Final: Principles Of Learning And Behavior

Front 1

phase 1: instrumental conditioining of operant response; phase 2: classical conditiion; phase 3 = transfer phase (allowed to engage in instrumental response and CS from 2 periodically observed to see its effects

Back 1

transfer-of-control test; Rescorla and Colwill;

Front 2

reinforcement schedule in which response is reinforced only if it occurs after a specified amount of time has elapsed following that response

Back 2

differential reinforcement of low rate

Front 3

the gradually increasing rate of responding that occurs between successive reinforcements on a fixed interval schedule

Back 3

fixed interval scallop

Hint 3

as time of availability of the next reinforcer draws closer, the response rate increases, evident in an acceleration in the cumulative record

Front 4

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time following the last reinforcer

Back 4

fixed interval schedule

Hint 4

set time is constnat from one occasion to the next

Front 5

reinforcement schedule in which fixed number of responses must ocur in order for the next response to be reinforced

Back 5

fixed ratio schedule

Front 6

schedule of reinforcement in which only some of the ocurrences of the instrumental response are reinforced; thus, instrumental reponse is reinforced occasionally or intermittently

Back 6

intermittent reinforcement; partial reinforcement

Front 7

interval between one response and the next

Back 7

interresponsetime (IRT)

Front 8

reinforcement schedule in which a response is reinforced only if it occurs after a set (not fixed?) amount of time following the last reinforcement

Back 8

interval schedule

Front 9

restriction on how long reinforcements remain available

Back 9

limited hold

Hint 9

available only for limited periods; can be added to both fixed interval and variable intercal schedules

Front 10

rule for instrumental behavior which states that the relative rate of responding equals the relative rate of reinforcement

Back 10

matching law

Front 11

mechanism for achieving matching by responding so as to improve local rates of reinforcement for response alternatives

Back 11

melioration

Front 12

a pause in responding that typically occurs after the delivery of the reinforcer on fixed ration and fixed interval schedules of reinforcement

Back 12

postreinforcement pause

Hint 12

zero rate of responding that occurs just after reinforcement

Front 13

the high and invariatn rate of responding observed after the postreinforcement pause on fixed ratio reinforcement schedules;

Back 13

ratio run

Front 14

when does the ration run end?

Back 14

when te participant is reinforced

Front 15

reinforcement schedule in whihc reinforcedment depends on the number of responses the participant performs, irrespective of when those responses occur

Back 15

ratio schedule

Hint 15

reinforcement depends on the number of responses organism has performed

Front 16

disruption of responding that occurs when a fixed ratio response requirement is increased too rapidly

Back 16

ratio strain

Front 17

reinforcement schedule in which response is reinforced depending on how soon that response is made after the previous one

Back 17

response-rate schedule

Front 18

a program or rule that determines how and when the occurrence of a response will be followed by the delivery of the reinforcer

Back 18

schedule of reinforcement

Hint 18

pattern of results is highly predictable

Front 19

reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is provided for the first response that occurs after a variable amount of time from the last reinforcement

Back 19

variable interval schedule

Hint 19

the value of the schedule refers to the average amount of time needed for reinforcement

Front 20

reinforcement schedule in which the number of responses necessary to produce reinforcement varies from trial to trial; value of the schedule refers to the average number of responses needed for reinforcement

Back 20

variable ratio schedule

Hint 20

numerical value represents the average number of responses required

Front 21

instance in which delivery of reinforcer happens to coincide with a particular reponse even though that response was not responsible for the reinforcer presentation

Back 21

accidental reinforcement; adventitious reinforcement

Front 22

a pleasant or satisfying stimulus

Back 22

appetitive stimulus

Front 23

an instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instruemtnal response prevents the delivery of an aversive stimulus

Back 23

avoidance

Hint 23

involves aversive stimulus scheduled to be presented sometime in the future; do something to prevent aversive stimulus

Front 24

theoretical idea that an organisms's evolutionary history makes certain responses fit or belong with certain reinforcers

Back 24

belongingness; proposed by Thorndike

Front 25

stimulus that becomes an effective reinforcer because of its association with a primary or unconditioned reinforcer

Back 25

conditioned reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

Hint 25

may bridge delay between instrumental response and primary reinforcer

Front 26

simultaneous occurrence of two events

Back 26

contiguity; temporal contiguity

Front 27

instrumental conditioning procedure in which positive reinforcer is devivered if the participant fails to perform a particular response

Back 27

differential reinforcement of other behavior; ommission

Front 28

method of instrumental conditioning in which the participant can perform the instrumental response only during specified periods usually determined by placement of the participant of the participant in an experimental chamber or by the presentation of a stimulus

Back 28

discrete-trial method

Front 29

instrumentla conditioin procedure in which the instrumental response terminates aversive stimulus

Back 29

escape

Hint 29

one of negative reinforcement

Front 30

method of instrumetnal conditioning that permits repeated performance of the instrumentla response without the participant being removed from the experimntal chamber

Back 30

free-operant method

Hint 30

Skinner

Front 31

gradual drift of instrumental behavior away from the responses required for reinforcement to species-typical or instinctive responses related to the reinforcer and to other stimuli in the experimental situation

Back 31

instinctive drift

Hint 31

Breland and Breland

Front 32

activity that occurs because it is effective in producing a particular consequence or reinforcer

Back 32

instrumental behavior

Hint 32

aspect of behavior produces significatn outcome (behavior occurs because similar actions produced the same type of outcome in the past)

Front 33

respose that increases in frequency after the delivery of a periodic reinforcer and then declines as time for the next reinforcer approaches

Back 33

interim response

Front 34

rule for instrumental behavior which states that if a response in the presence of a stimulus is followed by a satisfying event, association between S-R will be strengthened; if response is followed by annoying event, S-R weakened

Back 34

law of effect, proposed by Thorndike-involves S-R learning

Hint 34

animals learn association between response and stimuli present at the time of the response (consequence of the response is not one of the elemnts in the association)

Front 35

interference with learning of new instrumentla responses as result of exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive stimulation

Back 35

learned-helplessness effect

Front 36

theoretical idea that assumes that during exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversive stimulation, participants lern that their behavior does not control environmental events

Back 36

learned-helplessness hypothesis

Front 37

preliminary stage of instrumental conditioning in which stimulus is repeatedly paired with the reinforcer to enable participant to learn to go and get reinforcer when it is presented

Back 37

magazine training

Hint 37

sound of food-delivery device maybe be repeatedly paired with food so that animal will learn to go to the food cup when food is delivered; involves classical conditioing like sound of food delivery device (food magazine) paired with dlivery of food pellet into the cup

Front 38

What should you do with every question of this test?

Back 38

READ THE QUESTION!

Front 39

response turns on appetitive stimulus, there is a posiitive contingency

Back 39

positive reinforcement

Front 40

response turns on aversive stimulus; there is a postitive contingney with an aversive stimulus

Back 40

punishment

Front 41

instrumental response prevents delivery of an aversive stimulus

Back 41

negative reinforcement

Front 42

less responding for reinforcer following previous epxerince with a more desired reinforcer than in the absence of such prior experience

Back 42

negative contrast

Front 43

instruemtnal conditioning procedure in which there is a negative contingency between instrumental response and avserive stimulus; aversive stimulus is terminated or preventd from ocurring when response is performed

Back 43

negative reinforcement

Front 44

instrumental conditioning prcedure in which instrumental response prevents delivery of reinforcing stimulus

Back 44

omission

Front 45

response defined by effect it produces in the environemnt

Back 45

operant respones

Front 46

greater responding for favorable reinforcer following prevoius experience with less desired reinforcer than in the absence of such prior experience

Back 46

positive contrast

Front 47

instrumentla conditioning procedure in which there is a positive contingency between isntrumental response and reinforcing stimulus; perform response, receive reinforcing stimulus

Back 47

positive reinforcement

Front 48

instrumentla conditioning proceudre in which there is postivit contingency between instrumental response and aversive stimulus; perform response recieves aversive stimulus

Back 48

punishment

Front 49

causal relation between response and a reinforcer

Back 49

response-reinforcer contingency

Front 50

how fast an animal moves ina runway

Back 50

running speed

Front 51

reinforcement of successive approximations (nonreinforcement of past responses)

Back 51

shaping

Front 52

behavioral contrast effects prduced by frequent shifts between favoratlbe and unfavorable reard conditionin

Back 52

simultianeous behavioral contrast

Front 53

behavior that increaes in frequency because of accidnetal parings of the delivery of a reinforcer with occurrences of the behavior

Back 53

superstitious behavior

Front 54

response that is most likely at the end of the interval between successive rinforcements that are presented at fixed intervals

Back 54

terminal response

Front 55

technically a ratio schedule of one

Back 55

continuous reinforcement