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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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dysarthria
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disturbances in muscle control of the speech mechanism resulting from impairment of basic motor processes
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apraxia
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breakdown in voluntary control of muscle activity due to cerebral lesion, even in presence of normal strength
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Lowest level of muscular control
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-neurons connecting CNS to the muscle fibers
-final common pathway -for respiration, LMN come from the spinal cord |
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High level of muscular control
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-voluntary movements
-initiating movement- motor arias of the brain -based in and coordinated by the cerebellum |
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what muscles can dysarthria affect
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-respiration
-larynx -pharynx -soft palate -lips -tongue |
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dysarthria may compromise:
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-muscle strength
-muscle tone -speed -range -accuracy -steadiness |
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flaccid dysarthria
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damage from lower motor neurons supplying speech mechanism or actual speech mechanisms
-voluntary control is lost -myasthenia gravis and muscular dystrophy |
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flaccid dysarthria may result in:
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-speech sound distortion
-paralysis of articulators -dysphonia -monotone voice quality -reduced air volume -hypernasaility |
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spastic dysarthria
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-damage to upper motor neurons, which convey impulses from the brain to the lower motor neurons
-hyperreflexia, loss of voluntary movement -psudobulbar palsy |
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spastic dysarthria may result in:
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-slow and labored speech produced with considerable effort
-articulatory incompetence -insufficient prosody -monotone -harsh voice quality and pitch breaks |
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hypokenetic dysarthria
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loss of domaniergic neurons, as seen in parkinson's disease
-progressive and degenerating |
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hypokentic dysarthria may result in:
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-monotone
-variable rate of production, problems with initiation -articulatory imprecision -decreased breath support |
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hyperkenetic dysarthria
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-abnormal involuntary movements that disturb the rate and rhythm of motor activities
-impairment of basal ganglia -degenerative disease process -vascular disease -trauma -inflammation -metabolic disorders |
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hyperkenetic dysarthria may manifest as:
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-myoclonic jerks
-tics -dyskenesia -dystonia |
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ataxic dysarthria
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-damage to the cerebellum
-uncoordination -multiple sclerosis -metabolic disorders -trauma -tumors -stroke |
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ataxic dysarthria may result in:
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-articulation breakdown
-prosody breakdown -vowel distortions -prolongation -voice deviations |
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mixed dysarthria
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-an injury or disease process involves more than one level of the motor system
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developmental dysarthria
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-injury to brain before, during, or shortly after birth
-cerebral palsy -cognitive deficits -requires multidisciplinary intervention |
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acquired dysarthria
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-secondary to lesion on the brain from trauma or illness
-complicated by developmental sequence -requires multidisciplinary intervention -better potential for recovery |
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acquired apraxia of speech
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-motor speech programming disorder (coordination and planning)
-breakdown in articulation and prosody -struggling behavior observed -able to produce automatic speech -problematic during repetition |
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developmental apraxia
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-seen as phonological impairment
-may involve problems with coordinating other oral movements (swallowing) -may involve language deficits |
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apraxia diagnosis
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-specific to articulatory funtion and coordination
-some preserved ability to speak normally in certain contexts -sounds involve substitutions, additions and repetitions |
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dysarthria diagnosis
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-involves multiple processes
-consistently impaired across contexts -sound errors involve simplifications or omissions of target sounds |
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acoustic assessment
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-highlight aspects of sound augment perceptions
-oscillographic -spectroscopic |
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physiological assessment
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-individual motor subsystems
-measurement of airflow, air pressure, strength and coordination |
