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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How were Gestalt and Behaviorist psychology different from Structuralism?
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-opposed studying/emphasis on reduction: liked wholeness
-Gestalts liked consciousness behaviorists like stimulus response not consciousness -Structuralists like the structures of consciousness |
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If you looked at a table and said, "I see a book on a table," what error would Titchener say you were committing? Would Gestalters agree?
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-Stimulus error
Gestalts would disagree: describe characteristics as well as the form ex. Triangle- Gestalters see it as a whole |
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Antecedent influences to Gestalt development?
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-Immanuel Kant: perceive sensory- organize meanings
-Ernst Mach: perceptual consistency- perceive patterns independent of parts - Franz Brentano: act psychology - Christian Con Ehrenfels: Gestalt qualitanten -William James: wholeness of experience -Carl Stumpf: phenomenology |
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How did zeitgeist factors in physics influence psychology's advances?
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-emerging knowledge of force fields- magnets (creative synthesis)
-applied field physics to psychology |
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What is the phi phenomenon? How does it happen? How does it challenge Wundtian psychology?
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Max Wertheimer
-felt like he was moving when he wasn't moving phi phenomenon- illusion that two stationart flashing lights are moving from one place to another -project light/pictures on eye to make it seem like they're moving -couldn't be explained by structuralism (couldn't be reduced) |
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Principles of perceptual organization.
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1. proximity: parts that are close together appear to belong together
2. continuity: tenancy to follow a direction 3. similarity: similar parts seen as forming a group 4. closure: tenancy to fill in gaps 5. simplicity: see a figure as being as good as possible 6. figure/ground: organize perceptions into figure and the background |
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What is insight? How did Kohler say it was different from Thorndikes trial and error learning?
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insight: immediate apprehension or cognition; sudden understanding of relationships
- different from cats because of the limited perception of the latch mechanism limits them to trial and error |
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How were Gestalt principles of learning applied to humans?
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-Wertheimer
in order to solve a problem you had to begin with the whole and then go down to the parts, remembering them in the whole |
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What were come obstacles to acceptance of Gestalt psychology in the US?
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Behaviorism: star
language barrier limited to the study of perception |
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How did Gestalt psychology criticize Behaviorism?
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-criticized reductionalist mechanistic ideas
-molecular v. molar approach -behaviorists wanted nothing to do with consciousness |
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Describe Lewin's contributions to social psychology. How do we see physics play a role in his theory? |
field theory: Lewins system using the concept of fields of force to explain behavior in terms of one's field of social influence (life space) -social psychology of group dynamics -social action research -equal opportunity employment |
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How has Gestalt psychology been criticized? What has it contributed to psychology as a whole?
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Criticisms:
-"it is what it is approach" -too much theory, not enough data -too vague, lacks operationalization -lacked statistical research Contributions: -perception, learning, thinking, personality, social psychology, motivation -kept both consciousness and sensation/perception -refreshed Stumpf's phenomenology |
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What were the 3 great shocks in history that were delivered to the collective human ego according to Freud?
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1. Copernicus: earth was not the center of the universe
2. Darwin: humans are not a separate unique species 3. Freud: not rational rulers of our lives unconscious forces are |
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How was psychoanalysis developed different from other schools of psychology?
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it came from the medicine and psychiatry fields
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How did the Structuralists, Functionalists and Behaviorists view unconsciousness?
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Structuralist: unconsciousness couldn't be introspected
Functionalists: only interested in the consciousness Behaviorists: hates anything of consciousness and unconsciousness |
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How did Herbarts theory of the consciousness influence Freud?
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-idea had to be congruent with what was already consciousness
-conflict occurs as inhibited ideas remain below conscious awareness and struggle to pass threshold ex. loving mom but remembering "bad things" as well |
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What is the difference between a psychic and a somatic approach? Which would Freud take?
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somatic: abnormal behavior had physical causes
ex. brain lesions, under-stimulated, nerves psychic: abnormal behavior had emotional/psychological causes (FREUD) |
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How was Freud influenced by evolutionary theory?
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ideas of continuous progression in emotional behavior throughout the lifetime
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What was Anna O's influence on Freud's thinking?
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brought catharsis and talk therapy to attention (free association)
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What are the psychosexual stages of development?
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-oral stage: (birth-2) stimulation comes from mouth
-anal stage: (2-4) stimulation comes from butt expelling/withholding poop -phallic stage (4-5) satisfaction comes from fondling and sexual fantasies -latent stage (5-12) -genital stage (12+) puberty |
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Defense Mechanisms
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denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, regression, repression, sublimation
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What are id, ego, and superego?
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id: (unconscious) instincts
primitive, intimidate, satisfaction, pleasure principle ego: (conscious) rational reality principle superego: (conscious/unconscious) moral, strives for perfection |
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What are free association, resistance, and repression?
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free association:
allows patients to talk through heir troubles and make associations resistance: a blockage or refusal to disclose painful memories repression: process of barring unacceptable ideas, memories, or desires from conscious awareness, leaving them in unconscious |
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What did academic psychologists think of psychoanalysis?
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thought it was dumb
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What can we say about Freud's concepts and how they help us experimentally?
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supported:
-oral and anal personality -castration anxiety -dreams reflect emotional concerns -oedipus complex -freudian slips didn't support: -personality formed by age 5 -dreams satisfy repressed desires -resolving Oedipal complex- boys identify with fathers superego out of fear -women have an inferior conception of their bodies -id, ego, and superego- hard to study |
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Criticisms of Freud?
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data collection:
-all conclusions came from himself/ his patients -little documentation -small sample size dissonance between notes and what was written views of women- inferior ignored aspects of healthy people |
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Freud's contributions?
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-psychoanalysis
-ideas still alive today -influenced a lot of professionals |
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How did neofreudians change psychoanalysis?
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expanded the concept of the ego
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What changes did Anna Freud introduce to psychoanalysis?
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-extended psychoanalytic theory to children with emotional disturbances
-expanded role of ego functioning independently of id |
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How did Melanie Klein's brand of psychoanalysis differ from Freud?
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object relations theory: focuses on the interpersonal relationships with these objects
Freud: called any person, object, activity, that satisfies an instinct an object focused more on instinctual drive |
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What do you think Horney's major point of contention would be with Freud?
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women suffer from penis envy (feminist position)
she would say men have womb envy |
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What are basic anxiety, neurotic needs, and idealized self-image?
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basic anxiety: the felling a child has of being isolated and helpless in a potential hostile world
neurotic needs: -compliant personality: one who needs to move toward others -detached personality: one who needs to move away from others -aggressive personality: one who needs to move against people idealized self-image: seeings one's self as better than the true self |
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How did Jung's life experiences influence his analytical psychology?
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mid-life crisis marked by violent and apocalyptic dreams
trust issues with bother parents introverted |
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What are the collective unconscious? What are archetypes?
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Collective unconscious:
deepest level of psyche, contained inherited experiences of human/prehuman species archetypes: inherited tendencies within collective unconscious dispose a person to behave similarly to ancestors who confronted similar situations |
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Jung v. Freud.
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no room for Oedipal complex/sex
didn't think interpersonal relationships mattered thought we could control ourselves with future goals |
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Adler v. Freud
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individual psychology
-minimized the role of sex and unconscious -more guided by future prospects vs. past experiences -emphasized unity/consistence of personality, driven toward superiority/perfection -didn't get female inferiority (socially imposed) |
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How would Adler say inferiority develops?
What is style of life? |
Inferiority:
-develops in childhood while we are babies style of life: -becomes fixed at 4-5 -striving for superiority in own idiosyncratic way (conscious idea) |
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How did Humanistic psychology criticize behaviorism and psychoanalysis?
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behaviorism:
-sterile, insulting -didn't think out lives were mechanistic, predetermined, or like rats -more complicated than a stimulus response relationship psychoanalysis: -opposed Freud's minimization of consciousness and focus on the abnormal |
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How did Maslow and Rogers differ in their views of self-actualization?
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Maslow:
full development of ones abilities and realization of ones potential goals, meets lots of other goals first, innate Rogers: person centered therapy emphasized unconditional positive regard to achieve self-actualization |
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What is person centered therapy? (Rogers)
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client doing most of the directing, thinking, and feeling with the therapist providing unconditional positive regard
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Criticisms of Humanistic psychology.
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didn't have much impact
failed to back up muses with research hasn't been incorporated into mainstream psychology, more clinical |
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How did cognitive psychology differ from Behavioral psychology?
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1. focuses on process of knowing and not just how we respond to stimuli
2. seeks how mind structures and organizes experiences 3. believes that individuals actively and creatively creating content of mind **more about the how and why |
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What was Neisser's criticism of psychology he helped create?
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he wanted cognitive psychology to be applied not researched
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Why did clocks no longer make sense as a metaphor for human mind? Why were computers more fitting?
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Clocks:
mechanistic and structural Computers: -more like humans, memory could evolve and grow -artificial intelligence -newer technology |
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What is cognitive neuroscience?
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seeks to know how brain functions give rise to certain mental activities and map functions onto specific parts of the brain
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What is the best way to use introspection?
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both objective physiological methods and subjective methods
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What are system 1 and system 2 thinking? How is the unconscious different from Freud?
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System 1: cognition is fast, intuitive and operated unconsciously on available information (heuristics + expert systems)
System @: cognition is slow, logical, deliberate, consciously attending to available information unconscious- not just a place for repressed memories, drives and impulses |
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Three main areas for positive psychology?
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1. happiness and positive emotions
2. subjective well-being 3. virtues and character strengths |
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What are some factors that influence happiness as told by positive psychologists?
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feeling respectedhaving controlhaving good relationships
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