Final Exam Vocab

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Goals of Progressivism

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protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating an economic reform, fostering efficiency.

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Muckrackers

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journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public lifein mass circulation magazines in the 20th century.

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initiative

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a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers - on the ballot.

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referendum

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a vote on the initiative

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recall

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enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions by making them face another election before their term is up if enough voters asked for it.

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Upton Sinclair

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was a muckraking journalist who focused on human conditions in the stockyards in Chicago, who wrote "The Jungle" published in 1906, that descibed the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry.

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The Jungle

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A book written in 1906 by Upton Sinclair that described the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry.

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Meat Inspection Act

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dictated strick cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created by the program of federal meat inspection that was in use until it was replaced by more sophisticated techniques in the 1990s.

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NAACP

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(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Aimed for nothing less than equality among races.

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USS Mane

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a ship for the U.S. that was ordered to go to Cuba to bring home American citizens in danger of fighting and to protect American property. On Febuary 15, 1898 the ship blew up on the harbor of Havana. More than 260 men were killed.

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Yellow Journalism

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A sensational style of writting, which exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers.

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John J. Pershing

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a Brigadier General that was responsible for bringing forces to attempted to catch Francisco "Pancho" Villa.

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Pancho Villa

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was a leader of the Mexican rebels who opposed Carranza's provisional government.

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Spanish-American-Cuban War

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The Spanish blew up the USS Mane, Americans thought it was time for their intervention in Cuba and demanded a six month cease fire.They went to war in the Philiplines, and the Caribbean. The end of this war was the Treaty of Paris.

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Treaty of Paris 1898

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The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War in which Spain agreed to free Cuba, turned over islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and sold the United States tothe Philippines for $20 million.

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Queen Liliokalani

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was the queen of Hawaii who had realized her reign in Hawaii had come to an end.

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Causes of WW1

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The causes were Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliance, and Militarism.

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Selective Service

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the act that reqiured men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service.

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14 Points

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A speech made by Woodrow Wilson that were in points of 14 that were divided among 3 groups.

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Versailies Treaty and Senate Ratification

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Treaty of Versailies established nine new nations and barred Germany from maintaining an army. Herbert Hoover and others thought it was harsh, so theywere in opposition of the treaty. The reason it was ratified was so the Senate could declare war.

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Reaturn To Normalcy

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Harding wanted to return to normalcy, by normalcy he meant simplier days before the Progressive Era and the Great War.

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Sacco and Vanzetti

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were arrested an d charged with robbery and murder of a factory paymaster and his guard in South Braintree, Massachusettes.

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KKK in the 20s

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the membership reached 4.5 million, they did secret rituals and caused racial violence, and believed in keeping African-Americans in their place.

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Immigration in the 20s

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the creation of the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 happened because of 1919-1921, the immigration population population has grown to almost 600%.

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Union Membership in the 20s

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Labor Unions have dropped more than 5 million to around 3.5 million.

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Urban Sprawl

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cities werer built upwards. Now goes many ways due to the invention of automobiles. Cities have now became longer.

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Warren G. Harding

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Ohio Senator that became president. He wanted to return the nation back to normalcy.

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Teapot Dome Scandal

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the governmant had set aside oil-rich lands in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California for use by the U.S. Navy. Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, managed to get the oil reserves transferred from the Navy to the Interior Department. Fall leased the land to major compainies in return of loans, bonds, and cash. He was the first American to be convicted of a felony whie holding a cabinet post.

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Fordney-McCumber Tariff

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raised U.S. taxes by 60 %, this protected U.S. business' from competition and made it possible for Britain and Fraance to pay of war debts.

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Harlem Renaissance

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was a literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.

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Scopes Trial

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John T. Scopes was arrested for trying to teach evolution out of a civics book which was illegal. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100.

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Hot Line

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dedicated phone enabled the leaders of the White House and the Kremlin to communicate at once another crisis was to arise

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Warren Commission

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1963, investigated and concluded that Oswald had shot the president while acting on his own.

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John F. Kennedy

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was the 35th president of the United States starting in January 1961.

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Medicare

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provide hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance for almost every American age 65 or older.

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Medicaid

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extended health insurance to welfare recipients

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Brown V. Board of Education

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A case in which the father of 8 year-old Linda Brown had charged the Board of Education of Topeka of violating her rights by not letting her go to an all white elementry school, four blocks away from her house. The Supreme Court struck down segregation in schooling as a violation of the 14th Amendment.

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Korean War

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June 25, 1950 North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea. The conflict that followed this was the Korean War

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Truman Doctrine

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U.S. policy announced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal opponents

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Marshall Plan

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the program proposed by the Secretary of State, George Marshall in 1947, under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after World war 2

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containment

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policy in which the U.S couldn’t stop communism, but they could help prevent it

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Double Standard

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A set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to men than to women. It required women to observe stricter standards on behavior than men did.

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What was the OPA?

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(Office of Price Administration) fought inflation by freezing prices on most goods

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What was Anzio?

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“Bloody Anzio” was a battle when Hitler had Italy’s need leader arrested.

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What is a Nisei?

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refers to American citizens whose parents emigrated from Japan.

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What was D-Day?

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June 6, 1944, the first day invasion of Europe

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Brinksmanship

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On the edge, under the president, of going into an all-out war.

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McCarthyism

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The attacks on suspected Communists in the early 1950s

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Phyllis Schlafly

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thought ERA was a horrible group.

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Domino Theory

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1954 Eisenhower explained in which he likened the countries on the brink of communism to a row of dominoes waiting to fall one after the other.

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ERA

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(Equal Rights Amendment) said that women and men could enjoy the same rights and protections under the law.

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What was The Battle of the Bulge?

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Tanks drove 60 miles into allied territory, creating a bulge in the lines

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What was the WPB?

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(War Production Board) rationed fuel materials vital to the war effort, such as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber, and plastics.

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What was the Lend-Lease Plan?

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a policy where the president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to countries that would help the U.S.

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What was the Atlantic Charter?

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joint declaration war aims of British and the U.S.

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Dust Bowl

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The region that was the hardest hit, including parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado. It was a windstorm that carried dust to the eastern cities. It effects were that farmers left land behind, families headed west to California, and people found work as farmhands.

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Buying margin

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Paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. The government did little discourage such buying or to regulate the market. If the value of stocks declined, people who had bought on margin had no way to pay off the loans.

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Speculation

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Buying stocks and bonds, while ignoring the risks

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Fundamentalism

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The protestant movement grounded in a literal/non-symbolic interpretation of the bible was known as Fundamentalism. Fundamentalists were skeptical of some scientific discoveries and theories. They argued that all important knowledge could be found in the Bible. Their beliefs led to reject Charles Darwins theory of evolution.

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Bonus Army

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They were an expeditionary force of WWI veterans that gathered together in Washington D.C.

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Frances Perkins

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America’s first female cabinet member. As secretary of labor, she played a major role in creating the Social Security System and supervised labor legislation.

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Dejure segregation

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segregation by law

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Defactos segrergation

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segregation that exists by practice and custom

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SNCC

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(Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) a national protest group, wanting African-Americans in all white schools

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SCLC

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(Southern Christian Leadership Conference) planned to stage protests and demonstrations throughout the South.

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Black Panthers

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a political party that advocated self-sufficiency for African-Americans.

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Dixiecrat

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a number of Southern Democrats that formed the States’ Rights Democratic Party, and nominated their own presidential candidate, Governor Strom Thurmond from South Carolina

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Baby Boom

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as soldiers returned from WWII and settled into family life, they contributed to an unprecedented population explosion

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conglomerates

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a major corporation that includes a number of smaller companies in unrelated industries

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GI Bill Of Rights

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(Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) passed in 1944. This bill encouraged veterans to get an education by paying part of their tuition. The bill also guarenteed them a year’s worth of unemployment beniefits while job hunting. It also offered low interest rates and federally guyarenteed loans. Millions of families used these benefeits to buy homes and farms, or to establish businesses.

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franchise

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a company that offers similar products or services in many different locations

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Planned obsolescence

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a marketing strategy to encourage consumers to purchase more goods, manufactures purposely designed products to become obsolete, to wear out and become outdated in a small period of time.

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Fair Deal

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an extention of Roosevelt’s New Deal, included proposals for a nationwide system of compulsory health insurance and a crop-subsidy system to provide a steady income for farmers.

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AAA

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restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby a portion of their fields lie fallow.

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Appeasement

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was the policy of European democracies in the 1930s that aimed to avoid war with the dictatorships of Germany and Italy

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Battle of Stalingrad

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a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in southwestern Russia

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Betty Friedan

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was an American writer, activist and feminist.

A leading figure in the "Second Wave" of the U.S. Women's Movement, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is sometimes credited with sparking the "second wave" of feminism. Friedan co-founded National Organization for Women in 1966 which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men". She also wrote the book Our Wayward Sons.

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War powers act

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was a United States Congress joint resolution providing that the President can send U.S. armed forces into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if the United States is already under attack or serious threat.

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Ceaser Chavez

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as a Mexican American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).[

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ARVN

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was the land-based military forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), which existed from October 26, 1955 until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. The ARVN is often erroneously used as a collective term to refer to all South Vietnamese military forces, including the Vietnam Air Force and Republic of Vietnam Navy.

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Atomic Bomb

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is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion

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The Feminine Mystique

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is a book written by Betty Friedan. According to The New York Times obituary of Friedan in 2006, it “ignited the contemporary women's movement in 1963 and as a result permanently transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world” and “is widely regarded as one of the most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century”.[

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immigration act of 1965

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abolished the National Origins Formula that had been in place in the United States since the Immigration Act of 1924.

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the new right

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is used in several countries as a descriptive term for various policies and/or groups that are right-wing.

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muich pact

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was an agreement permitting Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland

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tonkin gulf resolution

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was a joint resolution of the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in response to a sea battle between the North Vietnamese Navy's Torpedo Squadron 135[1] and the destroyer USS Maddox on August 2, 1964, and an alleged second naval engagement between North Vietnamese torpedo boats and the US destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy on 04 August 1964

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1960 election

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marked the end of Dwight D. Eisenhower's two terms as President. Eisenhower's Vice President, Richard Nixon, who had transformed his office into a national political base, was the Republican candidate, whereas the Democrats nominated Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy.

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chinese civil war

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was fought between the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China (CPC).[6] The war began in April 1927, amidst the Northern Expedition.

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grapes of wrath

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is a novel published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers, the Joads, driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry

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holocaust

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is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany.

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black muslims

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African-American organizations that describe themselves as Muslim.

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goals of the new deal

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3 Rs": relief, recovery and reform. That is, relief for the unemployed and poor; recovery of the economy to normal levels; and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

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declaration of indian purpose

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In order to give due recognition to certain basic philosophies by which the Indian people and all other people endeavor to live, We, the Indian people, must be governed by high principles and laws in a democratic manner, with a right to choose our own way of life.

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causes of the great depression

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t. The specific economic events that took place during the Great Depression have been studied thoroughly: a deflation in asset and commodity prices, dramatic drops in demand and credit, and disruption of trade, ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment and hence poverty.

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progressivism

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it had four goals