Final Flash Cards

Front 1

Feedback inhibition

Back 1

a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

Front 2

Anabolic pathway

Back 2

a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simplier compounds.

Front 3

Repressible

Back 3

for anabolic pathways

Front 4

Operon

Back 4

a unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whoese products function in a common pathway

Front 5

Polycistronic mRNA

Back 5

the mRNA that makes up a cistron

Front 6

Regulatory gene

Back 6

a genethat coes for a protein such as a repressor that controls teh transcription of another gene or group of genes

Front 7

Cis-sequences

Back 7

when bound by a trans-factor the repressor is activated

Front 8

Corepressor

Back 8

is a molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off

Front 9

Lac

Back 9

is an inducible operon and contains genes that code for enzymes used in the hydrolysis and metabolism of lactose

Front 10

Non-coding DNA

Back 10

DNA that doesn't code for anything

Front 11

Histone acetylation

Back 11

seems to
loosen chromatin structure,
enhancing transcription

Front 12

Heterochromatin

Back 12

blocking
transcription.

Front 13

Epigenetic inheritance

Back 13

The inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence

Front 14

Enhancers

Back 14

Distal control elements that may be far away from a gene or even located in an intron

Front 15

Proximal control elements

Back 15

are located close to the promoter

Front 16

Monocistronic mRNA

Back 16

a promoter and control elements

Front 17

Oncogenes

Back 17

are cancer-causing genes

Front 18

Ubiquitin

Back 18

the molecule attatched so a proteasome can recognize the protein

Front 19

Amplification

Back 19

increases the number of copies of the gene

Front 20

Cytoplasmic determinants

Back 20

are maternal substances in the egg that influence early development

Front 21

trans- factors

Back 21

switches off an operon by binding to the cis-factor

Front 22

trp

Back 22

it binds to the trp repressor protein, which turns the operon OFF

Front 23

P53

Back 23

prevent suppression of the cell cycle

Front 24

inducer

Back 24

inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription

Front 25

gene expression

Back 25

essential for cell specialization

Front 26

catabolic pathway

Back 26

inducible regulation
default = OFF

Front 27

inducible

Back 27

in catabolic pathways

Front 28

cistron

Back 28

genes controlled by an operon

Front 29

repressor

Back 29

the protein that switches off an operon

Front 30

operator

Back 30

the repressor binds here to stop RNA polymerase

Front 31

morphogenesis

Back 31

physical processes that give an organism its shape

Front 32

DNA methylation

Back 32

generally
reduces transcription.

Front 33

euchromatin

Back 33

genes that are expressed

Front 34

control elements

Back 34

segments of noncoding DNA that help regulate transcription by binding certain proteins

Front 35

proto-oncogenes

Back 35

cancer-preventing genes

Front 36

activator

Back 36

is a protein that binds to an enhancer and stimulates transcription of a gene

Front 37

life span (t1/2)

Back 37

life span of mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm is a key to determining protein synthesis

Front 38

proteosome

Back 38

giant protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them

Front 39

microRNA (miRNA)

Back 39

can target specific mRNAs
for destruction.
can block the translation
of specific mRNAs.

Front 40

Ras proto-oncogene

Back 40

tumor-suppressor gene are common in human cancers

Front 41

Capsid

Back 41

is the protein shell that encloses the viral genome

Front 42

TMV

Back 42

now known as tobacco mosaic virus

Front 43

bacteriophage

Back 43

are viruses that infect bacteria

Front 44

Obligate intracellular parasite

Back 44

they can reproduce only within a host cell

Front 45

Virulent

Back 45

A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle

Front 46

Lysogenic cycle

Back 46

replicates the phage genome without destroying the host

Front 47

Restriction enzymes

Back 47

that recognize and cut up certain phage DNA as a defense against bacteriaphages

Front 48

Retroviruses

Back 48

use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA

Front 49

HIV

Back 49

retrovirus that causes AIDS

Front 50

Provirus

Back 50

The viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome

Front 51

Transposon

Back 51

small mobile DNA segments

Front 52

Vaccine

Back 52

are harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the actual pathogen

Front 53

Prions

Back 53

are slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals

Front 54

Pandemic

Back 54

global epidemic

Front 55

capsomeres

Back 55

protein subunits that build capsids

Front 56

viral envelope

Back 56

surround the capsids of influenza viruses and many other viruses found in animals

Front 57

host range

Back 57

a limited number of host cells that it can infect

Front 58

avirulent

Back 58

a virus that does not reproduce by the lytic cycle

Front 59

lytic cycle

Back 59

a phage reproductive cycle that culminates in the death of the host cell

Front 60

prophage

Back 60

viral DNA molecule is incorporated into the host cell’s chromosome

Front 61

temperate phages

Back 61

Phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles

Front 62

glycoprotein

Back 62

Viral glycoproteins on the envelope bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell

Front 63

reverse transcriptase

Back 63

Going from RNA to DNA

Front 64

plasmid

Back 64

circular DNA in bacteria and yeasts

Front 65

mobile genetic elements

Back 65

Plasmids, transposons, and viruses

Front 66

antibiotic

Back 66

Do not work with viral infections

Front 67

epidemic

Back 67

An outbreak of a strain of a virus