Final Exam Multiple Choice

Front 1

Structural Geology

Back 1

shapes, arrangement and interrelationships of bedrocks and forces responsible for them

Front 2

Tectonic Forces at Work

Back 2

Stress, Strain in Earth's Crust

Front 3

Stress

Back 3

force acting on body or rock changing size and shape

Front 4

Strain

Back 4

how rock responds to stress

Front 5

3 Types of Stress:

Compressional Stress

Back 5

Forces act in same direction

Front 6

3 Types of Stress:

Tensional Stress

Back 6

Forces act in opposite direction

Front 7

3 Types of Stress:

Shear Stress

Back 7

Forces parallel to one another acting in opposite directions

Front 8

Geologic Cross Section

Back 8

Deformed body of rock regains its original shape after release of stress then that behavior is called elastic

Front 9

Geologic Map

Back 9

Produced from field map using various symbols to represent rock types and geologic structures

Front 10

Strike

Back 10

Compass direction of line formed by intersection of inclined plane with horizontal plane

Front 11

Angle of Dip

Back 11

Measured downward form horizontal plane to bedding plane

Front 12

Direction of Dip

Back 12

Compass direction where angle of dip is measured

Front 13

Folds

Back 13

wavelike features or bends in rock

Front 14

Geometry of Folds

Back 14

helpful in establishing many oil and gas deposits by mere shape

Front 15

Axial Plane

Back 15

3 dimensional plane, which divides limbs of fold into more or less equal halves

Front 16

Structural Domes

Back 16

Structure in which beds dip away from central point

Front 17

Structural Basins

Back 17

Structure where beds dip towards central point

Front 18

Open Folds

Back 18

Limbs dip very gently; stress involved is much less

Front 19

Isoclinal Folds

Back 19

Limbs parallel to one another, stress involved is much higher

Front 20

Overturned Folds

Back 20

Axial plane is inclined to degree that limbs seem to be dipping in same direction

Front 21

Recumbent Folds

Back 21

Limbs are overturned to such extent that limbs look mainly horizontal

Front 22

Joints

Back 22

No shear displacement, fracture then is called this

Front 23

Faults

Back 23

Fractures in which movement has taken place

Front 24

Dip-Slip Faults

Back 24

Vertical movement between fault plane has taken place; two types: Normal and Reverse

Front 25

Earthquakes

Back 25

Rapid release of energy from rocks they rupture

Front 26

Seismic Waves

Back 26

waves of energy produced by earthquakes

Front 27

Focus

Back 27

point of origin of earthquake

Front 28

Epicenter

Back 28

point on earth's surface directly above focus

Front 29

Two types of Seismic waves:

Back 29

Body and Surface waves

Front 30

Body Waves

Back 30

travel through earths interior spreads out in all directions

Front 31

Surface Waves

Back 31

Travel through earth's surface away from epicenter

Front 32

Body waves Primary

Back 32

compressional and vibrates parallel to direction of wave propogation

Front 33

Body waves Secondary

Back 33

transverse and slower

Front 34

Surface-Love Waves

Back 34

like S waves and have no vertical displacement do not travel through liquids, slow, highest amplitude

Front 35

Surface-Rayleigh Waves

Back 35

behave like rolling ocean waves, make ground move in elliptical path in direction opposite to one that wave passes

Front 36

Seismograph

Back 36

instrument used to record earthquake detects motion of the earth

Front 37

Seismogram

Back 37

resulting paper record from earthquake

Front 38

Mercalli Scale

Back 38

Eye Witness account

Front 39

Richter's Magnitude Scale

Back 39

Magnitude number assigned to earthquake based on amount of ground displacement shaking produced near epicenter

Front 40

Moment Magnitude Scale

Back 40

used for very large earthquakes, takes into account strength of rock, displacement along fault, area of break along fault- more scientific

Front 41

Permanent diplacement of land surface

Back 41

can take place as result of movement along fault

Front 42

Tsunami

Back 42

result of sudden movement of sea floor, upward or downward generating tidal waves- also called seismic sea waves

Front 43

Circum-Pacific belt

Back 43

most important region-concentrated earthquakes

Front 44

Mediterranean-Himalayan belt

Back 44

important region runs through mediterranean sea across mideast, himalayans, east indies to meet circum-Pacific belt

Front 45

Benioff zone

Back 45

location of earthquake zones at ocean trenches; when slopes under continent or curved line of continents called island arcs

Front 46

Seismic Reflection

Back 46

return of some energy from seismic waves- occurs when 2 rocks with different properties

Front 47

Seismic Refraction

Back 47

bending of seismic waves as they pass from one material to another