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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social psychology |
Is the study of how we think about , influences and relate to one another |
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Social thinking |
Attribution theory Situation or the persons dispositions fun |
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Fundamental attributions errors |
We overestimate personality and underestimate the situation |
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Different countries |
Westerns focus on personality and Easter in situation |
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People we know well |
Tend to focus on the situation |
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People we don’t know we’ll |
Focus on the personality |
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Example of attribution errors |
Conservatives: tend to blame the personality Liberties : tend to blame the situation |
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Attitudes |
Are feelings based on our beliefs , that predisposed is to response in certain ways to objects , people and events |
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Prejudice |
Negative |
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Descrimination |
A behavior towards something |
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Attitude |
Influences how we behave and how we behave influences our behavior Attitude follows behavior |
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Foot in the door phenomenon |
Once they compiled with a small request , they are more likely to comply with a larger request |
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Cognitive dissonance theory by Leon festinger |
Why we change our attitude to fit our actions n |
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Cognitive dissonance theory by Leon festinger |
If we have tension we change our attitudes to fit our behavior |
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Social influences (chameleon effect) |
Social influences have an enormous strength Behavior is contagious We tend to unconsciously mimic other expressions , posture and voice tones Helps us feel what they are feeling |
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Mimicry can also be dangerous |
Ex - columbine , first school shooting Ex- marlin Monroe , more suicide |
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Conformity |
Is adjusting our behavior or thinking towards some group standard |
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Conformity increases when: |
1- when a person is made feel incompetent or insecure 2- if the groups has at least 3 people 3- of the group is unanimous and at least one person disagrees 4- if one admires the group status and attractiveness , then conformity is going to increase 5- if one is not made a prior commitment to any reason 6-if others in the group are observing your behavior that’s going to increase the chance that you are going to confirm 7- if the culture encourages respect for social standards |
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Reasons for conforming |
1- normative social influence 2-informational social influence |
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Normal social influence |
We are aware of social norms of what is expected of us and how we must behave. Therefore , how we need to behave an then we do it |
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Informational social influence |
Groups may provide valuable information (ex: study groups ) |
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Obedience: Stanley’s Milgrams research |
-20 experiments -almost 1000 participants -yale universities |
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Milgrams study |
-volunteer were either teacher or the learners - teacher must shock the learner from wrong answer -voltage increased with each wrong answer -63 fully complied even to the last switch -the teacher did become distress -repeated with people with “slight he? Condition “
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Obedience is highest when |
1- the person giving the order is closed in proximity and proceed as a gentleman in authority figure 2-when the authority figure is supportive by a prestige’s institution 3- if the victim was depersonalized or a distance 4- if the victim was depersonalized or a distance |
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Social facilitation |
Introduces in 1898 by a man named normas Triplett |
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Social facilitation |
-it states that we have a stronger performance in the pretense of others -if the tasks is harder we will do less well -studies found that the presence of other will increase the most likely response |
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Social loafing |
People put less individual effort into group project if their personal performance will not hold them personally accountable |
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Social loafing |
People put less individual effort into group project if their personal performance will not hold them personally accountable |
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Deindividuation |
-this occurs when a group causes Arouca in people , so they do better on a test -decrease in their personal sense of responsibility -causes a person to be less self conscious and less retrains |
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Group polarization |
A group tends to increase its prevailing tendencies when discussing them |
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Group polarization |
if the group is prejudiced your gonna be even more determine - the opposite is tru , if people are accepting of others they will be more convinced to help others |
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Group thinking |
Occurs when the desire for harmony within the group overrides a realistic appraisal of the situations |
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Group thinking factors |
-over confidence -conformity -self justification -group polarization |
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Power of individuals |
“One person can make a difference “ |
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Social control |
Power of the situation |
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Personal control |
Power of the individual |
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Prejudice |
Pre- judgements Mixture of Beliefs emotions predispositions to actions |
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Americans attitude towards gender and race |
-have changed greatly over the last 50 years -people are much more accepting of interracial relationships and of gender and job rules |
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Prejudice and discrimination |
-fathers are still seen as smarter than mothers -more woman lives in poverty , wage discrimination -boy are valued more than girls in some cultures |
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I’m group or out groups |
-we define who we are by who we are with -who we are not |
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In group |
The people we hang out with |
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Our group |
We are not a part off |
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Aggressions |
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy (May be a reaction ) |
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aggressions |
-Is the most destructive force in our social relations -Is an interaction of biology and their life experience |
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Biological factors |
A-genetics , some people/animals are wired to being more aggressive than other B-neural pathways C- biochemical , hormones influence behavior |
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Interactions |
The two way influence between hormones and behaviors |
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Testosterones increases |
Influences dominance and aggressions -dominant behavior increases testosterones -alcohol increases aggressions |
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The psychology of aggressions |
Frustration - aggressions principle (When people become frustrated they are most likely to be aggressive ) |
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Rejection |
Can also intensify aggressions |
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Father absences |
Can also be tied to violence and juveniles offenders (70% of impressions juveniles have an absent father ) |
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Aggressions replacement program |
A- for parent and the youth B- teaches communication skill C-how to control anger D-how to use reasoning |
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Observing aggressions |
Watching violent tv shows to perhaps be seen in your behavior |
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Watching x-rated films |
A- makes your partner less attractive to you B- makes a women friendliness more sexual C-makes sexual aggression less serious |
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Research studies - |
Found that it was sexual violence against women no the eroticism that most directly affect the man willingness to accept |
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Men who are sexually coercive with woman |
A- view sex as impersonal B- are masculine in hostel way Aggressions is biopsycho social behavior |
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Attraction 3 factors |
Proximity Familiarity Physical attractiveness |
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Proximity |
Mirrors exposure effect We like those who are available to us |
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Familiarity |
We like what we know What is familiar is usually safe and approachable |
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Physical attractiveness |
-healthier -happier -sensitive -more successful -more socially skilled |
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Men like women who are |
Youthful Healthy |
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Women like men who are |
Healthy Mature Dominant Affluent |
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Similarity |
The more you are alike, the more like to endures with the person you are dating |
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Relationships last longer when |
-when you love many things together -not just each other |
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Romantic love |
Passion love Companion love |
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Passion love |
More temporary Physical arousal and desire |
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Companion love |
More mature Steadier Deep affectionate attachment |
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Equity is important |
-to gratifying and enduring relationships -happens when both partner freely give and receive -when they share decisions making |
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Self disclosure |
The revealing of intimate details about ourselves (personal information ) |
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Altruism |
The unselfish regard for the welfare of other (doesn’t benefit ) |
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Bystander intervention-kitty genoveses in 1964 |
38 neighbors but no oned called because they thought someone else would |
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For bystander to help , must have |
Notice the situation They have to interpret it as an emergency Assume responsibility for helping |
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Conflict to peacemaking you need |
To have contact You have to give them a common goals This change “us” and “them “ into “we” |
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Psychology disorders aren’t |
Atypical Disturbing Maladapting Unjustified Somatoforms |
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Atypical |
Different than most other people than what’s cultural |
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Disturbing |
People find that behavior disturbing or bothering |
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Maladaptive |
It is change in the behavior which is bad |
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Unjustifiable |
There is no acceptable explanation for the behavior |
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Somotoform |
Disorder which involves physical symptoms which are psychological in organ |
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Psychological |
A condition in which a person though feeling and behaviors are judged to be dysfunctional |
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Two views of psychological disorders |
Medical perspective- in French during 1745-1826 viewed mental ill people differently people believed before him that mentally ill people were demon possessed Bio-psycho social perspective - determine wether a person will have mental illness |
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Two views of psychological disorders |
Medical perspective- in French during 1745-1826 viewed mental ill people differently people believed before him that mentally ill people were demon possessed Bio-psycho social perspective - determine wether a person will have mental illness |
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Western cultures |
Anorexia nerviosa : not enough calories Bulimia nervous : get it out of their systems (anxiety about their body image) |
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Latin American |
Gusto - fear of black magic Latah - Koru-fear of having peanuts going insides your abs Tajing kysushu (Japan) - fear of being seen |
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Why do we classify a disorder? |
1-describe the behavior and classifying 2-predicts it’s course “this is what happened with people who have this ...?” 3-imply treatment 4-encourage research |
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DSM-V |
It is a diagnostic and statistics of manual or mental disorder Revised in-2013 |
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4 anxiety disorder |
1)generalized anxiety disorder 2)panic disorder 3)phobias 4)obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Generalized anxiety disorder |
Common symptoms but most people don’t have the system persist If they do persists then you may be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder 2/3 of the patients were woman (Jittery, worries things may happens , muscle tension and agitation , can’t sleep , trembling ) |
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Panic disorder |
Anxiety in its extreme form Person suddenly has a panic attack which is and intense fear that something horrible is about to happen (Symptoms - can’t breath , tremble , heart raises and chokes a /get dizzy) Can be so frighten they are scared to go over it again |
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Phobias |
Focus on specific object or activity or situation Phobias are irrational fear that disrupt our behavior Very coming |
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Men’s top phobias |
Fear of being buried alive Fear of heights Fear of snakes Fears of drowning Fear of public speaking |
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Women’s top phobias |
Fear of snakes Fair of being bound up or tied Fear of being buried alive Fair of heights Fear of public speaking |
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Obsessive compulsive disorder |
Normal behaviors that began to interfere with life Repeated a certain number of times and performed in a certain way |
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Obsessive part |
Your thought process that is intruding into your daily life |
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Compulsive part |
The action , behavior that you have to do |
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Anxiety |
Can be biological Evolution : fears serve a purpose Genes : identical twins do have a similar phobias Physiology - we can actually see the brains change when someone is anxious |
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Anxiety can be learned by |
Conditioning - a condition response to fear Stimulus generalization - generalize our fear to a stimulus to a smilie without realizing we are doing it Reinforcement : keep the phobias and the compulsion active Observations learn our fear by observing others fears |
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Extreme mood disorder |
Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder |
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Major depressive disorder |
-most common reason people seek mental help -depressions is a response to a pass or current loss -depressions is a normal life sustained response -depressions is in and out itself serves a purpose because it gives you time to regroup -person feels an overwhelming sense of sadness and lethargy |
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Bipolar disorder |
When someone alternated with 2 extremes of emotions (depressions sad and mani -when things feel great ) |
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Manic phase |
When a person is an over dry overly energetic and overly talkative/active /happy |
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Schizophrenia |
Split mind , mind is split from the current situations |
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Delusions |
False believes and delusions of persecutions |
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Hallucinations |
Sensory experience without sensory inputs , all 5 of your sense can hallucinate |
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Inappropriate emotions and actions |
Laugh historically , crying when everyone else is laughing |
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5 types of schizophrenia |
Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic Undifferently Residual |
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Paranoid |
Delusions and hallucinations |
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Disorganized |
A more sever form of schizophrenia, need help |
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Catatonic |
Can’t connect , iMobil, motionless and agitates, irritable and not happy after being out of it |
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Undifferentiated |
Many vary symptoms but not enough to be diagnosed with just one |
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Residual |
Means they no longer have delusions or hallucinations they disappear but they don’t know there in between episodes |
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3 possible causes of schizophrenia |
Brain’s abnormalities Genetic factors Psychological |
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Brain abnormalities |
Mád as a hatter: referring the hat makers in England go through a process in which they act different Dopamine :6x times the number of dopamine receptors as non schizophrenia |
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Brain antimony |
Tissues shrieked , less brain matter to solve problems |
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Genetic factors |
-1% percent chance -the changes goes to 10% if you have a parent or sibling diagnosed schizophrenic -50% if you have identical twin |
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Psychological |
Can stress cause it? Bad family relations cause it? Maybe yes to both of these |
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Personality disorders |
Inflexible and enduring patterns of behaviors that have paired ones social functioning |
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Avoidant |
Shows anxiety and is fearful of rejection |
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Schizoid |
Eccentric behavior and they’re socially disengaged |
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Histrionic |
As dramatic or impulsive behavior , they also show shallow attention seeking behavior and they try diligently to get other praise and reassurance |
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Narcissistic |
Exaggerate their own importance and have fantasies where they succeed and it’s difficult for them to accept criticism |
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Narcissistic |
Exaggerate their own importance and have fantasies where they succeed and it’s difficult for them to accept criticism |
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Borderline |
Very difficult to deal with because they have unstable identity , unstable relationships and unstable emotions |
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Antisocial (psychopath ) |
They want what they want and don’t care how they get it , show lack of consciousness by age 15 mostly males and as adults they don’t make good partners of parents (often aggressive and feel little and they fear little ) |
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Good mental health (study from survivors of concentration camps in ww2) |
1) focus on the good 2)survive for some purpose 3)psychological distancing (distancing from situation and seeing outside perspective ) 4)mastery: challenging them self to master somethin 5) will to live 6) hope 7) social support - family and friends who experience same thingsb |
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Six core dimensions |
Self accepting Positive relations Autonomy environmental mastery Purpose in life Personal growth |
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Self acceptance |
In charge of the person who you are and concentrate on the things you do |
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Positive relations |
, good relationships with other people |
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Autonomy |
We are good with being alone and making our own decisions |
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Environment mastery |
You are in charge of ? |
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Purpose in life |
Whatever purpose in life, may change |
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Personal growth |
You never stop growing and learning |
