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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is personality? |
- refers to an individuals characteristics and behavior that makes a person unique - includes major traits, interests, drives, values, emotional patterns etc. |
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Psychodynamic |
- Helps clients understand their emotions and unconscious patterns of behavior - behaviors are often influenced by unconscious drives, conflicts, and that our early childhood experiences |
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Humanistic |
- looks at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization - have free will and responsibility in making there own decisions - all are motivated towards personal growth and strive to reach our full potential |
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Learning/social cognitive |
- focuses on the importance of mental processes in determining our behavior, including attention, memory, our belief systems and the general way in which we process information - focuses on how internal thoughts and feelings influence ones behavior |
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Free association |
- the expression of the content of consciousness without censorship as an aid in gaining access to unconscious processes. - Freud say behind the client where the client could not see him and Freud told him to just talk and say what is on the clients mind. |
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Interpretation |
Interpreting the signs they hear during free association |
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Analysis of resistance |
- Intentional or unintentionally blocking the process of therapy - if you start to engage in resistance then we are starting to figure out the underlying issue |
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Analysis of transference |
Putting your feelings onto someone else |
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Psychodynamic therapies |
Help the client gains insight of their unconscious |
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Conscious |
Whatever you are currently thinking about |
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Preconscious |
Material you have access to and that i can see i just am not thinking about it at the time |
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Unconscious |
- Material we do not have access to - EX: instinctual drives (drives for sex and aggression) |
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Id (libido) |
- hosting place of instinctual energy - we all have a limited amount of id that drives us to do things - pleasure principle (we seek to satisfy our desires (i want what i want and i want it now)) - part of unconscious |
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Ego |
- develops out of id - the rational side of personality - reality principle - tries to satisfy needs without leading to punishment - part of Preconscious |
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Biological |
- aspects of human behavior, personality, and psychological disorders are influenced by biological factors such as hereditary basis, chemicals like neurotransmitters and hormones, or specific brain structures |
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Superego |
- first represents approval of parents and then it develops into our own models - shouldn’t do things that i know is wrong - part of Preconscious |
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Id example |
Take the candy from a candy store |
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Superego example |
Don’t steal because it is wrong and my parents would not like it |
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Ego example |
As parents from money to buy the candy |
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Psychosexual development |
- As we ago in our early childhood, the energy is focused on a different part of our body that brings us pleasure. As we ago we leave behind energy and we begin to develop psychological problems. - the energy being left behind is called fixations |
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Stages of psychosexual development Stage 1: |
- Oral = mouth, lips, tongue - EX: mother would be loved because she is providing the breast milk |
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Stages of psychosexual development Part 2: |
- Anal = potty training - children gain pleasure from either withholding or releasing feces |
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Stages of psychosexual development Stage 3: |
- Pallic (representing a penis) = the individuals own genitals - argues that when you get to ages 4-6 kids find pleasure in manipulation of their own genitals - kids realize that playing with themselves feels good |
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Anal retentive |
- Everything needs to be clean and organized - Goes with stage 2: Anal |
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Oedipal complex/Electra complex |
All little boys develop a love affection for their mother |
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Trait |
Focuses on the idea that people differ from one another based on the strength and intensity of basic trait dimensions. - three things that characterize personality traits: consistency, stability, and distinctiveness |
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Defense mechanisms Repression |
- push down or block from reaching conscious awareness - Anything that would cause you anxiety is pushed down so that you are not consciously aware of them but it still impacts you - EX: When someone is raped, they don’t remember it but it still bothers them |
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Defense mechanisms Rationalization |
- Try to explain it/putting some reason behind unacceptable behavior - EX: When someone got rejected in a singing audition they would say its because there nervousness got in the way |
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Consistency and stability |
Describing yourself and being consistent and stable with the characteristics that are being described |
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Distinctiveness |
- We are all unique - individual differences |
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Psychodynamic approach stresses… |
Unconscious psychological process |
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Humanistic approach stresses… |
The importance of human values and dignity |
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Social cognitive approach stresses… |
Explaining how people regulate there behavior through control and reinforcement to achieve goal-directed behavior |
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Biological approach stresses… |
Behavior to be as a consequence of our genetics or childhood experiences |
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Defense Mechanisms Regression |
- when you are confronted with a serious stresses, you will go back to an earlier stage of how you dealt with a situation - EX: used to peer the bed but you stopped, then you watch a scary movie and pee the bed |
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Defense mechanisms Reaction formation |
- you turn unacceptable feelings into their opposite and then express them - EX: saying one thing but you feel the opposite |
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Defense mechanisms Projection |
- You are attributing your own desires onto somebody else - A cheating spouse who projects their partner is being unfaithful |
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Defense mechanisms Displacement |
- Redirect some unacceptable urge onto a substitute target - you are mad at your boyfriend so you take it out on your sister |
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Defense mechanisms Sublimation |
- Changing some forbidden desire into behavior that is socially acceptable - playing football to take your anger out |
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Carl Jung- analytic pyschology |
- he argued that we are all connected because we all share themes |
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Cardinal traits |
Single characteristic the influences about everything you do |
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Collective unconscious |
A collection of knowledge and imagery that every person is born with and is shared by all human beings due to ancestral experience |
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Archetypes |
A theme that is exposed to us that makes us act in a certain way |
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Individual psychology (Adler) |
- Every person in unique - encourages individuals to make positive contributions to society as well as achieve personal happiness - EX: a person born with a bad foot strives to be a professional dancer |
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Striving for superiority |
- to move in a self-centered manner, seeking to be superior over other |
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Compensation |
- when someone covers up weaknesses, frustrations, desires, or feelings of inadequacy to strive in another area of life - EX: A person feels bad about not being a good cook, so they overcompensate by having an extremely clean kitchen |
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Similarities and differences between Freud and the Neo-freudians |
- Freud focused on the functions of the ego, while neo-freudians focused on it even more and suggested that the ego has more control than the id in our everyday activities. - neo-freudians focused on the effects of society and culture |
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Problems with psychodynamic therapies |
- victim blaming - longer term commitment required - discusses childhood and personal history which some people do not like to do - relies on the unconscious mind |
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Gordon Allport |
Argued that all of us have core traits that describe us |
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Central traits |
3-10 traits that best describe you |
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Carl Jung- analytic pyschology |
- he argued that we are all connected because we all share themes |
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Cardinal traits |
Single characteristic the influences about everything you do |
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Collective unconscious |
A collection of knowledge and imagery that every person is born with and is shared by all human beings due to ancestral experience |
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Archetypes |
A theme that is exposed to us that makes us act in a certain way |
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Individual psychology (Adler) |
- Every person in unique - encourages individuals to make positive contributions to society as well as achieve personal happiness - EX: a person born with a bad foot strives to be a professional dancer |
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Striving for superiority |
- to move in a self-centered manner, seeking to be superior over other |
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Compensation |
- when someone covers up weaknesses, frustrations, desires, or feelings of inadequacy to strive in another area of life - EX: A person feels bad about not being a good cook, so they overcompensate by having an extremely clean kitchen |
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Similarities and differences between Freud and the Neo-freudians |
- Freud focused on the functions of the ego, while neo-freudians focused on it even more and suggested that the ego has more control than the id in our everyday activities. - neo-freudians focused on the effects of society and culture |
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Problems with psychodynamic therapies |
- victim blaming - longer term commitment required - discusses childhood and personal history which some people do not like to do - relies on the unconscious mind |
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Gordon Allport |
- Argued that all of us have core traits that describe us |
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Central traits |
3-10 traits that best describe you |
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Trait perspective |
- Does not attempt to explain why we have certain traits - maybe there are some underlying factors that really help describe personality |
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Factor analysis |
- to identify underlying dimensions - decide what goes in - determine interrelationships (correlation) - factor clusters - name the factors |
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Raymond Cattell |
Found 16 dimensions of personality |
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Esyencks 3 dimensions |
- extroversion - neuroticism - psychoticism |
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Extroversion |
- sociability, due to biological factor - outgoing, high energy, talkative |
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The big 5 (OCEAN) |
- Openness - conscientiousness - extroversion - agreeableness - neuroticism |
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Openness |
creativity, imagination |
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conscientiousness |
organized, responsible |
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extroversion |
outgoing |
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agreeableness |
how well you get along with others |
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neuroticism |
emotional stability |
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biological perspective |
all thoughts, feelings, and behavior have a biological cause |
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heredity |
traits passed from the parents to their offspring |
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temperaments |
- the way you react in situations - your nature |
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Evolutionary forces |
habits and cognitive traits that helped your ancestors survive have probably been passed down to you. |
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Humanistic perspectives |
looks at the whole individual and stresses free will, self-efficacy, and self actualization |
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Carl rogers Person centered theory |
identifies that every person has the capacity and desire for personal growth |
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Real vs ideal-self |
Real = the individuals true qualities and characteristics Ideal = who the person aspires to be |
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incongruence |
not being consistent with your ideal self. Not meeting your desired standards. |
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unconditional positive regard |
- respecting a person for the person that they are and assuming that they are doing the best that they can - offering compassion to people even if they have done something wrong |
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Maslows hierarchy of needs |
- physiological - safety - love - esteem - self-actualization |
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Physiological |
- lowest level - food, water, clothing, sex, sleep, breathing |
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Safety |
- shelter - Job security - health care - family |
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love |
want relationships |
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esteem |
wanting people to respect you |
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self-actualization |
- highest level - reaching my fullest potential |
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operant conditioning |
learning how to behave in such a way to obtain rewards and avoid punishments |
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observational learning |
the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others |
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reciprocal determinism |
- behavior, cognition, and environment all interact with and influence others - EX: a child is acting out in school because they do not like school |
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Locus of control |
- how much control a person feels they have in there own behavior - people believing they have control over the outcome of events in their lives |
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Atypical |
Not typical |
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Generalized anxiety disorder |
- when people experience a chronic level of anxiety that has been going on for at least 6 weeks - constant high levels of anxiety - people who have this disorder are frequently more fatigued |
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Phobia disorders |
A strong, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger |
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Specific phobia |
An intense , irrational fear of a specific object or situation that’s out of proportion to the actual risk |
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Social anxiety disorder (social phobia) |
The irrational fear that you will do something in public and you fear that you will be embarrassed |
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Agoraphobia |
- fear of the marketplace - they fear that if they are out in the world somewhere, that they could have an anxiety attack and not be able to get out of the situation |
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Panicdisorder |
- An individual must experience an unexpected panic attack and then develop substantial anxiety about having future panic attacks |
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Panic attack |
- Feeling of intense fear or anxiety that makes you feel like you are choking, rapid heart beat, shaky. - people often feel like they are dying |
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Cognitive causes |
They have disturbed, irrational thoughts |
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Compulsion |
- the irresistible urge to engage in some action repeatedly - EX: if your hands are dirty, you might wash them 100 times a day |
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Somatic symptom disorder |
- experience or complain about multiple physical symptoms and these complaints often lead these people to that the symptoms have to do with something serious - EX: complaining about having a lot of issues with you health - EX: if a doctor tells them that there is nothing wrong with them, then they will say the doctor just did not find the issue |
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Deviant |
Behavior that violates the normative rules, understandings, or expectations |
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Conversion disorder |
- Experience significant loss of physical function but there is no true biological cause behind it - EX: an individual is paralyzed but there is nothing that can be found explaining why this is happening |
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Dissociative amnesia |
- There’s not physical problem but there is some type of psychological stressor and they end up losing the knowledge of who they are - EX: if someone goes through something traumatic, they might forget the whole situation |
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Dissociative fugue |
- After a significant stressor, an individual becomes amnesiac of their past, and they end up traveling somewhere else and start a new life without remembering there past life - once they get out of the fugue stage where they created a new life, they end up remembering their past life and forgetting the fugue |
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Dissociative identity disorder |
- An individual experience 2 or more personalities or identities - EX: individual blacks out and during the black out, there is another personality or identity that comes out - the average number of identities is 10 but some people have hundreds - can be different ages, races, gender, etc. - have the host and the alter (alternative identity(s)) |
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Major depressive disorder |
- Emotional dysregulation - Must have extreme prolonged sadness for at least 2 weeks - anhedonia = loss of pleasure - disturbances in sleep, appetite, energy, fatigue, etc. |
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Dysthymia disorder |
A less intense depression |
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Bipolar disorder |
- Individuals alternate between downside, depression and the upside, mania - you do not have to have had depression to be diagnosed with this - Rapid cycling = 4 times across the entire year, you have a shift where you have a few manic episodes and depressive episode - each state can stay for days or months |
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Maladaptive |
Behavior that interferes with an individuals activities of daily living or ability to adjust to and participate in particular settings |
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Distress |
- Refers to non-specific symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression - negative stress response |
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Self-defeating |
- Behaviors that move you away from the goals that you have set for yourself - any behaviors that typically result in something the person does not want to happen |
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Major causes for psychodynamic behavior |
- Our past experiences - childhood trauma - unconscious conflict |
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Major causes for biological |
- genetic link - in-balance in neurochemicals |
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Major causes for Learning/behavioral |
the behaviors that are engaged in no longer bring them pleasure like they used to |
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Cognitive |
They have disturbed, irrational thoughts |
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What does the DSM-5 include |
The most up-to-date criteria for diagnosing mental disorders, along with extensive descriptive text |
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Schizophrenia |
- loss of contact with reality and severe deterioration in normal functioning behavior - delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior - flat affect = someone who does not show any emotion - negative symptoms = not caring about things that are going on |
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Interpretation |
Interpreting the signs they hear during free association |
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Analysis of resistance |
- intentional or unintentionally blocking the progress of therapy - if you start to engage in resistance then we are starting to figure out the underlying issue |
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Analysis of transference |
Putting your feelings onto someone else |
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Psychodynamic carl therapies |
Help the client gain insight of there unconscious |
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Carl rogers person centered therapy |
The therapist job is to give you a climate where you are value. If the conditions are right then you will figure out what your path is. |
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Mirroring |
Saying back to you what you said |
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Rephrasing |
Saying this is what i am hearing and i just want to make sure this is what you mean |
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Genuineness |
Someone’s character which is honestly experienced and thoughtfully shared with others |
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Empathy |
Understanding another persons experience by imagining oneself in that other persons situation |
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Unconditional positive regard |
Respecting the client as a human being with his or her own free will and operating under assumption that he or she is doing the best they can |
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Schizophrenia possible causes |
- Genetic predisposition - neurotransmitters = dopamine and serotonin - individuals with elevated dopamine levels are more likely to have it - structural abnormalities |
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Cognitive behavioral therapy |
Helps you become aware of inaccurate or negative thinking so you can view challenging situations more clearly and respond to them more effectively |
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Psychodynamic therapies |
Help the client gain insight of there unconscious |
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Behavioral therapies |
- These are learned in classical conditioning and it continued because of operant conditioning - they don’t help the client understand they just help the client change their behavior |
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Systematic desensitization |
- makes you less sensitive to something - EX: if you have a phobia of a spider then they help you learn to be less sensitive to it - you learn relaxation techniques |
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Fear hierarchy |
EX: think about a spider and then learn to relax and then go all the way up to thinking about a spider crawling on your arm and you will learn how to relax while thinking about it |
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Flooding |
- you will be exposed to the full stimulus - EX: lock someone in a spider house at the zoo and you keep them in there until there anxiety starts to come down |
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Exposure and response prevention |
EX: the therapist will tell someone to touch the table with chalk on it and they tell you that you have to wait a certain amount of time until they allow you who wash your hands (OCD) |
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Aversion therapy |
- pairs an aversion stimulus with a behavior that you want to end - using classical conditioning and pairing something that is aversive with something unpleasant |
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Behavior modification (token economies) |
Using operant conditioning to change behavior |
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ABC Model |
- Activating event - getting divorce - Beliefs about event - the beliefs about the event actually lead to the emotional consequence - emotional consequence - being depressed |
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Possible causes for mood disorders |
- genetic component - neurotransmitters = dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin - attributions (internal), stable (its always going to be this way), global (its going to be this way in other places also) = inferences about the causes of behavior |
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Drugs: Tricyclics |
- treats major depressive disorder - increases neurotransmitters levels: norepinephrine and serotonin |
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Drugs: MAO inhibitors |
- eases depression - prevents removing norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine from the brain |
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Drugs: SSRIs |
- treat anxiety and depression - blocks the transient ion of serotonin |
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Drugs: Benzodiazepines |
- relieves anxiety - inhibits GABA |
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Aversion therapy |
- pairs an aversion stimulus with a behavior that you want to end - using classical conditioning and pairing something that is aversive with something unpleasant - EX: placing hot sauce on your nails to help you stop biting them |
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Drugs: Thorazine |
- treats schizophrenia and psychotic disorders - prevents dopamine |
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Drugs: Clozapine |
- treat schizophrenia - blocks dopamine and targets serotonin |
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
- used to treat someone with every depression |
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Psychosurgery |
Treatment of psychological disorders by brain surgery |
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Drugs: SSRIs |
- treat anxiety and depression - increase serotonin levels in the brain |
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Drugs: Benzodiazepines |
- relieves anxiety - increases efficiency of GABA |
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Possible causes for obsessive-compulsive disorder |
- genetic - brain abnormalities - environment - neurotransmitter = glutamate |
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Possible causes for anxiety disorder |
- trauma - genetics - classical and operant conditioning - faulty thinking/irrational thoughts - neurotransmitters = GABA |
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Insight therapies |
- verbal interaction between client and therapist - enhance clients self-knowledge - promote healthful changes - The goal is to talk it out and figure out the problem to help make you better |
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
- used to treat someone with severe depression |
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Free association |
Frued sat behind the client to where the client could not see frued and frued tells him to just talk and say what’s on there minds |
