Final Psy 300

Front 1

This type of research design is good for making complex and detailed observations of rare or very specific behavior because it focuses on the idiographic or individual differences. Also, it can be used to study what is not normal, and by studying what is not normal, one can have a better understanding of what is normal. Finally, it is us a good starting point for creating theories and hypotheses, which also help other research designs and more broad generalizations about behavior.

Back 1

What is a single-case study good for?

Front 2

This type of research design is not good for studying the nomethetic or the average of behavior in people because it is an idiographic research design.

Back 2

What is a single-case study not good for?

Front 3

This type of single-case design is not good for making causal inferences because it is just an intensive description and analysis of a single individual.

Back 3

What is a case study not good for?

Front 4

This type of single-case design is good for describing behaviors and, to a limited extent, to understand (explain) behaviors because it is an intensive description and analysis of a single individual. It can give us a starting point for creating theories and hypotheses.

Back 4

What is a case study good for?

Front 5

In this type of design, bias occurs when the researcher makes biases in collecting data and interpreting outcomes. Some other examples of bias that arise in this type of research design include the problem of integrating multiple sources of information.

Back 5

What is bias in single-case designs?

Front 6

The disadvantages of this design include the following: confounds…lack of control, multiple variables interacting, you can support multiple theories depending on your interpretation, and you cannot make cause-effect inferences.

Back 6

What are the disadvantages of single-case designs?

Front 7

This is a form of bias that occurs in single-case designs. It occurs when subjects may want to present themselves as helpful, more “normal,” or more favorably (minimize socially unacceptable behavior).

Back 7

What is self-reporting?

Front 8

We establish this part of single-case study experiments by making observations and recording behavior before any treatment. When we make our observations, we want to record the number of behaviors per time period and to describe behavior as it is naturally occurring. With this information, we should be able to predict what the future will be like if no treatment is applied.

Back 8

What are the things that we need in order to establish a baseline in a single-case experimental design?

Front 9

We establish control for these when we are establishing the baseline by trying to discover and control other variables, trying to wait to see if the baseline stabilizes.

Back 9

What are the ways in which we can correct for some of the problems we might encounter in establishing a baseline for a single-case experimental design?

Front 10

This is also known as a reversal design. In it, improvement due to treatment should reverse when returned to the baseline. If behavior improves with treatment and declines when treatment is removed, good evidence for causation.

Back 10

What is an ABAB design?

Front 11

This experiment works by implementing no treatment with alternative treatment and then alternating them.

Back 11

What are the ways in which an ABAB design works?

Front 12

We can evaluate the outcomes of this type of design by noting that if behavior improves with treatment and declines when treatment is removed, that provides good evidence for causation.

Back 12

What are the ways in which we evaluate the outcome of an ABAB design?

Front 13

This is a type of single-case experimental study. In it, researchers make multiple baselines. They then introduce treatment in one situation or to one subject but not to the others and compare. They are looking for behavior to improve in treated situation/person but no in others. They then apply to treatment to second situation/person and repeat again, until all situations/people are treated.

Back 13

What is a multiple-baseline design?

Front 14

Confounds that can occur in this type of single-case experiment includes the following: if treatment in one situation generalizes to other situations.

Back 14

What are some confounds that may occur in a multiple-baseline design?

Front 15

A difference between these two single-case experiments is that one only takes one only takes one baseline and that same one only implements one treatment, while the other takes multiple baselines and introduces multiple treatments.

Back 15

What are the differences between ABAB and multiple-baseline designs?

Front 16

The similarities between these two single-case experiments include the following: both record a baseline and then introduce a treatment in hopes of improvement due to treatment and if they remove treatment to see a reversal to baseline conditions.

Back 16

What are the similarities between ABAB and multiple-baseline designs?

Front 17

The key difference between experiments and this type of research is that experiments have a high degree of control, like random assignment, which is not apparent in this type of research design.

Back 17

What is the key difference between true experiments and quasi-experiments?

Front 18

This is an experimental research design where 1) a group like the treatment group serves as a comparison and 2) researchers obtain pretest and posttest measures from individuals in both the treatment and comparison groups.

Back 18

What is a nonequivalent control group design?

Front 19

The circumstances under which we use this type of experiment design is when we want to rule out confounds such as history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and regression, and by doing so it greatly increases internal validity.

Back 19

What are the circumstances that require us to use a nonequivalent control group design?

Front 20

While this experimental design greatly enhances internal validity, it cannot eliminate selection or interactions with selection and it cannot claim that all groups are similar on all possible dimensions (unknown confounds).

Back 20

What are the limitations of a nonequivalent control group design?

Front 21

This is when we make multiple observations before and after treatment is implemented. It is repeated measures for only one group. In it, we look for discontinuity (drastic change) between pretest and posttest: needs to be abrupt, a clear right at the transition. Side note: it eliminates maturation, testing, and regression.

Back 21

What is an interrupted time-series design?

Front 22

We use this type of research design under the following conditions: we use this test when we want to observe changes in a dependent variable for some time before and after a treatment is introduced.

Back 22

What are the circumstances that require us to use an interrupted time-series design?

Front 23

The limitations of this treatment are as follows: only abrupt changes—discontinuities—in the time graph can be interpreted as evidence for treatment effectiveness. It also is subject to a lot of internal validity problems like history

Back 23

What are the limitations of an interrupted time-series design?

Front 24

The 8 types of these are as follows: history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression, subject mortality, selection, and interactions with selections.

Back 24

What are the 8 threats to internal validity?

Front 25

These are events that may co-occur with the experiment, or subjects may have specific exposures.

Back 25

What is history in regards to being a threat to internal validity in experiments?

Front 26

This occurs sometimes because everyone changes over time, but treatment can alter the rate of this.

Back 26

What is maturation in regards to being a threat to internal validity in experiments?

Front 27

This is mainly practice effects (i.e. people get better at a task because of it).

Back 27

What is testing in regards to being a threat to internal validity in experiments?

Front 28

This is due to fatigue or boredom, the instrument used to measure DB may change in meaning.

Back 28

What is instrumentation in regards to being a threat to internal validity in experiments?

Front 29

This is regression to the mean (tendency for extreme scores to become less extreme and closer to the mean).

Back 29

What is regression in regards to being a threat to internal validity in experiments?

Front 30

This is when subject attrition could be different for different conditions.

Back 30

What is subject mortality in regards to being a threat to internal validity in experiments?

Front 31

This is selection effects (groups differ in ways other than the IV because of the way subjects are selected for conditions).

Back 31

What is selection in regards to being a threat to internal validity in experiments?

Front 32

This is when selection can interact with the other threats, like history, maturation, or instrumentation.

Back 32

What are interactions with selection in regards to being a threat to internal validity in experiments?

Front 33

This is a form of control where researchers alter the order of the treatments in order to limit or reduce practice effects.

Back 33

What is counter-balancing?

Front 34

This type of control is mostly used in repeated-measures research designs.

Back 34

What are the circumstances under which counter-balancing is used most often?

Front 35

This is a type of research design that aims to assess the effectiveness of human service organizations by evaluating them based on the following criteria: needs, process, outcome, and efficiency.

Back 35

What is program evaluation?

Front 36

This type of research design is used when researchers have to test whether or not an organization is effective or ineffective. Most organizations that are tested with this research design are human service or not for profit organizations.

Back 36

What are the circumstances under which we use program evaluation?

Front 37

This type of research design addresses the following questions: needs, process, outcome, and efficiency.

Back 37

What are the questions that program evaluations address?

Front 38

This criterion of program evaluations determines whether or not the needs of a target population are being met by the organization in question. Researchers mostly test this criterion using survey methods.

Back 38

What are needs, in regards to test criteria of program evaluations?

Front 39

This criterion of program evaluations determines whether or not the organizations process is meeting the demands of the customers. Researchers use observational research methods to determine this factor.

Back 39

What is process, in regards to test criteria of program evaluations?

Front 40

This criterion of program evaluations determines whether or not the organization’s process is effective. If not, the program either needs to make changes or be discontinued.

Back 40

What are outcomes, in regards to test criteria of program evaluations?

Front 41

This criterion of program evaluations determines whether or not the organization or program in question is cost-effective. If not, alternative organizations or programs need to be made.

Back 41

What is efficiency, in regards to test criteria of program evaluations?

Front 42

The main obstacle to do this is task include the following: media twisting research results, leaving out important details from research, overgeneralization of research findings, stretching the truth, complete lies in the media, misuse of the word, “psychology.”

Back 42

What are obstacles to scientific thinking?

Front 43

The most important thing when reading about research results in pop culture is to go to the original source of the research.

Back 43

What is the most important thing I told you to do when reading research results in pop media?

Front 44

When patients are diagnosed with this disorder, it damages the basal forebrain—leading to cell destruction and decreased acetylcholine—and the hippocampus—leading to disorientation.

Back 44

What are the key neurological features of Alzheimer’s disease (what parts of the brain are damaged)?

Front 45

Doctors usually diagnose patients with this disorder after seeing plaque build up in their brain posthumously.

Back 45

What feature of the brain is most diagnostic for Alzheimer’s?

Front 46

In humans, the prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that performs is essiential to this part of primates.

Back 46

What part of the brain is specific to higher primates, specifically humans?

Front 47

This part of the brain is used for memory, thinking, decision-making, and emotional stability.

Back 47

What are the functions that the prefrontal cortex is responsible for?

Front 48

The different types of these include MRIs, fMRIS, PET scans, and CAT scans.

Back 48

What are the different brain imaging techniques?

Front 49

This image scanning methods measures changes in blood flow to different areas of the brain.

Back 49

What are the things that an fMRI measure?

Front 50

This image scanning method measures the location and size of brain tumor or brain damage.

Back 50

What are the things that an MRI measures?

Front 51

This type of image scanning method measures the regions of the brain where most activity is occurring.

Back 51

What are the things that a PET scan measure?

Front 52

We have learned that in this psychological disorder, research shows that vaccinations are not the cause of it, that most of the people who are affected by this disorder are over stimulated to an extreme level, and just because someone is affect by this disorder, it does not mean that the patient is mentally retarded.

Back 52

What are some of the things we’ve learned about autism?

Front 53

We must be skeptical of people saying that medications are the cause of autism because research proves otherwise.

Back 53

What are the things that we must be skeptical of?

Front 54

These are the chemicals that make the brain work.

Back 54

What are neurotransmitters?

Front 55

These types of drugs work by either increasing or decreasing the amount of serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain.

Back 55

What are the ways in which psychotropic medications work?

Front 56

Parkinson’s disease is typically classified as having to little dopamine, while this type of disease is typically classified as having too much dopamine.

Back 56

What are the ways in which Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia are related (neurochemically speaking)?