Capillary hemangioblastomas

Back 431

Von-Hippel Lindua - also likely to have renal carcinoma

Front 432

Herniation of cerebellar tonsils

Back 432

Arnold Chiaris malformation

Front 433

Leptomeningial angiomatosis

Back 433

Sturge-Weber disease

Front 434

Acute mastitis in breast feeding mum

Back 434

Staph most common, strep also possible culprit

Front 435

Paget disease is associated with which carcinoma of the underlying breast?

Back 435

Ductal carcinoma

Front 436

Sucralfate

Back 436

Coats ulcers in stomach and promotes healing

Front 437

Droperidol

Back 437

butyrophenone dopamine antagonist - used as antiemetic

Front 438

Granisentron

Back 438

5HT3 antagonist - antiemetic

Front 439

Metoclopramide

Back 439

dopamine antagonist - prokinetic and antiemetic

Front 440

Misoprostol

Back 440

PGE1 agonist - decreases gastric acid secretion, promotes bicarcabonate and mucus production

Front 441

What do you need to diagnose chronic bronchitis

Back 441

Chronic productive cough for atleast 3 months over a period of 2 successive years

Front 442

Clinical characteristic of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Back 442

Hyperprexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, autonomic instability (tachycardic, diaphoresis) - seen with antipsychotics and antidepressant amoxapine. Treat with dantrolene and dopamine afonists

Front 443

Important associated abnormalities seenin Arnold -Chiari malformations

Back 443

Lumbar meningocoele and Sphingomyelia

Front 444

Difference between Arnold-Chiari Malformations type 1 and 2

Back 444

Type due to herniation of cerebellar tonsils, less symptomatic. Type 2 is due to a small posterior fossa leading to herniation of cerebellar vermis and medullar through the foramen magnum

Front 445

Anencephaly

Back 445

Most severe neural tube defect due to failure of the neural tube to close rostrally

Front 446

Dandy-walker malformation

Back 446

Have abnormally large posterior fossa and missing cerebellar vermis, instead replaced by a large cyst lined by ependyma - this is an enlarged 4th ventricle.

Front 447

Holoprosencephaly is often associated with trisomy

Back 447

13 ( less with trisomy 18)

Front 448

Side effects of lithium

Back 448

Movement disorder (tremor), Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, hypOthyroidsm - (transient - should monitor TSH levels), Pregnancy problems (LMNOP)

Front 449

What lab values should be monitored when treating a patient with valproate - to stabilize their mood

Back 449

Plaletet count (causes thrombocytopenia), liver transaminase,

Front 450

Most common cause of IE in drug users

Back 450

S. aureus

Front 451

S. epidermidis and IE seen in individuals with

Back 451

Prosthetic valves

Front 452

Drug used to treat Hepatitis B and C

Back 452

Interferon

Front 453

Most common side effect associated with interferon

Back 453

Depression

Front 454

Delta agent

Back 454

Antigen associated with hepatitis B

Front 455

Red man syndrome is seen in patients treated with

Back 455

vancomycin

Front 456

Stevens-johnson

Back 456

antineoplastics

Front 457

SLE - like syndrome - name drugs

Back 457

Hydralazine, procainamide, quinidine, some cephalosporins

Front 458

Tuberculin

Back 458

An outer surface protein found on mycobacteria tuberculosis

Front 459

Sclerodermal patients with these antibodies are more likely to have limited skin involvement

Back 459

Anticentromere antibodies - CREST

Front 460

Sclerodermal patients with these antibodies are more likely to have systemic disease such as pulmonary fibrosis

Back 460

Antitopoisomerase antibody

Front 461

Methenamine silver stain

Back 461

Used to detect fungi

Front 462

Masson's trichome

Back 462

Connective tissue stain

Front 463

Zeihl-Neelsen stain

Back 463

Acid fast organisms eg. Mycobacterium. Nocardia is slightly acid fast

Front 464

Stopped at Q 20.

Front 465

Biochem

Front 466

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Back 466

AR - would cause right shift of hemoglobin dissociation curve because of accumulation of 2,3 BPG due to lack of pyruvate kinase needed for reaction og PEP to pyruvate

Front 467

Thiamine - Vitamin B1 is a cofactor for which enzymes

Back 467

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and transketolase.

Front 468

Thiamine deficiency is characterized by

Back 468

heart failure, peripheral neuropathy, memory problems

Front 469

Vitamin A

Back 469

Required for adequate vision and proper keratinization - if deficient char by dry skin and night blindedness

Front 470

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Back 470

X linke reccessive disorder, completely deficient in HGPRT - Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. HGPRT is responsible for the salvage of purines by converting hypoxanthine amd guanine to their monophopshorylated forms. Leads to accumul of hypoxanthine n guanine -> increase in uric acid levels and mental retardation. Also self mutilation and gout may be seen.

Front 471

Deficiency of Adenosine demaninase

Back 471

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Front 472

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphatase synthase

Back 472

Rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of purine nucleotides. U sually it is overactive leading to overprod of purines --> hyperuricemia and gout

Front 473

Thymidine kinase

Back 473

Enzyme in the salvage pathway for pyrimidines. Acyclovir inhibits this enzyme

Front 474

Xanthine oxidase

Back 474

terminal enzyme --> degradation of purines --> uric acid. Inhibited by allopurinol

Front 475

Type I hyperlipoproteinemia

Back 475

Mostly children - deficient in capillary lipoprotein lipase or apolipoprotein C-II in VLDL - accumulate chylomicrons; float when left in refrigerator o/n

Front 476

Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia

Back 476

Deficient in LDL receptors - increase in plasma LDL - Early dvpt of atherosclerosis & CAD

Front 477

Type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia

Back 477

Cause is uknown - Elevated plasms LDL & TG - Early dvpt of atherosclerosis & CAD

Front 478

Type III hyperlipoproteinemia

Back 478

Deficient in apolipoprotein E - accum IDL & chylomicron remnants - form xanthomas and atherosclerosis & CAD

Front 479

Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia

Back 479

Overproduction or reduced clearance of VLDL -

Front 480

Which of the enzymes: glucokinase and hexokinase is regulated by insulin?

Back 480

Glucokinase - in liver

Front 481

Rate limiting enzyme in ketogenesis

Back 481

HMG CoA synthase

Front 482

This vitamin deficiency can lead to hemolytic anemia

Back 482

Vit E - prevent lipid peroxidation of cell membranes

Front 483

Vitamin A overdose or Vitamin D deficiency

Back 483

Bone pain in the long bones

Front 484

Debranching enzyme deficiency leads to

Back 484

Cori's disease; hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia. Treat by avoidance of fasting, access to dietary protein for gluconeogenesis

Front 485

Deficiency of branching enzyme

Back 485

Andersens disease - cirrhosis of liver, patients fail to thrive in first 18 months of life, they die by 5yrs

Front 486

Von Gierke's disease

Back 486

Glucose-6-phosphatase --> liver and kidneys are affected --> present at 3 or 4 months - hepatosplenomagly n fasting hypoglycemia

Front 487

Pompe's disease

Back 487

Deficiency of alpha-glucosidase - generalized to all tissure - heart most vulnerable - lysosomal storage disease

Front 488

Her's disease

Back 488

Liver phosphorylase deficiency - children show hepatosplenomegaly n fasting hypoglycemia - sx better with age and disappear by puberty

Front 489

Benefits of treating sickle cell patient with hydroxyurea

Back 489

HbF - gamma globin chains --> prevent formation of linear aggregates - do not have valine substitution that attaches to the sticky spot on adjacent tetraments.

Front 490

Oligodendrocytes may be infected by two viruses:

Back 490

JV virus - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy & Measles virus - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

Front 491

Which cells are importance reservoirs of HIV in lymph nodes

Back 491

Follicular dendritic cells

Front 492

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Back 492

Neoplastic thyroid C cells - producing calcitonin

Front 493

Parathyroid chief cells and Oxyphil cells secrete:

Back 493

PTH

Front 494

Auer Rods

Back 494

Acute Myelogenous leukemia , M3

Front 495

What do Auer rods contain

Back 495

Azurophilic granules

Front 496

Rapid treatment of AML with chemotherapy

Back 496

This can lead to DIC - due to release of enzymes normally found in azurophilic granules

Front 497

Rouleaux formation

Back 497

Multiple myeloma

Front 498

Poultry

Back 498

Salmonella and campylobacter

Front 499

Cream - unpasteurized milk

Back 499

Brucella and Listeria

Front 500

Most sensitive indicator for alchohol abuse

Back 500

Serum GammaGlutamyltranspeptidase

Front 501

Duchenes muscular dystrophy

Back 501

Large deletion of a single gene

Front 502

B1 selective blockers

Back 502

A BEAM: Acebutolol Betaxolol Esmolol Atenolol Metoprolol

Front 503

Labetalol

Back 503

Block a1, B1, B2 - used to treat hypertensive emergencies + pheochromocytoma

Front 504

Timolol

Back 504

Blocks B1 and B2 - used to treat open-angle glaucoma

Front 505

Effeciency of a screening test

Back 505

Percentage of people who are truly classified in a test

Front 506

Deficiency of lysosomal glucosidase

Back 506

Pompe's disease

Front 507

Decreased ability to phosphorylate tyrosine may be associated with

Back 507

Diabetes and dwarfism

Front 508

ACTH deficiency

Back 508

Would affect the whole adrenal cortex, but aldosterone is mainly regulated by angiotensin II and potassium - its levels do not change that much - infact almost normal

Front 509

This drug is used as an adjunt to treat diabetes and is associated with lactic acidosis

Back 509

Metformin

Front 510

Clonidine

Back 510

Centrally acting antihtn drug - used for refractive htn

Front 511

Glyburide

Back 511

Sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent - adjunt to diet to lower blood glucose levels

Front 512

Hereditary angioedema

Back 512

Inadequate C1 esterase antibody

Front 513

Serum sickness

Back 513

Circulating immune complexes

Front 514

RA

Back 514

Immune complexes

Front 515

Hypothalamic somatostatin inhibits

Back 515

TSH and GH release

Front 516

Pancreatic somatostatin inhibits

Back 516

Insulin, Glucagon and gastrin release

Front 517

Contraction of this muscle duricng mastication contributes to the backward movement of the lower jaw during mastication

Back 517

Temporalis muscle

Front 518

These two muscles help to depress the lower jaw during chewing

Back 518

Digastric muscle and mylohyoid muscle

Front 519

This muscle helps to move lower jaw forwad during chewing

Back 519

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Front 520

This muscle helps to elevate the lower jaw during chewing

Back 520

Medial pterygoud

Front 521

Salmeterol

Back 521

Long acting beta agonist

Front 522

MOA of ipratropium

Back 522

Bronchodilator - acts by antagonizing M3 - reducing IP3

Front 523

Selenium deficiency

Back 523

Cardiomyopathy and skeletal muscle degradation

Front 524

Zinc deficiency

Back 524

Rash, impaired mentation, wound healing and night vision, growth retardation

Front 525

Most common cause of acute pancreatitis

Back 525

Impacted gallstones and alchoholism

Front 526

Gastrulation

Back 526

A process that establishes the three germ cell layers

Front 527

Abnormal gastrulation

Back 527

Usually mesoderm layer is affected: May present with Caudal dysplasia, sirenomelia. Fused limbs - mermaid syndrome

Front 528

Notochord

Back 528

Nucleus propulsus

Front 529

Mesoderm

Back 529

Muscle, connective tissue, bone, heart, spleen, kidney, cartilage

Front 530

Endoderm

Back 530

Biliary tree, urinary bladder, vagina, parencyma of liver, pancreas

Front 531

Hyaline arteriosclerosis

Back 531

Thickening of media secondary to benign htn due to deposition of proteins in the media

Front 532

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis

Back 532

thickening of media secondary to benign htn due to hyperplasia of myocytes - concentrically -> onion skinning

Front 533

Bowen's disease

Back 533

Grey-white relatively flat penile plaque --> could become SCC --> insitu penile carcinoma

Front 534

Erythroplasia of Queiyrat

Back 534

Redish penile plaque - multiple - insitu penile carcinoma

Front 535

Giant condyloma

Back 535

Uncommon variant of condyloma acuminatum - locally aggressive on male penis

Front 536

What type of hypersensitivity rx is: MS, Guillain-Barre syndrome and MS

Back 536

Type IV

Front 537

What type of hypersensitivity rx is: Lupus erythematosus, RA and polyarteritis nodosum

Back 537

Type III

Front 538

A newborn infant has numerous light brown macules on skin - what is this associated with?

Front 539

Neuroblastoma

Back 539

Tumor that usually presents as an abdominal mass

Front 540

Neurofibroma

Back 540

AD - Café au Lait spots, neurofibromas, multiple neural tumors

Front 541

Thoracic duct

Back 541

Arises from the cisterna chyli at levels L1 and L2, enters thorax via aortic hiatus, in posterior mediastinum - if injures - chylothorax

Front 542

Formation of junctional complexes relies on the formation of homotypic connections bewteen two adjacent cells via this molecule

Back 542

E-cadherin - lack of it seen in various familial breast and gastric cancers

Front 543

C-myc

Back 543

Burkitt lymphoma

Front 544

L-myc

Back 544

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Front 545

Hurler syndrome

Back 545

Causes dwarfism and skeletal changes, hepatosplenomegaly, mental retardation and corneal clouding: Alpha -L-irudonidase deficiency

Front 546

TCA drug that has been used to treat migraines

Back 546

Amitryptiline

Front 547

Pseudodementia

Back 547

A major depressive disorder

Front 548

The most important chemotactic factors for neutrophils are

Back 548

C5a and IL8

Front 549

Menkes disease

Back 549

X-linked deficienct in Copper - symtpoms include kinky hair. Sz, failure to develop milestones

Front 550

Dupuytren contracture

Back 550

contraction of palmar fascia - pathoge = interaction of myofibroblasts with the collagen fibrils in the collagen fibrils of the fascia - Falls under fibromatosis and is associated with alchoholism

Front 551

What does the first pharyngeal pouch develop into

Back 551

Middle ear and eustacian tube

Front 552

Exemestane

Back 552

Androstenedione analogue - inhibits aromatase - used to treat breast cancer

Front 553

Tamoxifen

Back 553

Estrogen receptor antagonist

Front 554

Limiting factor of amphotericin B usage

Back 554

Nephrotoxicity

Front 555

Cold temperature is needed to grow this bacteria

Back 555

Listeria

Front 556

Deficiency of C5

Back 556

Susceptible to Neisseria infections

Front 557

Most common immunodeficiency

Back 557

IgA deficiency - allergic to milk, lots of respiratory infections

Front 558

From what is the neurohypophysis derived?

Back 558

Derived from the evagination of the diencephalonic neuroectoderm

Front 559

What kind of bone lesions does prostate cancer cause

Back 559

Osteoblastic bone lesions - would see an increase in alkaline phosphatase

Front 560

Lytic tumor metastasis of lung, kindey and Gii tumors in lungs can be monitored by testing for

Back 560

Tartrate-reistant acid phosphatase that is released by osteoclast cells

Front 561

Which diseases are associated with buboes?

Back 561

Lymphogranuloma venereum, bubonic plague and chancroid

Front 562

Budd-Chiari syndrome

Back 562

A condition that obstructs renal blood flow from the liver

Front 563

PiZZ allele

Back 563

Affected in alpha -1- antitrypsin deficiency

Front 564

Hypnopompic hallucinations

Back 564

Occur when waking up

Front 565

Hypnagogic hallucinations

Back 565

Take place when going to sleep

Front 566

Megestrol

Back 566

Progesterone derivative that increases appetite - used to increase appetite or people who need to gain weight

Front 567

Orlistat

Back 567

Drug used to manage obesity: inactivate enzymes whose funtion is to digest dietary fats

Front 568

Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome

Back 568

N. meningitidis

Front 569

Ophthalma neonatorum

Back 569

N. gonorrhea

Front 570

Bacterial myocarditis

Back 570

S. aureas and Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Front 571

What area is weakended in indirect inguinal hernia

Back 571

Transversalis fascia

Front 572

Secretin

Back 572

Stimulates the release of bicarbonate- containing fluid from the pancrease and bile duct

Front 573

VIP

Back 573

Relaxes smooth muscle and stimulates the secretion of water and electrolytes

Front 574

Increases blood flow to the intestines after a fatty meal

Back 574

CCK

Front 575

Elevation of the tongue is carried out by:

Back 575

Styloglossus (CN XII) and palatoglossus (Pharyngeal plexus nn)

Front 576

Diarrhea

Back 576

Isotonic contraction

Front 577

Sweating

Back 577

Loose more water than salt - hypertonic contraction

Front 578

Most common cause of hypothyroidism

Back 578

Chronic thyroiditis

Front 579

Used to treat methemoglobinemia

Back 579

Methylene blue or ascorbic acid

Front 580

Portal vein

Back 580

Splenic vein + SMV

Front 581

Foster Kennedy Syndrome (FKS)

Back 581

ipsilateral anosmia, ipsilateral optic atropy, contralateral edema due to anterior fossa meningioma

Front 582

CN1

Back 582

SVA

Front 583

CNII

Back 583

SSA, not a true peripheral nn, but a tract of the diencephalon

Front 584

CN III

Back 584

GSE & SVE

Front 585

Muscles innervated by CN III

Back 585

Extraocular muscles, levator palpebrae muscl, also constricts pupil, accomodates and converges

Front 586

Which muscles intort the eye?

Back 586

SIN - superior rectus and superior oblique {SR & IR - adduct, IO & SO - abduct]

Front 587

Explain origins of GVE in CNIII

Back 587

pre ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from Edinger-Westphal nucleus --> CNIII --> Ciliary ganglion --> eye (miosis- sphincter muscles & accomodation-ciliary muscle)

Front 588

Conditions that can lead to CN III impairment

Back 588

Oculomotor palsy (tuor, epidural or subdural hematoma) -- Transtentorial uncal herniation - pupilloconstrictor r on periphery of nn, affected first followed by SVE -- aneurysms (post communicating and internal carotid) peripheral first victims -- DM , damages central nn first, spares the pupilloconstrictors

Front 589

These nn enter the orbit through the Superior orbital fissure

Back 589

CN III & IV and V-1, VI, postganglionic sympathetic fibers that dilate iris

Front 590

Idiopathic torticollis

Front 591

Sx of CN IV palsy

Back 591

Extorsion of eye, weak downward gaze, vertical diplopia with vertical eye movements and head tilting to compensate for diplopia.

Front 592

Results in bilateral CN IV palsy

Back 592

Head trauma injuring superior medullary velum or causing herniation of the free border of the tentorium

Front 593

Muscles innervated by CN V - SVE

Back 593

Muscles of mastication (lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, temporalis and masseter), myelohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensori tympani and veli palatini

Front 594

Most common isolated CN palsy due to long course of nn

Back 594

CN VI

Front 595

Bells palsy

Back 595

Peripheral facial paralysis and involves the upper and lower face -LMN lesion

Front 596

Crocodile tears

Back 596

Lacrimation after eating and is due to abberant regeneration of CN VII after injury

Front 597

Bilateral facial nn palsy

Back 597

Guillian-Barre

Front 598

Supranuclear facial palsy

Back 598

Lower facial muscles affected, contralateral. Spare the upper

Front 599

Mobius syndrome

Back 599

Congenital facial diplegia (CNVII) and convergent strabismus (CN VI), a genetic disorder, these two nerves fail to develop

Front 600

CN IX

Back 600

Taste, salivation, swallowing, input from the carotid sinus, input from the carotid body

Front 601

Carotid sinues

Back 601

Baroreceptors

Front 602

Carotid body

Back 602

chemoreceptors

Front 603

NN of pharyngeal arch 1

Back 603

Trigemminal

Front 604

nN of pharyngeal arch 2

Back 604

Facial

Front 605

NN of pharyngeal arch 3

Back 605

Glossopharyngeal

Front 606

CN IX exits the skull via

Back 606

jugular foramen, along with X and XI

Front 607

CN VII exits skull via

Back 607

Stylomastoid foramen

Front 608

Central gustatory pathway

Back 608

CN VII, IX, X project thru the solitary tract and nucleus --> Central tegmental tract --? VPM --> gustatory cortex of parietal lobe.

Front 609

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia

Back 609

Stabbing pain in the root of the tongue due to lesion of CN IX

Front 610

Paralysis of tensori tympani inn by CN V

Back 610

Hypoacusis

Front 611

paralysis of stapedius inn by CN VII

Back 611

hyperacusis

Front 612

Nn of pharyngeal arch 4 & 6

Back 612

Vagus

Front 613

CN X - what tastes buds does this innervate

Back 613

Taste buds in the glottis

Front 614

Components of gag reflex

Back 614

CN IX - afferent limb and CN X - efferent limb

Front 615

Muscles inn by CN X - SVE

Back 615

Levator veli palatini -- palatoglossus muscles -- uvula -- striated muscle of upper esophagus -- muscles of larynx and pharynx

Front 616

CN XI - accesory nn - muscles innerv

Back 616

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx through the recurrent laryngeal nn {inferior laryngeal nn] except the cricothyroid muscle

Front 617

CN XI - spinal division nn - muscles innerv

Back 617

C1 - C6, goes back through the foramen magnum and innervates: SCM (C2) and trapezius (C3 C4)

Front 618

Paralysis of SCM

Back 618

problem turning head on the contralateral side

Front 619

MLF syndrome (a pontine lesion)

Back 619

Often seen in Multiple sclerosis patients - internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Front 620

Facial colliculus syndrome

Back 620

Could see LMN lesion of CN VII and UMN lesion of CN VI - due to pontine glioma

Front 621

Lesions of medulla

Back 621

Medial medullary syndrome (ASA), lateral meduallry syndrome (PICA)

Front 622

Lesions of pons

Back 622

Medial pontine inferior syndrome (paramedian branches of Basilar), Lateral inferior pontine syndrome (AICA), facial colliculus syndrome, MLF syndrome

Front 623

NF2

Back 623

Bilateral acoustic neuromas

Front 624

Lesions of the midbrain

Back 624

Parinauds (Dorsal midbrain - pineal gland tumor - Superior colliculus & central duct); Paramedian midbrain - Benedikt syndrome - red nucleus, medial lemnisus and dentothalamic tract

Front 625

Glomus jugulare tumor

Back 625

Most common inner ear tumor -- compresses CN IX, X, XI

Front 626

What part of brainstem is affected in locked in syndrome

Back 626

Base of pons - affect corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts but CNIII and IV are ok!

Front 627

Central pontine myelinosis

Back 627

Alchoholisc - hyponatremia -- corticobulbar n corticospinal tracts are affected : spastuc quadriparesis, pseudobulbar changes and mental changes

Front 628

Top of the basilar syndrome

Back 628

Occlusion of rostral basilar artery ( balint's syndrome + Anton's syndrome)

Front 629

Balint's syndrome

Back 629

Damage to posterior watershed areas -- optic ataxia (inability to reach for items accurately)

Front 630

Anton's syndrome

Back 630

Brain damage to occipital lobe - blind but affirm that can still see

Front 631

Sublavian steal syndrome

Back 631

Occlusion of subclavian artery proximal to vertebral artery

Front 632

5 cerebellopontine tumors

Back 632

Schwannoma, Arachnoid, Meningioma, Epidermoid and Ependymoma

Front 633

Hemispheric syndrome

Back 633

brain tumor (astrocytoma) or brain abscess -- arm, leg & gait dystaxia and ipsilateral cerebellar signs - involves one side usually

Front 634

Anterior vermis syndrome

Back 634

leg dystaxia - ETOH

Front 635

Posterior vermis syndrome

Back 635

Flocular nodular lobe involev - medulloblastoma and ependymoma - trunk dystaxia

Front 636

Name arteries that irrigate the thalamus

Back 636

PCA, Posterior communicating artery and anterior choroidal artery (lateral geniculate body)

Front 637

Fibers contained in the genu of the internal capsule

Back 637

Corticobulbar fibers

Front 638

Arteries that perfuse the posterior limb of the internal capsule

Back 638

Branches of anterior choroidal artery and lenticulostriate branches from middle cerebral artery

Front 639

Genu of internal capsule is irrigated by

Back 639

branches from the anterior choroidal artery and internal carotid artery

Front 640

Cause of binasal hemianopia

Back 640

bilateral calcification of internal carotid arteries

Front 641

At what level of the vetebral column is the ciliospinal center of budge located

Back 641

T1 - T2

Front 642

What structures are affected in parinauds

Back 642

Posterior commissure and rostral interstitial nucleus of vertical gaze - paralyzed upward gaze and convergence

Front 643

One and a half syndrome

Back 643

MLF is gone and so is one abducens nerve

Front 644

Argyll Robertson pupil

Back 644

See in syphillis and diabetes, no direct or consensual miosis, but capable ot converges and miosis during convergence (caudal Edinger westphal nucleus intact)

Front 645

Marcus Gunn pupil

Back 645

Lesion of an optic nn, seen in MS (relative afferent pupil)

Front 646

Ipsilateral hemiparesis, ipsilateral eye down and out, pupil fixed and dilated, ptosis, contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Back 646

transtentorial uncal herniation

Front 647

cause of papilledema

Back 647

incre. Intracranial pressure --> bigger blind spot, is non inflammatory cause.

Front 648

Adies pupil

Front 649

CN with parasympathetic components

Back 649

III (Ciliary ganglion), VII (Pterygopalatine ganglion, submandibular ganglion), IX (Otic ganglion), X (mural ganglia)

Front 650

True of false: sympathetic neurons have ganglia

Back 650

True - Small intensely fluorescent cells - Dopamine is their NT

Front 651

T or F: NO is a neurotransmitter

Back 651

True - smooth muscle relaxation and penile erection

Front 652

Which ANS stimulates renin secretion by the kidney?

Back 652

Sympathetic

Front 653

Cause of Hirschprungs disease

Back 653

neural crest cells do not migrate to colon - lead to dilation and hypetrophy of colon proximal

Front 654

Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome)

Back 654

Jewish children - too much sweat, poor feeding (GI tract not enough tone), unstable blood pressure -- eventual loss of autonomic and sensory ganglia

Front 655

Preganglionic sympathectomy may be used to treat

Back 655

Raynauds

Front 656

Shy-Dragger syndrome

Back 656

affects preganglionic neurons from the intermediolateral cell column. Char by orthostatic hypotension, anhidrosis, Impotence

Front 657

This part of the brain helps to maintain homeostasis

Back 657

Hypothalamus subserves - endocrine, ANS and limbic system.

Front 658

This nucleus of hypothalamus makes dopamine- PIF

Back 658

Arcuate nucleus

Front 659

Lesion of this nucleus of the hippocapus results in hyperthermia

Back 659

Anterior, lesions of posterior - poikilothermia

Front 660

This fiber system interconnects: amygdala, hypothalamus and septal area

Front 661

What effect does th eposterior hypothalamus have on the ANS

Back 661

Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

Front 662

The best know hypothalamic syndrome

Back 662

Diabetes insipidus

Front 663

Name two drugs that can cause SIADH

Back 663

Carbamezapine and Chlorpromazine

Front 664

What tumors can cause bitemporal hemianopsia

Back 664

Cranipharyngioma and pitutary adenoma. The two may also cause hypothalamic syndrome due to pressure on the hypothalamus

Front 665

Limbic system

Back 665

Behavioral and emotional expression

Front 666

Through which two systems is the limbic system expressed

Back 666

Hypothalamus and ANS

Front 667

A telencephalic structure that has reciprocal connection with the hypothalamus and hippocampus

Back 667

Septal area

Front 668

What are the functions of the hippocampal formation

Back 668

learning, memory and recognition of novelty

Front 669

Limbic lobe

Back 669

subcallosal area -- paraterminal gyrus -- cingulate gyrus -- isthmus -- parahippocampal gyrus n uncus

Front 670

Major structures of the hippocampal formation

Back 670

Dentate gyrus (granule cells) --> Hippocampus (Cornu ammonis - pyramidal cells) form fornix --> subiculum -- forms MTT

Front 671

Amygdala

Back 671

Fear and sympathetic activity

Front 672

Name 3 limbic midbrain nucleir and their neurotransmitters

Back 672

ventral tegmental area (dopamine), raphe nuclei (serotonin) and locus cereules (NE)

Front 673

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Back 673

Bilateral ablation of anterior temporal lobes including amygaloid nuclei. --No fear of natural enemies, High rage threshold "make love not war" visual agnosia, hyperphagia, hypersexual, docility

Front 674

Amnestic (confabulatory) syndrome

Back 674

bilateral infarction of the hippocampal formation (irrigated by posterior cerebral and anterior choroidal) - ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA - UNABLE TO LEARN, MEMORY LOSS, HIPPOCAMPAL PATHOLOGY

Front 675

Most epileptic part of the cerebrum

Back 675

Hippocampus - sommer's sector is very sensitive to ischemia

Front 676

Strachan's syndrome

Back 676

Too much B1 - optic atrophy, spinal ataxia and nerve deafness

Front 677

Bilateral removal of cingulate gyrus

Back 677

Loss of initiative and inhibition, a dulling of emotions

Front 678

Components of the basal ganglia

Back 678

Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

Front 679

Striatum

Back 679

caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 680

Lentiform nucleus

Back 680

GP and putamen

Front 681

Corpus striatum

Back 681

lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus

Front 682

Role of striatum

Back 682

Extrapyramidal motor system - initiation and execution of movement and automatic stereotyped postural movements such as swing hands when walk

Front 683

List structures included in the striatal extrapyramidal motor system

Back 683

Neocortex -- striatum -- GP -- Substancia nigra -- subthalamic nuclues and thalamus

Front 684

How does methylphenyltetrahydropyridine induce parkinsonism

Back 684

destroys dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of substancia nigra

Front 685

What chromosome is involved in huntingtons disease?

Back 685

chromosome 4

Front 686

Which lobes are atrophied in huntingtons

Back 686

frontal and temporal (sommers area ) - in huntingtons have loss of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the striatum

Front 687

How does glutamate toxicity lead to death

Back 687

A lot of glutamate, astrocytes cannot manage to take them out of the system -- bind to NMDA receptors -- calcium influx and subsequent cell death. Glutamate toxicity is seen in huntingtons patients

Front 688

Clinical signs of huntingtons

Back 688

choreiform movements, dementia and hypotnoia

Front 689

Syndenhams chorea

Back 689

St vitus dance - seen in girls after bout of RA

Front 690

Chorea gravidum

Back 690

2nd trimester of pregnancy, may have history of syndenhams chorea

Front 691

Hemiballism

Back 691

vascular lesion of subthalamic nucleus -- have contralateral findings -- violent flinging of one or both extremities

Front 692

How do you treat wilson's disease

Back 692

penicillamine

Front 693

Hepatolenticular degeneration

Back 693

Wilsons disease - AR - chromosome 13 - wing beating tremor - choreiform movements, Kayser-Flescher ring, may have dementia and personality disorders

Front 694

Tardive dyskinesia

Back 694

repetitive choreic movement that affects face and trunk -- from treatment with phenothiazines, butyrophenones or metoclopramide

Front 695

Xeroderma pigmentosa

Back 695

The deficiency in excinuclease - inability to remove thymidine dimers

Front 696

Buerger disease

Back 696

segmental necrosis of arteries and veins of extremities

Front 697

Behcet

Back 697

multisystem disorder presenting with aphthous ulcers in mouth and genitalia and uveitis

Front 698

In what condition is electromechanical dissociation of ECG and pulse reading seen

Back 698

Pulmonary infarction - heart continues to fire - depolarize but no pusle is felt cause of embolus; myocardial toxity; pericardial tamponade

Front 699

What nodes drain the testicles?

Back 699

para-aortic nodes - think of the origin of the testicles and where they descend from

Front 700

Where nodes does rectal cancer first metastasize to?

Back 700

If tumor is below the pectineal line --> inguinal nodes, if above --> iliac nodes

Front 701

Superficial inguinal nodes drain:

Back 701

Lower limbs, buttocks, perinium, anterior abdomen

Front 702

Internal iliac nodes drain:

Back 702

Bladder, male genital organs, some parts of uterus and cervix

Front 703

External iliac nodes drain:

Back 703

deep inguinal nodes, some parts of uterus and cervix

Front 704

Whipples disease

Back 704

Small intestine malabsoprtion caused by Treponema whippeli

Front 705

Leydig cell tumor

Back 705

Golden brown testicular tumor - large polygonal cells - rod shaped crystals or reinke - gynecomastia - 20 - 60yrs old - give off estrogens or androgens

Front 706

Sertoli cell tumors

Back 706

Grey white to normal color and form tube like structures

Front 707

CA-125

Back 707

Marker elevated in breast cancer

Front 708

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid produces this hormone

Back 708

calcitonin

Front 709

Which cancer is associated with PTH-like protein

Back 709

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Front 710

Marker that is non-specific but can be used to monitor colon cancer

Back 710

CEA

Front 711

Name two diseases in which VWF is messed up and can lead to prolonged bleeding and prolonged partial thromboplastin time

Back 711

VWD and Bernad-Souiler disease

Front 712

Thrombasthenia

Back 712

Defective platelet aggregation - GPIIb-IIIa is defective

Front 713

What cancer is S. hematobium associated with

Back 713

Bladder cancer

Front 714

Predisposing factors for meningiomas

Back 714

Von Recklinghausen disease, trauma to meninges

Front 715

What kidney defects are seen in RA

Back 715

Mesangial proliferation, membranous nephropathy that may progress to Rapid glomerular glomerulonephritis

Front 716

What type of receptors are GHRH receptors

Back 716

Gs - Adenylate cyclase

Front 717

What type of receptors are GH receptors

Back 717

Tyrosine kinase

Front 718

This nucleus is found in the brain, produces ACH - projects to the rest of the brain - degenerates in Alzheimers disease

Back 718

Basal nucleus of Meynert

Front 719

Two organs that are innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers whose NT is Ach

Back 719

Sweat glands and some blood vessels

Front 720

Describe the permissive serotonin hypothesis

Back 720

States that when 5HT levels are low & catecholamine levels low --> depression and insomnia; when 5HT levels are high and catecholamine levels are high --> mania

Front 721

Which NT may be involved in oOCD

Back 721

5HT - dysfunction

Front 722

Fluoxetine

Back 722

SSRI

Front 723

What 5HT receptors do antidepressants target?

Back 723

5HT1 - agonists & 5HT2 antagonists

Front 724

Dopamine receptors

Back 724

D1 (postganglionic - excitatory) & D2 (Pre and post ganglionic) excitatory - adenylate cyclase downstream for both

Front 725

Where in the brain are endorphins found

Back 725

Exclusively in the hypothalamus

Front 726

Enkephalins - where are they in CNS

Back 726

Globus pallidus - coexist with GABA and others - pain suppression

Front 727

Opioid peptides in the CNS

Back 727

Dynorphins, endorphins and enkephalin

Front 728

What do you know about substance P

Back 728

NT - pain transmission - found in SN (most conc), DRG cells, substancia gelatinosa, with GABA in striatonigral tract - role in movement disorders. Substance P reduced in patients with Huntington's chorea

Front 729

Somatostatin controls the release of these two hormones from the pituitary gland

Back 729

GH and TSH

Front 730

These cells of the cerebellar are GABA-ergic

Back 730

Purkinje, basket, stellate, golgi cells

Front 731

Difference betw MOA of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors

Back 731

GABA-A - open chloride channels and GABA-B are on neurons that have other NT and when bound they reduce the release of the other NT

Front 732

Glycine is the major NT in the spinal cord and is used by

Back 732

Renshaw cells

Front 733

NT of climbing cells found in the cerebellum

Back 733

Aspartate

Front 734

Glutamate receptors

Back 734

N-Methyl D-Aspartate receptors, involved in long term potentiation (hippocampus - a memory process), kindling and Sz, may be neurotoxic

Front 735

Effects of glutamat excitotoxicity

Back 735

As in huntingtons - Glut binds to NMDA receptors, influx of calcium - cell death

Front 736

NO as a NT

Back 736

longterm potentiation in the hippocampus

Front 737

Huntingtons chore

Back 737

Loss of Ach and GABA neurons in the Striatum --> reduction of GABA in striatum and substancia nigra

Front 738

Edrophonium and neostigmine injections

Back 738

Used to diagnose myasthenia gravis

Front 739

Deficits in Gerstmann syndrome

Back 739

Inferior parietal lobe of the dorminant side - Finger agnosia, dyscalculia, Right and left confusion, dyslexia, dysgraphia, contralateral hemianopia or lower quadrantanopia

Front 740

Defects seen in lesions of inferior parietal lobe - non dorminant side

Back 740

Topographic memory loss, Anosognosia, construction apraxia, dressing apraxia, contralateral sensory neglect, contralateral hemianopia or quadrantopia

Front 741

Patient has gait apraxia, what lobe in his brain is affected

Back 741

Frontal lobe - seen in normal pressure hydrocephalus: dementia, gait apraxia and incontinence. Gait apraxia is inability to use lower limbs properly

Front 742

Dysprosody

Back 742

Nondominant hemispheric language deficit - serves emotion, melody, expressivity

Front 743

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Back 743

Hydrocephalus due to decrease cerebral mass - eg ischemic injury. Not caused by blockage or overproduction of CSF

Front 744

Internal hydrocephalus

Front 745

External hydrocephalus

Front 746

Communicating hydrocaphalus

Front 747

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

Front 748

Characteristics of fetal alchohol syndrome

Back 748

Abnormal facies - microcephaly - atrial septal defects - mental retardation

Front 749

The most frequent sites of thrombotic occlusion in the brain

Back 749

Bifurcation of carotid and middle cerebral artery

Front 750

The most frequent sites of embolism in the brain

Back 750

Middle cerebral artery

Front 751

Pure motor lacunar strokes are most likely from lesions affecting

Back 751

Internal capsule

Front 752

Pure sensory lacunar strokes are most likely from lesions affecting

Back 752

Thalamus

Front 753

Charcot-Bourchard aneurysms

Back 753

Minute dilations of small arteries at their bifurcations - a complication of longstanding htn

Front 754

In the brain, intracraneal hemorrhages are most common in

Back 754

Basal ganglia and thalamus

Front 755

Causes of SAH

Back 755

Berry aneurysm at the circle of willis - arteriovenous malformations - trauma - hemorrhagic diasthesis

Front 756

Picks disease -degenerating disease of the cerebral cortex and is associated with pick bodies - intracellular aggregated tau protein

Front 757

Broca'a aphasia

Back 757

Brodmann area 44

Front 758

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 758

Broadmann area 22

Front 759

Gerstmann syndrome sxs

Back 759

Lesions of dominant parietal lobe: Agrapghia, acalculia, finger agnosia, right - left disorientation, accounts for a proportion of learning disabilities

Front 760

Anosognosia

Back 760

Denial of illness - injury of non dominant parietal lobe, patient also neglects the opposite side

Front 761

Part of the brain affected in individual with problems with longterm memoru

Back 761

Hippocampus. If individual is having problems with learning new things then problem is with both hippocampuse and medial temporal lobe

Front 762

What part of the brain is affected in korsakoff syndrome

Back 762

Thalamus

Front 763

Fahr disease

Back 763

Affects basal ganglia - rare hereditary - calcification of basal ganglia - onset 30 - demented by 50 - sx - like negative sx in schizo

Front 764

Disease that affect basal ganglia

Back 764

Parkinsons, huntington chorea, wilson, fahr disease

Front 765

What part of brain does the NE pathway start

Back 765

Pons - important for REM sleep

Front 766

Haloperidol

Back 766

Antipyschotic most used for acute sx - has high extrapyramidal sxs.

Front 767

Thioridazine

Back 767

Retinitis pigmentosa and retrograde ejaculation

Front 768

Atypical antipsychotics with 5HT and DA antagonism

Back 768

Clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine

Front 769

Antidepressants used to treat OCD

Back 769

Fluoxetine and clomipramine

Front 770

antidepressants used to treat enuresis

Back 770

Imipramine

Front 771

Antidepressants used to treat panic disorder

Back 771

Imipramine

Front 772

Antidepressants used to treat chronic pain with or without depression

Back 772

Amitrytptiline

Front 773

Symptoms of serotonin syndrome

Back 773

delirum, sweating, cramps, nausea, insomnia, restless

Front 774

Trazodone

Back 774

Antidepressant - 5HT1 antagonist and alpha1 blocker - sedating and priapism, no Ach effects

Front 775

Mirtapazine

Back 775

Stimulates realease of NE and 5HT, block 5HT2 and 5HT4 - weight gain and somnolence

Front 776

Bupoprion

Back 776

used to treat depression - weak inhibitor of dopamine

Front 777

Causes cervitis - infection is established in subendothelial space

Back 777

N. gonorrhea

Front 778

Causes cervitis - obligate intracellular parasite

Back 778

Chlamydia

Front 779

Drugs of choice for chlamydia

Back 779

Has an altered cell wall devoid of muramic acid - treat with Quionolones, macrolides or tetracycline - not B-lactams

Front 780

Owl's eye

Back 780

Basophilic intranuclear inclusion - CMV

Front 781

Double stranded, naked, Icosahedral virus

Back 781

Reovirus - Rotavirus is in this group, is associated with diarrhea in children

Front 782

The only cells in the body devoid of class I MHC

Back 782

RBC's

Front 783

The cytotoxic cell that kills in the absence of MHC I

Back 783

NK cells

Front 784

CD16

Back 784

Receptor for the Fc portion of Immunoglobulin G

Front 785

Common valves damaged due to carcionoid disease

Back 785

Pulmonic and tricuspid valves

Front 786

Which Staph exotoxin is associated with food poisioning whose onset is 3-4hrs - presents with nausea & vomit?

Back 786

Enterotoxin A

Front 787

Gram positive spore forming bacteria in rice that causes food posioning

Back 787

Bacillus cereus

Front 788

T. cruzii is an intracellular parasite that localizes in:

Back 788

nerve cells & myosites

Front 789

Main organs affected by Borrelia burgdorferi

Back 789

Skin, CNS and heart

Front 790

T or F: plasmodium parasites can invade the myocardium leading to myositis

Back 790

TRUE

Front 791

Symptoms of infection by Gp B coxcaskie virus

Back 791

pleuritis, myocardities

Front 792

Drugs that can induce hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD

Back 792

Quinine, Nitrofurantoin, dapsone, sulfonamides, primaquine

Front 793

How is Strep pyogenes differentiated from other beta hemolytic strep

Back 793

It is bacitran sensitive

Front 794

Test used to differentiate staph aureus from other staph

Back 794

S. aureus is coagulase positive

Front 795

Test used to differentiate Staph epidermidis from Staph saprophyticus - both are alpha hemolytic

Back 795

S. epidermidis is sensitive to novobioicin

Front 796

Test used to differentiate strep pneuomonia from strep viridans -

Back 796

strep pneuomonia is sensitive to optochin

Front 797

Common examples of heterophile tests

Back 797

Monospot test, Weil-Felix tests and VDRL - Where ab from patient cross-react with unrelated substances - the causative agents are usually hard to id in culture

Front 798

Weil-Felix tests

Back 798

Used to diagnose rickestial diseases: cross-reaction between heterophiles produced by ricketsial diseases and Ox strain of proteus vulgaris

Front 799

What ailment has autoantibodies againts histones

Back 799

drug induced lupus

Front 800

What ailment has autoantibodies againts ribonucleoprotein

Back 800

Mixed connective tissue disease

Front 801

Virus that is a major cause of bonchiolitis in children

Back 801

RSV - a paramyxovirus

Front 802

Interferon alpha

Back 802

Product of leukocytes - inhibits viral replication

Front 803

Interferon beta

Back 803

Product of fibroblasts - inhibits viral replication

Front 804

TNF-alpha

Back 804

Given off by macrophages and NK cells, is cytotoxic to tumor cells and causes cachexia of chronic disease

Front 805

The cause of Q fever

Back 805

Coxiella burnetii

Front 806

Gram negative normal flora implicated in Sub acute endocarditis following oral procedures

Back 806

HACEK (Haemophilus aphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis (resistant to erythromycin), Eikenella corrodens, Kingella kingae)

Front 807

Antibody associated with systemic scleroderma

Back 807

Anti-Scl 70

Front 808

Cause of swelling and inflammation for 1-2 days after vaccine?

Back 808

Due to secondary immune reactions, happens if individual has seen this immunogen before, ie is now getting a booster shot to a vaccine he has had before

Front 809

Treatment and cure of Wiskott Aldrich syndrome

Back 809

Bone marrow transplant from a HLA identical sibling

Front 810

What is the defect in Wiskott Aldrich syndrome?

Back 810

Defective gene that codes for a protein WASP that is responsible for the reorganization of hematopoietc cytoskeleton in response to external stimuli. Hence cells cannot migrate in response to stimuli.

Front 811

Bacterial causes of hepatic abcess include

Back 811

E. coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Staph, Bacteroides, pseudomonas

Front 812

How do you treat flaccid paralysis due to Clostridium botulinum

Back 812

Supportive

Front 813

How does D. latum cause megaloblastic anemia

Back 813

Sists in ileum and absorbs Vitamin B12 making it unavailable for absorption

Front 814

These bacteria obstruct the biliary tract or pancreatic duct and are associated with cholangiocarcinoma

Back 814

Clonorchis sinensis

Front 815

Shepherd with dog, has unilocular cyst in liver

Back 815

Echinochoccus granulosus larvae

Front 816

Guarnieri bodies

Back 816

Molluscum contagiousm, pox viruses diff, replicate in the cytoplasm, they need to carry their own enxymes - DNA dependent RNA polymerase

Front 817

Bacteria with drug resistance due to mutation of porin pore protein

Back 817

Psuedomonas aeruginosa

Front 818

Bacteria with drug resistance due to mutation of PBP - chromosomally mediated

Back 818

Staph aureus, Strep pneuomina, N. gonorrhea and H. influenza

Front 819

Bacteria with drug resistance due to mutation of topoisomerase - chromosomally mediated

Back 819

Pseudomonas and E. coli

Front 820

Bacteria with drug resistance due plasmid mediated acetyltransferase

Back 820

Enterobacter and klebsilla to gentamicin and Salmonella to Chloramphenicol

Front 821

This toxin inactivates elongation factor 2 in eukaryotic cells via ADP ribosylation affecting translation elongation

Back 821

Diptheria toxin

Front 822

FTA-Abs

Back 822

Anti treponema test

Front 823

Symptoms of later syphyllis - neurosyphillis

Back 823

Personality change, Affect - no facial expressions, Reflexes - Argyll Robertson pupils, Eye defects, Sensorium, Intellectual decline, Speech is deficient.

Front 824

Next common pool of peeps after Hiv patients at risk of Pneumocystis carinii infections

Back 824

Premature infants

Front 825

Crytpococcus neoformans

Back 825

Profound problem in HIV - causes cryptococal meningitis, is urease positive test, india ink stain, best dx testm latex particle agglutination test for capsular antigen

Front 826

Medium of choice to diagnose meningococcal meningitis

Back 826

Chocolate agar

Front 827

CMV

Back 827

Aseptic encephailits, not meningitis

Front 828

Infectious agent of H. pylori is

Back 828

CagA gene and type III secretory system that injects CagA into host genes

Front 829

6/8/2007

Front 830

Cross tolerance

Back 830

Tolerance to one drug occurs as a result of exposure to another drug

Front 831

Physiologic dependence

Back 831

Copmulsive drug using behavior for passive satisfaction

Front 832

Physical dependence

Back 832

When one has signs and symptoms when they stop taking a drug

Front 833

Form of drug that is rapidly absorbed in the stomach

Back 833

Uncharged

Front 834

Treatment generally indicated with organophosphate intoxication

Back 834

Atropine

Front 835

What is the function of teichoic acids found on gram +ve bacteria

Back 835

To attach on body surfaces

Front 836

Efficacy

Back 836

The maximum effect that can be produced by a drug regardless of its dose

Front 837

Potency

Back 837

Dose of drug needed to achieve 50% of the drugs effect

Front 838

Cocaine

Back 838

Local anesthetic, blocks monoamine reuptake of NE, DA and 5HT

Front 839

Fluoxetine

Back 839

Serotonin reuptake blocker

Front 840

Levothyroxine

Back 840

Thryoid replacement hormone used to treat hypothyroidsm

Front 841

A patient with EBV is given Ampicillin, how will he present in a few days?

Back 841

maculopapular rash, he should not be given ampicillin because this is a viral infection

Front 842

Symmptoms of EBV infection

Back 842

Sorethroat, headache, ferer, malaise, palat enanthem, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, periorbital edema, rash, tonsillitis and pharyngitis

Front 843

Congenital pyloric stenosis

Back 843

This is due to a hypetrophied pylorus, diagnosed at 3 -4 wks life, can be corrected by pyloromyotomy in which the pylorus causing the obstruction is cut.

Front 844

The two most common agents used to treat Clostridium dificille

Back 844

Vancomycin and metronidazole, Bacitran may also be used

Front 845

Caused by a necrolitic toxin produced by Clostridium dificille

Back 845

Pseudomonas colitis - you may not see anything grow on cultures - NOTE THAT THIS IS CAUSED BY TOXINS

Front 846

Vibrio parahemolyticus

Back 846

Food poisoning due to ingestion of sea food that has the toxin

Front 847

What is the physiology behind gastric ulcers due to stress

Back 847

Increase pepsin or gastric acid production due to stress may also be low gastric defenses due to stress

Front 848

Define isometric muscle contraction or relaxtion

Back 848

Contraction or relaxation without change in muscle length

Front 849

define isotonic muscle contraction or relaxtion

Back 849

There is a change in muscle length but no change in muscle tone

Front 850

Viruses that cannot complete their life cycles without their own polymerases

Back 850

Retrovirus, Reovirus, all -ve sense RNA viruses

Front 851

How do tetenus toxins cause disease?

Back 851

They block the release of GABA/ Glycine

Front 852

How do bordetella pertusis toxins cause disease?

Back 852

Cause ADP ribosylation of Gi leading to increase in CAMP

Front 853

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Back 853

Uterine bleeding occuring at irregular intervals

Front 854

Menorrhagia

Back 854

Abnormal uterine bleeding occuring at regular intervals

Front 855

A diagnostic prerequisite for endometriosis

Back 855

Inflammation of the endometrium - Plasma cells must be present

Front 856

Cramps during ones period are due to

Back 856

Local prostaglandin release

Front 857

Left parasternal heave

Back 857

This is due to right ventricular hypetrophy

Front 858

Rupture of papillary muscles after MI manifests with

Back 858

Valvular insufficiency, patient may have signs of mitral regurgitation and signs of acute congestive heart failure

Front 859

What happens to oxygen content in an anemic individual

Back 859

Goes down

Front 860

Narcissitic personality disorder

Back 860

Grandiose personality disorder, fantasies of glory, exploitative behavior, sense of entitlement, lack of empathy and concern for others

Front 861

Histrionic personality dirsoder

Back 861

Attention seeking behavior and labile emotions, tend to dress to be noticed and to be seductive

Front 862

Genes for synthesis of heavy chains - immunoglobulins are on chromosome

Back 862

14

Front 863

Genes for the synthesis of kappa light chains

Back 863

Chromosome 2

Front 864

Genes for the synthesis of lambda light chains

Back 864

Chromosome 22

Front 865

This bacteria leads to granulomatosis infantiseptica in baby infected in utero

Back 865

Listeria monocytogenes - mum hardly has any symptoms, except pershaps diarrhea

Front 866

Causes granuloma inguinale that looks like syphyllis infection

Back 866

Klebsiella granulomatis

Front 867

Why is histoplasmosis usually not communicable from person to person?

Back 867

It is intracellular organism - yeast form - in the RES and lungs. Hence not communicable from person to person

Front 868

How is infection of histoplasma capsulatum acquired

Back 868

By inhaling spores: in the body histo is in form of yeast but at lower temperature is in hyphal form with microconidia and macroconidia

Front 869

Where does electron transport system occur in bacteria?

Back 869

Ctyoplasmic membrane

Front 870

Mesosomes

Back 870

Complex invaginations of bacterial cell membranes that have a role in cell division

Front 871

Polyribosomes

Back 871

Where bacteria protein synthesis takes place

Front 872

Erysipelothris rhusiophathiae

Back 872

Gram negative rod that causes localized skin infection

Front 873

Trichinella spiralis

Back 873

Ingest undercooked meat: sxs. - periorbital edema, myositis, fever and eosenophilia

Front 874

Wermer syndrome (MEN I)

Back 874

parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma (hyperparathyroidsm - hypercalcemia): Pancreatic neoplasms (gastrinoma ZE)- multiple peptic ulcers, Pituitary adenoma : rarely

Front 875

Shy-Drager syndrome

Back 875

Failure of the ANS leading to: orthostatic hypertension and parkinsonianism

Front 876

Sipple syndrome

Back 876

MEN II, Medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma and parathyroid disease

Front 877

Turcot syndrome

Back 877

Very rare: have adenomas of gastric tract and CNS gliomas- astrocytoma and medulloblastoma

Front 878

M3 receptors

Back 878

Found on smooth muscle of brocnhioles, when stimulated they cause bronchoconstriction. Are also on blood vessels and cause vasodilation of the blood vessels

Front 879

17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

Back 879

Leads to deficiency in sex hormones

Front 880

Constitutional delay in the onset of menses

Back 880

No problem with embryologic development,hypothalamic-pituitary-gonodal axis problem

Front 881

Turner syndrome

Back 881

XO - short stature, germinal tissue of ovary replaced by fibrous streaks -> primary ovarian disorder, amenorrheic, reduced estrogen production, high LH and FSH, do not have problem with the development of uterus or cervix

Front 882

Causes of secondary polycythemia

Back 882

Renal transplantation, renal cell carcinoma, impaired oxygenation, pulmonary diseases due to smoking, CHF

Front 883

Rat-bite fever

Back 883

Streptobacillus morlifomis (US) and spirilum minus (Japan) - causes discrete erythematous macules on palms and soles

Front 884

Novobiocin sensitive

Back 884

S. epidermidis

Front 885

To distinguish Beta-hemolytic bacteria

Back 885

Bacitran test: Grp A S. pyogenes is sensitive to Bacitran, Gp B. S. agalactiae is resistance

Front 886

Coagulase production

Back 886

S. aureus and Yersinia pestis

Front 887

Optochin resistance

Back 887

Differentiate alpha hemolytic streptococci: S. pneumonia - Sensitive whereas Viridans group is resistant

Front 888

Growth in 6.5% NaCl

Back 888

Tell apart Gamma-Hemolytic Group D: E. faecalis can grow in 6.5% NaCl whereas S. bovis cannot

Front 889

Cri du chat

Back 889

terminal deletion of 5p: Have microcephaly, wide set eyes, significant mental retardation

Front 890

Prader-Willi syndrome

Back 890

Microdeletion at 15q11.2: hypotonia and poor feeding in infancy, hyperphagia and obesity, delayed pyschomotor development, hypogonadism and significant behavioral problems.

Front 891

Li Fraumeni syndrome

Back 891

Increased risk of cancers

Front 892

Loss of mismatch repair genes (hMLH, hMSH) is asociated with

Back 892

HNPCC, endometrial cancer, microsatellite instability

Front 893

Menetrier disease

Back 893

hypertrophic gastritis: thickened gastric rugae folds, hyperplasia of mucous glands, protein losing enteropathy

Front 894

Schistoma haematobium

Back 894

squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

Front 895

The two most common social phobias

Back 895

Public speaking and restroom perfomance (shy bladder)

Front 896

Specif phobia

Back 896

Phobia to a specific thing, not a situation

Front 897

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 897

Disease is a form of type IV hypersensitivity - CD4+ve TH1 lymphocytes react against self myelin antigens. They secreted cytokines such as interferon gamma, activate macrophages which are the effector cells involved in destroying myelin

Front 898

Syncitia formation

Back 898

Herpes virus family and RSV

Front 899

Treatment of Hirshprungs disease

Back 899

Remove affected section

Front 900

Merckels diverticulum

Back 900

Ileoceacal junction

Front 901

VSD murmur

Back 901

Holosystolic murmur - harsh

Front 902

Patent foramen ovale

Back 902

Of no hemodynamic significance, is patent to a probe. DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT

Front 903

Ataxia telangiectasia

Back 903

Mutation is on chromosome 11q 22-23 codes for DNA dependent protein kinase localized mainly to the nucleus

Front 904

Osteoarthritis in young child and urine that turns black on sitting

Back 904

Homogentistic acid oxidase defieicency, an enzyme that is needed in tyrosine catabolsism. This leads to the accumulation of homogenistic acid in synovial fluid and urine

Front 905

PKU

Back 905

Deficiency pf phenylalanine hydroxylase

Front 906

Right lymphatic duct drains

Back 906

R. arm, r. chest and entire right side of the head

Front 907

The thoracic duct drains

Back 907

What is not draine by right lymphatic ducts (R. arm, r. chest and entire right side of the head)

Front 908

Most common etiological agent of atypical pneumonia in young people

Back 908

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Front 909

Obligate intracellular parasites that cannot synthesize ATP

Back 909

Chlamydia

Front 910

Vulvovaginitis with white cheesy discharge

Back 910

Candida albicans

Front 911

Not associated with vaginal disharge, assoc. with endocervicitis and PID

Back 911

Chalmydia trachomatis

Front 912

Extracellular gram -ve diplococci associated with endocervicitis and septic arthritis

Back 912

Neisseria gonorrhea

Front 913

Epididimytis and orchitis in children with congenital GU disorders and in older men is caused by

Back 913

E. coli

Front 914

Drug used to treat CMV

Back 914

Gancyclovir