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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why do we still care about racism and its consequences |
Self fufilling prophecy- we look at a group of people and assume they have no chance so they drop out and fail to acquire the skills they need for well paying careers. Sterotype threat- if someone is given the title of being good at something even if theyre not. some are given the stereotype of intellectual inferiority. |
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ABC model of group attitudes |
Affective=emotions--Behavioral=discrimination-- Cognitive=stereotypes |
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Stereotypes |
a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation |
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negatives/postivies of stereotypes |
if you like a group the stereotypes will be positive if you dislike a group the stereotypes will be negative |
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whats wrong with negative stereotypes |
if we have a negative stereotype that stereotype will be consistent and wont really change. we are inclined not to seek notice or remember the exceptions |
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whats wrong with positive stereotypes |
you give a title to african americans such as theyre all good athletes instead of something rather smart professional. Example darley and perry study of same basketball player- black or white |
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illusory correlation |
is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists. |
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Stereotype threat |
stereotypes can affect performance when you are aware of a stereotype against you. Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about ones group. such as women are bad at math or blacks are so good at bball. |
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Out group homogeneity |
we lost individual differences of people of outgroups, their personality becomes less important because "Theyre all similar to each other" |
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Duncan 1976 study |
when there were people listening to an argument in another room, there were whites and blacks and whites were viewed as playing around while blacks were viewed as aggressive |
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Stone Perry Duncan 1997 |
They had people listen to a tape of a basketball player and they told half he was black and half he was white. people viewed the black player as better and more athletic and viewed the white player as having good basketball IQ |
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differences between modern at traditional prejudice |
modern prejiduce is like being afraid of black people, hip hop is the biggest thing in our culture and black people make it however were still scared to walk past them on the street. Traditional prejiduce was being overtly racist |
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differences between benevolent sexism and traditional sexism |
traditional sexism views women as inferior in every way and benevolent sexism hold positive stereotypes of women like women are kinder than men more empathic more nuturing and so on |
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automatic processing |
attitudes about groups that just happen |
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controlled processing |
choose to disregard stereotyped info about [sometimes this doesn't happen] people who are making highly prejudiced strong need to make quick and firm judgements to reduce ambiguity. |
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Conformity |
changing ones behavior or belief in response to pressure(real or imagined)from others |
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difference between conformity compared to obedience and compliance |
compliance- change in behavior due to someone elees influence obedience- |
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Muzafer Sherif |
He put subjects in a dark room with a light and asked them to tell him how much the light moved. They claimed the light moved 2-6 inches however it didnt move |
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when are we more likely to conform as a result of informational social influence |
Ambiguous situations- we view others as a resource of what we should do Crisis situations- dont have time to think also in the presence of experts |
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When informational social information is negative |
when were in ambiguous situations and turn to others to adopt misinformation Psychogenic illness- group of people with similar physical symptoms with no physical cause. the school girls. |
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when informational social information is positive |
when you are better than the average. |
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how does the need to be accurate effect conformity |
when you are in a high pressure situation where accuracy is important you are more inclined to conform to what others say. comparing to a low-pressure situation you give the answer you believe yourself |
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What is a social norm? |
the implicit or explicit rules for acceptable behaviors, values and beliefs |
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Normative social influence |
influence of other people that leads us to conform so we are liked by them |
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when does something become a group norm |
Asch and later researchers found that conformity increases as the number of people in the group increase. But once the group reaches four or five other people conformity does not increase that much |
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What happened when people did not conform in Asch's study |
they would feel negative emotions due to not wanting to feel alienated being the only one giving that answer |
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public compliance |
conforming to others behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what the other people are doing or saying |
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public acceptance |
conforming to others behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right |
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sherif and asch added conditions what did they find? |
results suggest that people were relying on each other to define reality and came to privately accept the wisdom of the group estimate |
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brain imaging studies |
they found that people when people conformed even though they thought the answer was wrong that they would receive negative emotions for their actions |
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cross cultural differences in conformity |
Norweigin people conform more than french people because of theyre high coheisive and have a deep feeling of group identification. French had far less consensus in both social and political life. Japanese culture is highly conformative however in this study they hardly conformed because they dont conform with strangers |
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obedience |
A change in behavior due to an authority figure, its a specific type of compliance |
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milgrams study 1963 |
when he had people shock others due to his authority figure. he told people that HE to be blamed so people continued with the experiment which they did. |
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Later replications of this study |
since it is technically immoral they had to change it up a little bit. They found that 70% went and were ready to keep going until they stopped it. 82.5% in milgrams classic study so it is found that its very similar. Its not about aggression its about obedience |
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Ostracism |
to be rejected ignored or excluded |
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results of ostracism |
strips humans of their four basic human needs: belonging/acceptance, control, self-esteem, meaningful existence. also increased anxiety and depression, physical pain, withdrawal from social connection |
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what is a group |
two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other |
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social roles |
shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave examples:being a prof. vs a student also stanford prison experiment |
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social norms |
which behaviors are acceptable some of which all members are expected to obey and some of which vary from group to group. the power of norms to shape behavior becomes clear when we violate them |
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group cohesiveness |
qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between them. if a group is made to do something they will do it, the more cohesiveness a group the better. |
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what does the stanford prison experiment show us. |
People are very influence by their social roles and even if they're imaginary they will act upon them |
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social facilitation |
when the presence of other excites us. when people are in the presence of others and their indicidual performance can be evaluated, the tendency to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks |
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dominant response |
when arousal exists it is easier to perform a dominant response, but harder to do something complex or learn something new. Consider for example a behavior that is second nature for you |
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Zajonc studies |
he found that when we are in the presence of others it facilitates a well learned response but inhibits a less practice or new response |
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Social loafing |
when the presence of others relaxes us. when they are around others their individual performance cannot be evaluated. This can either impair performance on simple task or can also improve performance on complex, important tasks. |
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deindividuation |
the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified (such as when they are in a crowd) |
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deindividuation accountability |
one reason is that recognizing that there is a reduced likelihood that any indivual will be singles out and blamed leaves people feeling less accountable for their actions |
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Zimbardos electric shock experiment |
people were told to give shocks to people. those who wore hoods and were deindividualized were shocked 2x as much as those who were wearing normal clothes. it was women too |
