Final Mother Fucker

Front 1

Digestion

Back 1

1)mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
2)absorption of nutrients by cells

Front 2

functions of digestive system

Back 2

1)ingestion
2)mechanical digestion
3)break large particles into smaller w/o altering chemical composition
4)chemical digestion
5)break down of food into simpler chemicals
6)propulsion
7)absorption
8)defecation

Front 3

Bolus=

Back 3

a mass of food that is mixerd with salivary juices

Front 4

chyme=

Back 4

food that has reached stomach and began digestion

Front 5

Alimentary Canal

Back 5

1)muscular tube
2)specialized by regions for particular functions
3)structure of wall similar throughout length

Front 6

4 layers
*mucosa*

Back 6

1)surface epithelium, ct, small amount of smooth muscle
2)sometimes folded to absorptive
3)lumen=passageway of tube

Front 7

4 layers
*submucosa*

Back 7

1)glands, vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

Front 8

4 layers
*muscular layer*

Back 8

1) 2 layers of smooth muscle
2)circular=contraction produces tube diameter (inner)
3)longitudinal=contraction produces shortening (outer,lengthwise)
4)produces mvt of tube

Front 9

4 layers
*serosa*

Back 9

1)visceral peritoneum
2)outer covering

Front 10

2 movement types
*mixing*

Back 10

1)small segments of muscles contract rhythmically
2)wave moves from one end to the other

Front 11

2 movement types
*propelling*

Back 11

1)peristalsis
2)relaxation of tube just ahead of contraction
3)works to push contents ahead

Front 12

Mouth

Back 12

1)ingestion
2)mechanical digestion
-reduces size of food
-prepared food for chemical digestion, 1st by saliva
3)oral cavity
-chamber between palate and tongue
4)vestibule
-space between teeth, cheeks, and lips

Front 13

Lips

Back 13

1)skeletal muscle
2)sensory receptors
3)blood vessels impart reddish color

Front 14

Tongue

Back 14

1)frenulum
-connects tonue to floor of mouth
2)mostly skeletal muscle
3)helps move food and mis food with saliva
4)many taste buds
5)root surrounded by lingual tonsils
-lymphatic tissue

Front 15

Palate

Back 15

Roof of oral cavity

Front 16

Hard Palate

Back 16

1)anterior
2)maxillary and palatine bones

Front 17

Soft Palate

Back 17

1)forms uvula
2)closes opening to nasal cavity during swallowing

Front 18

Palantine Tonsils

Back 18

1)back of tongue on each side

Front 19

Pharyngeal Tonsils

Back 19

1)"adenoids"
2)above soft palate

Front 20

Salivary Glands
*secrete saliva*

Back 20

1)moistens good
2)begins chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

Front 21

two types of secretory cells:

Back 21

serous-produce watery solution that contains amylase (begins chemical digestion of carbs)

Front 22

second type of secretory cell:

Back 22

mucous-secrete mucous

Front 23

Salivary Glands
*parotid glands*

Back 23

1)anterior and inferior to ear
2)secretes clear, water, serous fluid
3)rich in amylase

Front 24

Salivary Glands
*submandibular glands*

Back 24

1)floor of mouth on inside of lower jaw
2)primarily serous fluid
3)some mucus

Front 25

Salivary Glands
*sublingual glands*

Back 25

1)on floor of mouth, ingerior to tongue
2)primarily mucus=thick
3)most viscous

Front 26

Pharynx

Back 26

connects nasal and oral cavities with esophagus and larynx

Front 27

3 parts to Pharynx

Back 27

Nasopharynx
1)communicates with nasal cavity
2)passageway for air

Front 28

3 parts to Pharynx

Back 28

Oropharynx
1)posterior to soft palate
2)inderior to nasopharynx
3)passageway for food moving from mouth

Front 29

3 parts to Pharynx

Back 29

Laryngopharynx
1)inferior to oropharynx
2)passage for food into esophagus and air entering larynx

Front 30

Swallowing Mechanism

Back 30

1)soft palte and uvula raise
2)hyoid bone and larynx elevate
3)tongue pressed agains soft palate (seals off oral cavity from pharynx)
4)longitudinal muscles of pharynx contract (pulls pharynx upward)
5)inferior constrictor muscles relax and esophagus opens
6)peristalic waves push food through pharynx

Front 31

Esophagus

Back 31

1)food passageway from pharynx to stomach
2)posterior to trachea
3)penetrates diaphragm

Front 32

Esophagus
*lower esophageal sphincter*

Back 32

1)circular muscles
2)where esophagus joings stomach
3)usually closed
4)prevents food regurgitation
5)"cardial sphincter"

Front 33

Esophagus
*hiatal hernia*

Back 33

1)part of stomach protrudes through weakened area of diaphragm
2)allows regurgitation

Front 34

Stomach

Back 34

1) J shaped pouch
2)upper left part of abdomen
3)empties into small intestines at pyloric sphincter
4)Rugae
-thick folds of mucosal and submucosal layers
-disappear when stomach distends

Front 35

stomach
*cardiac region*

Back 35

1)small aread near esophagus

Front 36

stomach
*fundic region*

Back 36

1)balloon superior to cardiac region
2)temporary storage of food

Front 37

stomach
*body region*

Back 37

1)main part
2)between fundic and pyloric

Front 38

stomach
*pyloric region*

Back 38

1)narrows to enter small intestines
2)pyloric sphincter-circular muscle that acts as a valve for passage of food into SI

Front 39

Lining of Stomach

Back 39

1)mucous membrane lining stomach is studded with gastric pits
2)gastric pits are at end of gastric glands
3)gastric glands=3 cell types

Front 40

3 Cell Types
*mucous cells*

Back 40

1)"goblet cells"
2)located near opening of pit

Front 41

3 cell types
*cheif cells*

Back 41

1)deeper part of gland
2)secrete digective enzym,es

Front 42

3 cell types
*parietal cells*

Back 42

1)release HCL

Front 43

Things absorbed in stomach

Back 43

1)some water
2)certain salts
3)certain lipid-soluble drugs
4)alchohol

Front 44

Enterogastric Reflex

Back 44

1)regulates the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach

Front 45

Pancreas

Back 45

1)fits into the C shaped curve in duodenum
2)pancreatic acinar cells produce pancreatic juices
3)secretions emptied into small intestines (duodenum)

Front 46

Pancreatic juices

Back 46

1)pancreatic amylase-splits glycogen into disaccharides
2)pancreatic lipase-breaks down triglycerides
3)trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carbooxypeptidase-digest proteins
4)nucleases-digest nucleic acids
5)bicarbonate ions-make pancreatic juic alkaline

Front 47

Liver

Back 47

1)upper right quadrant inferior to diahpragm
2)very vascular
3)"heaviest organ in the body"

Front 48

Liver
*hepatic lobule*

Back 48

1)lobes of liver divided into functional units=lobules
-hepatic cells radiating out from central vein
-hepatic sinusoids seperate groups of cells from each other

Front 49

Liver
*hepatic lobule*

Back 49

1)hepatic portal vein brings nutrient absorbed from digestive tract to liver
2)bile canaliculi carry cells secretions to bile ductules
-ductules converge to form hepatic ducts
-ducts merge to form common hepatic duct

Front 50

Liver funtcions
*carbohydrate metabolism*

Back 50

1)produces glycogen from glucose
2)beraks down glycogen into glucose
3)converts noncarbohydrates to glucose

Front 51

liver functions
*lipid metabolism*

Back 51

1)oxidizes fatty acids
2)synthesized phospholipids and cholestorol
3)converts carbohydrates and proteins into fats

Front 52

liver functions
*protein metabolism*

Back 52

1)breaks down amino acids and forms urea
2)synthesizes plasma proteins
3)converts come amino acids to other amino acids

Front 53

liver functions
*storage*

Back 53

1)stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, B12, Iron, and blood

Front 54

Liver functions
*blood filtering*

Back 54

1)phagocytosis of worn out RBC's and foreign substances

Front 55

Liver Functions
*detoxification*

Back 55

1)removes toxins from blood

Front 56

liver functions
*secretion*

Back 56

1)produces and secretes bile

Front 57

Bile

Back 57

1)yellow- green liquid secreted from hepatic cells
2)contains-water and bile salts
3)emulsification of fats- breaks fats into smaller particles
4)absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-coluble vitamins
5)bile pigments- breakdown products of hemoglobin from RBC's
6)cholesterol
7)electrolytes

Front 58

Gallbladder

Back 58

1)pear-shaped sac
2)connects to cystic duct- connects with hepatic duct to form common bile duct
3)stores bile between meals
4)contracts to release bile into SI

Front 59

Small Intestines

Back 59

1)extends from pyloric sphincter to beginning of large intestine

Front 60

Small Intestines
*duodenum*

Back 60

1)1st part
2)C-shape anterior to R kidney
3)dixed portion-attached to back wall by parietal peritoneum

Front 61

Small Intestines
*JeJenum*

Back 61

1)mobile
2)2nd segment

Front 62

Small Intestines
*lleum*

Back 62

1)final segment
2)no real division between jejunum

Front 63

Mesentery

Back 63

1)suspends portions of the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall
2)allows passage of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Front 64

Greater Omentum

Back 64

1)apron from stomach over transverse colon and small intestines
2)may help prevent spread of infection from wall of alimentary canal

Front 65

Wall of Small Intestines

Back 65

1)Plicae circularis=folds of mucosa- helps absorptive surface area

Front 66

Intestinal Villus

Back 66

1)tiny prejections of the mucous membrane
2)mostly in duodenum and proximal jejenum
3)increase surgace area to aid in absorption

Front 67

Intestinal Villus consists of:

Back 67

1)layer of simple columnar epithelium
2)free surface has many microbilli to absorptive surface area
3)blood capillary
4)lacteal=lymphatic capillary
5)intestinal glands between adjacent villi

Front 68

Secretions of small intestines

Back 68

1)peptidase-breaks down peptides into amino acids
2)sucrase, maltase, lactase- break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
3)lipase-breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Front 69

Regulation of small intestinal secretions

Back 69

1)mucus secretion stimulated by presence of chyme in small intestin
2)distension of intestinal wall activates nerve plexuses in wall of small intestine
3)parasympathetic trigger release of intestinal enzymes

Front 70

absorption of the small intestines
*monosaccharides and amino acids*

Back 70

1)through facilitated diffusion and active transport
2)absorbed into blood

Front 71

*electrolytes and water*

Back 71

1)through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport
2)absorbed into blood

Front 72

*fatty acids and glycerol*

Back 72

1)fat molecules digested by enzymes from intestinal mucosa and pancread
2)several steps for absorption
3)absorbed into lypmh and blood

Front 73

Movements of Small Intestines

Back 73

1)mixing movements
2)peristalsis-pushing movements (slow, takes 3-10 hours to travel through SI)
3)segmentation-ringlike contractions
4)overdistended wall triggers peristaltic rush
-moves chyme quickly through Si
-water, nutrients, and electrolytes are not absorbed
-resulting in diarrhea

Front 74

Large Intestines

Back 74

1)diameter larger the SI
2)seperated from ileum by ileocecal sphincter
3)opens to outside of body as anus
4)works to absorb water and electrolytes

Front 75

Large Intestines consist of:

Back 75

1)cecum
-dilated pouch at beginning
-veriform appendix projexts downward from inferior end
2)colon
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon (S shaped curve that becomes rectum)
-Rectum
-Anal Canal

Front 76

Anus
*internal*

Back 76

1)smooth muscle
2)involuntary control

Front 77

Anus
*external anal sphincter*

Back 77

1)skeletal muscle
2)voluntary control

Front 78

Wall of Large Intestines

Back 78

1)same layers as other parts
2)lacks villi
3)mostly goblets cells
-only mucus secretion
4)teniae coli
-logitudinal muscle fivers on outside of colon
5)naustra
-puches created by teniae coli

Front 79

Functions of Large Intestines

Back 79

1)little or no digestive function
2)absorbs water and electrolytes
3)house intestinal flora
-home to 100 trillion bacteria
4)forms feces
5)carries out defecation

Front 80

Movements of Large Intestines

Back 80

1)slower and less frequent than those of small intestine
2)mixing movements
3)peristalsis
4)mass movements usually follow meals

Front 81

Feces

Back 81

1)water
2)electrolytes
3)mucus
4)bacteria
5)bile pigments altered by bacteria provide color
6)smell produced by bacterial compounds

Front 82

Life-Span Changes

Back 82

1)teeth become sensitive
2)gums recede
3)teeth may loosen or fall out
4)heartburn more freguently
5)constipation more frequent
6)nutrient absorption decreases
7)accessory organs age but the effects are less noticeable