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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Isotopes have the same number of _____ and ____, but different number of _____. p. 27
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Protons and Electrons, different number of neutrons
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A combination of two or more atoms held together by CHEMICAL BONDS is called a ______. p 28
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molecule
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The region above the umbilical region is called ______. p20
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Epigastric Region
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The umbilical region is intermediate to the ____/____ ____ region. p.20
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Right/Left Lumbar Region
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The region superior to the right lumbar region is the _____ ______ region. p20
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right hypochondriac
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The region inferior to the right lumbar region is the ____ ____ region also known as _____ region. p20
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Right Iliac, aka Inguinal region
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Two or more DIFFERENT kinds of atoms that bind together are called ______. p29
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compounds
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Substances composed of 2 or more substances and are physically mixed together are called ______. p29
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Mixtures
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In a solution, the substance that is present in the GREATEST amount is called the ____. p29
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solvent
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A ______ is a homogenous mixture that can be gas, liquid, or solid. p29
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solution
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Mineral water is an example of _____ p29
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solution
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Gelatin is an example of ______ mixture. p29
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colloid
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Blood is an example of ______ mixture. p29
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Suspension
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This kind of bond is formed when atoms TRANSFERS electrons to one another. p32
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Ionic bond
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This type of bond is a bond where atoms SHARE electrons. p32
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covalent
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_____ molecules are electrically BALANCED and the electrons are shared equally. p34
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Nonpolar
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What kind of reaction is this?
A + B > AB |
Synthesis or Combination reaction
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What kind of reaction is this?
AB > A + B |
Decomposition reactoin
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What kind of reaction is this?
AB + C > AC + B |
Exchange or displacement reaction
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In a redox reaction, the atom that loses electrons is called an electron donor and is said to be ______. p37
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oxidized
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In a redox reaciton, the electron ACCEPTOR is said to become _____. p37
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reduced
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List five reason why water is vital for life? p. 38
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1. High heat capacity
2. High heat of vaporization 3. Polar solvent properties 4. Reactivty (reactant in many chemical reactions) 5. Cushioning (i.e. cushion for body organs) |
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What are the necessary life functions? p. 4
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Boundaries
Movement Response Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth |
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What are survival needs for life? p. 8
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Nutrients
Oxygen Water Normal Body Temp Appropriate Atm Press |
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Solutions with a pH below 7 are _____. p40
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acidic
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Solutions with a pH above 7 are ____. p40
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Basic
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Solutions with a pH equal to 7 are _____. p40
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neutral
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Galactose, fructose, and glucose are ______. p43
(what kind of saccharide? |
Monosaccharides
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Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose are ____. p43
(what kind of saccharide? |
disscharides
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Glycogen is _______. p43
(what kind of saccharide? |
Polysaccharide
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The building blocks of proteins are molecules called ______. p47
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Amino Acids
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____ fats are oils that have been solidified by the addition of the hydrogen atoms at sites of a double carbon bonds.
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Trans
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The alpha helix of a protein structure forms a ____. p.49
(what does it look like?) |
spiral
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The beta helix of a protein structure forms a ____ ____. p49
(what does it look like?) |
pleated sheet
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The alpha helix and beta sheets are both ______ protein structures. p.49
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secondary
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_____ energy is the amount of energy needed to break the bonds of the reactants so that they can rearrange themselves and become the product. p52
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Activation
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______ is the protein portion of the enzyme. p. 52
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apoenzyme
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____ is located chiefly outside the nucleus and can be considered a "molecular slave" of DNA. p. 55
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RNA
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What are the bases of DNA? p. 55t
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A, G, C, T
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What are the bases of RNA? p.55t
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A, G, C, U
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This system of the body picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood. It disposes of debris and houses WBCs involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. p7
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Lymphatic System/Immunity
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The body system allows us to manipulate our environment. It also produces heat and maintains posture. p7
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Muscular System
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This body system eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. It also regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. p7
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Urinary System
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This structure of the cell is the intracellular fluid. p62
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cytoplasm
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This structure of the cell controls cellular activities and is usually in the center of the cell. p.62
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nucleus
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This organelle is the site of ATP synthesis. It is the powerhouse of the cell. p 94t
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Mitochondria
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This organelle is the site of protein synthesis. p94t
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Ribosomes
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This organelle is the site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detox. p94t
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Smooth ER
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This organelle is the site of intracellular digestion. p94t
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Lysosome
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This organlle help detox a number of harmful substances. It breaks down Hydrogen peroxide. p94t
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Peroxisome
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This organelle supports the cell and gives it its shape. Involved in intracellular and cellular movements. It froms centrioles and cilia and glagells, if pesent. p94t
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Microtubules
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This organelle is involved in muscle contraction. It helps from the cell's cytoskeleton. p94t
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Microfilaments
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This organelle resists mechanical forces acting on the cell. p94t
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Intermediate filament
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Propels the cell. p94t
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Flagella
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Propels substances across the surface of the cell. p94t
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Cilia
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Increases the surface area of the cell for absorption. p94t
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Microvilli
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Integral proteins are (firmly inserted/loosely attached) to the lipid bilayer. p 64
Choose one. |
Firmly Inserted
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The fuzzy, sticky, carb-rich area at the cell sruface is called ______. p64
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glycocalyx
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True/False.
Cholesterol is present in the lipid billayer of a cell. |
True
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_____ junction is a series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membrane in adjacent cells that fuse together. It is an impermeable junction that encricles the cell. It prevents molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells. p66
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Tight
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___ junctions are present in heart and smooth muscle tissue. p. 67
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Gap
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Diffusion is (active/passive) transport. p68
Choose one. |
passive
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Osmosis is (active/passive) transport. p72t
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passive
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In hypertonic solutions, cells will _____. p72
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crenate
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In hypotonic solutions, cells will _____. p72
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lyse
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The cell "drinks" drops of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. What kind of endocytosis is this? p. 78
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Pinocytosis
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Where are nucleoli found? p93
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Within the nucleus, they are the sites where ribosomal units are assembled
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____ precedes the M phase of the cell cycle. p96
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Interphase
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DNA synthesis happens in the _____ phase. p96
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S phase of Interphase
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What are the phases in the cell cycle? p. 98-99
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Interphase,
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Acronym for remembering phase: IPMAT-I Passed My Anatomy Test |
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This phase of the cell cycle is where the centromeres are at the opposite poles of the cell and the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. p. 99
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Metaphase
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In this phase of the cell cycle, chromatin condense, sister chromatids are present, nuceloli disappears, centrosomes separate from one another. Mircotubules lengethen. p. 98
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Early Prophase
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This part of the cell cycle is the shortest phase of mitosis and chromosomes split simultaneously. o 99
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Anaphase
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______ part of protein synthesis involves the transfer of information from a DNA's base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule. p101
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Transcription
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List the 3 steps of transcription. p102
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1. Initiation
2. Elongation 4. Termination |
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The death of a cell or group of cells due to injury or disease is called ______. p109
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Necrosis
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Cellular suicide is synonymous to _____. p108
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aptopsis
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Single words to describe function of each tissue.
Epithelial ______ Connective _______ Muscle ______ Nervous ______ p114 |
epitheial covers
connective tissue supports muscle tissue movement nervous tissue control |
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These kind of fibers assembles into cross-linked fibrils. It is extremely tough and provides high tensile strength. They are also called white fibers. p125
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Collagen fibers
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These kind of fibers are long, thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix. They can stretch and recoil like rubber bands. p125
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Elastic fibers
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This kind of connective tissue supports and binds other tissues, holds body fluids, defense against infections, and stores nutrients as fat in fat cells. p126
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Areolar Connective Tissue
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This kind of CONNECTIVE tissue accounts for 90% of tissue's mass. It acts as a shock absorber, insulator, and as an energy storage site. p127
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Adipose Tissue
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This kind of connective tissue resembles areolar connective tissue, but its fibers are different. Its fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white bloods cells, mast cells, and macrophages. p128
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Reticular connective tissue
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This type of connective tissue are closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the SAME direction. p129
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Dense Regualr Connective
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This type of connective tissue receives its nutrients by DIFFUSION from blood vessels located in the perichondrium. p131
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Cartilage
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This kind of membrane lines body cavities that are open to the exterior. p139
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Mucous membrane
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This kind of membrane is found in closed ventral body cavities. p139
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Serous Membrane
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Name the steps of TISSUE REPAIR. p139
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1. Inflammation sets the stage
2. Organization restores blood supply 3. Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair |
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_____ is the examniation of the body, its organs, and tissues after death to determine the actual cause of death; also called postmortem examination and nercopsy. p144
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Autopsy
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A nutrtional deficiency cause dby lack of adequate vit C needed to synthesize collagen; signs and symptoms include blood vessel disruption, delay in wound healing, weakness of scar tissue and loosening of teeth. What kind of condition is this? p144
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Scurvy
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The papillary layer and reticular layer makes the _______ of the skin. p140
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Dermis
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What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep? p151
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Stratum Corneum
Stratum granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale |
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This layer of the epidermis appears only in the thick skin. p152
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stratum lucidum
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This layer of epidermis is thin and cosists of 3-5 cell layers; contains water-reistant glycolipid that is spewed in the extracellular space and is a major factor in slowing water loss across the epidermis. p152
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Stratum Granulosum
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This cell in the epidermis ingest foreign substances and are key activators of our immune system. p150
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Langerhans cells
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Eccrine sweat glans are also called ________. p155
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Merocrine Sweat Glands
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(APOCRINE/MEROCRINE) are abundant on palms, soles of the feet, and forehead.
Choose one. p155 |
Merocrine
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(APOCRINE/MEROCRINE) glands are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas. p156
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Apocrine
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Eccrine sweat glans are also called ________. p155
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Merocrine Sweat Glands
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(APOCRINE/MEROCRINE) are abundant on palms, soles of the feet, and forehead.
Choose one. p155 |
Merocrine
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(APOCRINE/MEROCRINE) glands are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas. p156
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Apocrine
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The cuticle of the nail is also called ______. p160
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eponychium
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What are the function of the integumentary system? p160
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Protection
Body Temp Regulation Cutaneous Sensation Metabolic Functions Blood Reservoir Excretion |
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(BASAL CELL CARCINOMA/SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA/MELANOMA) is the least malignant and most common kind of skin cancer. p163
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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(BASAL CELL CARCINOMA/SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA/MELANOMA) is the second most common skin cancer. Appears as a scaly reddened papule. Grows rapidly and metasize if not removed. p163
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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(BASAL CELL CARCINOMA/SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA/MELANOMA) is the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy. p163
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Melanoma
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9% of burns according to the rule of nines refers to ______ p163
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one leg
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18% of burn on the body according to the rule of nines is on the _______. p163
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Anterior Trunk
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The fetus is covered with a downy coat of delicate colorless hairs called _____ _____. p165
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lanugo coat
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What are the function of bones? p175
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1. Support
2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Mineral and growth factor storage 5. Blood cell formation 6. Trigylceride (fat) storage |
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What type of bone cell is a stem cell? p177
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Osteogenic cell
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What type of bone cell is a matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth? p177
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Osteoblast
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What type of bone cell is a mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix? p177
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Osteocyte
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What type of bone cell is a bone-reabsorbing cell? p177
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Osteoclast
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What kind of bone marking is a large rounded projection? p178
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Tuberosity
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What type of bone marking is very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process?
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Trochanter
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What type of bone marking is a bony prominence? p178
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Process
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What type of bone marking projection help form joints? p178
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Ramus
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________ hormone is released when blood levels of ionic calcium decline. p186
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Parathyroid
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______ is released by the thyroid and lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high levels.
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Calcitonin
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What is the first stage of healing a bone fracture? p189
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Hematoma forms
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What disease is in children is caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by a vit D deficiency? It characterized by bowed legs and dermoities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage. p189
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Rickets
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What kind of fracture is common in the aged? The bone is broken into fragments into 3 or more pieces. p190
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Comminuted
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What kind of fracture is a common sports fracture? p190
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Spiral
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What kind of fracture is common in children? p190
Why? |
Greenstick because bones are not fully ossified.
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What disease is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and reabsorption? p191
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Paget's disease
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The large hole at the base of the skull is called _______ ______. p201
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foramen magnum
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______ is an abnormal curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic p217 "twisted disease"
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Scoliosis
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______ is a dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature. p217 "hunchback"
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Kyphosis
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________ is an accentuated lumbar curvature. p217 "swayback"
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Lordosis
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How many vertebrae are in the cervical curvature? p217
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7
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How many vertebrae are in the thoracic curvature? p217
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12
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How many vertebrae are in the lumbar curvature? p217
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5
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How many fused vertebrae are in the sacral part of the vertebral column? p217
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5
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Which ribs are true ribs?
p224 |
1-7
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Which ribs are the false ribs? p224
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8-12
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Which ribs are the floating ribs? p224
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11,12
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What makes up the sternum? p224
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Manubrium, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint, xiphoid process
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This condition is characterized by swelling due to the overuse and inflammation of the tendons. The pain is greatest at night.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
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Synarthroses are (IMMOVABLE/SLIGHTLY MOVABLE/FREELY MOVABLE) joints. p249
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immovable
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Amphiarthroses (IMMOVABLE/SLIGHTLY MOVABLE/FREELY MOVABLE) joints. 249
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slightly movable
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Diarthroses are (IMMOVABLE/SLIGHTLY MOVABLE/FREELY MOVABLE) joints. p249
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freely movable
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________ are flattened fibrous sacs lined with snyovial membrane and contain a thin film of synovial fluid. p252
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Bursae
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__________ attachment point that is less movable. (p 253)
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Origin
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__________ attachment to movable bone. p253
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Insertion
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____ is a bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together. p255
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Flexion
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_______ is the turning of a bone around its own long axis. p256
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Rotation
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A ________ is the contractile unit, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins. p279
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Sarcomere
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Thick filament contain (myosin/actin) molecules p279
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Myosin
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Thin filament contain (myosin/actin) molecules p279
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actin
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The ____ zone is the lighter region in its midsection. p281
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H
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The ___ line bisects the H zone. p281
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M
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Z discs are located in the ___ band. p280
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I
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What factors affect muscle contraction? p300
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1. number of muscle fibers stimulated
2. the relative size of the fibers 3. frequency of stimulation 4. degree of muscle stretch |
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(FIRST/SECOND/THIRD) class levers is when the effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum. p324
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Third
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(FIRST/SECOND/THIRD) class levers is when the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the load is at the other. p324
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First
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(FIRST/SECOND/THIRD) class levers is the effort is applied at one end of the lever and fulcrum is located at the other, with the load between them. p324
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Second
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The PNS is subdivided into the ______ and ______ division. p387
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Sensory, Motor
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Sensory division is also called _____ division.
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Afferent
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Motor division is also called _____ division. p 287
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efferent
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The efferent division is also divided into _____ and ______. p387
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Somatic Nervous System, ANS
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The ANS is subdivided into _______ and ______ division. p387
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Sympathetic, Parasympathetic
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Which part of the nervous system conserves energy and promotes housekeeping function during rest? p387
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Parasympathetic division
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What part of the nervous system mobilizes body systems during activity? p387
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Sympathetic
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What part of the nervous system conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands? p387
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ANS
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What part of the PNS conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles? p387
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Somatic Nervous System
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Nerves are part of the (CNS/PNS)
Choose one. p390 |
PNS
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Tracts are part of the (CNS/PNS)
Choose one p390 |
CNS
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_____ _____ is a thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum. p431
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septum pellucidum
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What is the function of Broca's area? p437
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motor speech area
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_____ fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere. p441
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Association
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_____ fibers either enter the cerebral cortex from lower brain or cord centers or descend form the cortex to lower areas. Sensory info reaches the cerebral cortex and motor output leaves it through these projection fibers. They tie the cortex to the rest of the nervous system and to the body's receptors and effectors. p441
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Projection
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_____ fibers connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, enabling them to function as a coordinated whole. p441
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Commisure
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____ is a part of the diencephalon that plays a key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory. It is the gateway to the cerebral cortex. p443
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Thalamus
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_(THALAMUS/CEREBRUM/HYPOTHALAMUS/PONS/CEREBELLUM)______ is the main visceral control center of the boxy and is vitally important to overall body homeostasis. p443
Choose one. |
Hypothalamus
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The midbrain is located between the _____ and the _____. p445
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diencephalon, pons
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The brain stem regions are made of ______, ____, and ____ ____. p445
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midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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The ____ ___ of the corpora quadrigemina are the visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements. p446
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Superior Colliculi
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The ___ ____ of the corpora quadrigemina are part of the auditory relay form the hearing receptors of the ear to the sensory cortex. p446
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Inferior Colliculi
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The ________ is the most inferior part of the brain stem. It belnds into the spinal cord. p447
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medulla oblongata
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____ of the brain stem relays information from teh cerebrum to the cerebellum. p449
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Pons
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Purkinje cells are found in the _______. p450
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Cerebellum
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The ______ system is our emotional brain. p452
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Limbic
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_____ brain waves on an EEG shows when we are in a calm, relaxed state of wakefulness. p454
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Alpha
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_____ brain waves on an EEG are common in children. p454
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Theta
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_____ brain waves appear when we are metnally alert, as when concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus. p454
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Beta
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_____ brain waves are seen during sleep or may indicate brain damage in awake adults. p454
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Delta
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Total unrepsonsiveness to sensory stimuli for an extended period is called _____. p455
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coma
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What kind of receptors are Pacinian corpuscles? p486
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mechanoreceptors
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Awareness of changes in the internal anx external environments is _____. p488
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Sensation
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Conscious interpretation of those stimuli is _____. p488
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Perception
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? p493
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12
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____, _____, and ____ cranial nerves moves the eye. p493
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III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear V Abducens |
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____ cranial nerve is the only cranial nerve to extend beyond the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen. p493
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X Vagus
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There are ___ pairs of cervical spinal nerves. p502
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8
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There are ___ pairs of thoracic nerves. p502
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12
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There are ___ pairs of lumbar nerves. p502
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5
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There are ____ pairs of sacral nerves. p502
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5
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____ reflex is initiated by a painful stimulus and causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part from the stimulus. p518
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Flexor or Withdrawal
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