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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fluid accounts for how much of body mass?
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about 60%, large amount
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Salt and water balance determines...
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chemical environment of proteins, availability of ions for APs, and osmotic pressures
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A cell moved to a dilute solution...
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takes in water, must LOWER solute number to restore volume
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A cell moved to a salty solution...
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loses water and must RAISE solute number to restore volume
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Inorganic ions perform many functions, so they are...
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not regulated to maintain cell volume
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Organic molecules...
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are regulated to control cell volume
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Three major types of body fluids:
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plasma, interstitial, intracellular
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Plasma, interstitial, and intracellular fluids are often BLANK
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isoosmotic
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Intracellular fluid often has different BLANK than the other fluids (plasma, interstitial)
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has different ion composition (all have similar osmotic pressures though)
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Osmotic regulation...
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is the maintenance of a constant osmotic pressure in the blood plasma regardless of environment
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Humans maintain blood plasma at?
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about 300 mOsm
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Ex: blue crab, osmotic BLANK
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osmotic regulator, lives in estuaries with variable salinity
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Some hypoosmotic species cannot regulate, instead they become BLANK
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osmoconformers when they enter salt water; these are called hyper-isomotic regulators
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Some species can regulate both sides of the isosmotic line, called BLANK
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hyper-hyposmotic regulators
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Humans maintain blood plasma at?
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about 300 mOsm
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Blood composition maintained by
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kidneys, gills, and salt glands
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Ex: blue crab, osmotic BLANK
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osmotic regulator, lives in estuaries with variable salinity
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Kidneys remove BLANK and BLANK from blood plasma, producing BLANK
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remove water and solutes, producing urine
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Some hypoosmotic species cannot regulate, instead they become BLANK
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osmoconformers when they enter salt water; these are called hyper-isomotic regulators
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U/P Ratios
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Urine(U) to Blood Plasma (P)
Osmotic U/P Ratio is osmotic pressure of urine divided by osmotic pressure of plasma |
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Some species can regulate both sides of the isosmotic line, called BLANK
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hyper-hyposmotic regulators
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U/P > 1
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hyperosmotic urine
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Blood composition maintained by
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kidneys, gills, and salt glands
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U/P < 1
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hyposmotic urine
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Kidneys remove BLANK and BLANK from blood plasma, producing BLANK
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remove water and solutes, producing urine
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U/P = 1
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isomotic
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U/P Ratios
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Urine(U) to Blood Plasma (P)
Osmotic U/P Ratio is osmotic pressure of urine divided by osmotic pressure of plasma |
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U/P > 1
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hyperosmotic urine
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U/P < 1
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hyposmotic urine
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U/P = 1
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isomotic
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Hyperosmotic urine combats...
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water loss (U/P > 1); urine contains less water relative to solutes than plasma
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Hyposmotic urine combats...
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water gain (U/P < 1); urine contains more water relative to solutes than plasma
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Isosmotic urine can mantain blood volume...
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without affecting its osmolarity
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Effects of hyperosmotic urine on osmotic pressure of plasma
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ratio of solutes to water in plasma is shifted downward; osmotic pressure of plasma is lowered
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Effects of hyposmotic urine n osmotic pressure of plasma
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ratio of solutes to water in plasma is shifted upward; osmotic pressure of the plasma is raised
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Freshwater Animals are BLANK regulators
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hyperosmotic regulators
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Blood plasma of freshwater animals
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mainly Na+ and Cl-; tend to lose ions and gain water
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Removing ions from urine is...
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less costly than obtaining them from dilute water; fish do both through gills or skin using ATP
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Salt lost in freshwater animals through...
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diffusion and feces; actively absorb ions
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Water gain in freshwater animals through...
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osmosis, food
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Freshwater fish response to diffusion...
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get rid of water and uptake inorganic ions lost to diffusion
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Chloride cells in gills of fish...
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pump ions into blood; are electroneutral
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Saltwater animals are BLANK regulators
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mainly isosmotic, due to concentrations of inorganic ions in blood
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Teleosts are BLANK to seawater
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hyposmotic to seawater, must excrete ions from their gills and kindeys
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Teleosts do what to obtain water?
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Must drink salty seawater, then excrete Na+ and Cl- ions with chloride cells
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Reptiles are birds are BLANK
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hyposmotic, excrete salt via cranial salt glands
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Mammals are BLANK
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hyposmotic, and produce urine HYPEROSMOTIC to seawater
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Elasmobranchs are BLANK
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hyperosmotic to seawater, retain urea in blood; they gain water and must excrete ions
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Marine animals may be hyposmotic or isosmotic - teleosts and cephalopods
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teleosts have dilute blood relative to seawater, tend toward dehydration, uptake ions by diffusion
cephalods are isosmotic due to inorganic ions in blood |
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Chloride cell of a marine teleost fish
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pumps ions, requires ATP and mitochondria in large numbers
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In a marine teleost, chloride cells secrete Na and Cl into seawater by...
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secondary active transport and diffusion
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Marine reptiles extrete salt from...
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cranial salt glands, same cellular mechanism as fish; salty fluid drips from eyes or nose
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Sharks are hyperosmotic due to....
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urea retention in tissues; they gain water and salts across gills
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On land, evaporative water loss (EWL)
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in skin, lungs, body surfaces; greater in small animals due to higher metabolic rate
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EWL is combated with...
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integumentary lipids in skin or exoskeleton
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EWL: cooling exhaled air causes water to condense in respiratory passages...
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hence water retained rather than lost in breath
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Excretory water loss occurs through
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urine, salt glands
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Excretory water loss combated by
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reducing amount of excreted solutes or by concentration of urine
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Mammals max U/P?
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26 (max 4 in humans)
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Reptiles, insects, birds produce BLANK wastes
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insoluble nitrogenous wastes, such as uric acid, urate salts, guanine
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Mammals and birds (endotherms) cool exhaled air to...
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reduce EWL; moisture condenses in nasal passages
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Smaller animals have BLANK rates of EWL
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HIGHER rates of EWL; two factors - small animals have larger surface area to volume, and higher mass-specific metabolic rate
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Amphibians in terrestrial environments absorb water...
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through skin from moist substrates, storing 50% of body weight in water in bladder
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Dormancy in amphibians
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during day and during dry season, can tolerate dessication and nitrogen accumulation
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Cuticular lipids on skin act to...
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reduce water loss; some frogs in deserts spread lipids on skin
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Invertebrates in terrestrial environments produce BLANK urine
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extremely concentrated urine, U/P = 2 to 8
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Arthropods with trachea close spiracles to
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limit water loss
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EWL rises abruptly....
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above a threshold temperature
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Desert lizards
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have low metabolic rates, can tolerate high blood solute concs, excrete insoluble wastes
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Desert lizards obtain water
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directly from food
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Kangaroo rats combat EWL -
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by concentrating urine (U/P = 14), cool and dry exhaled hair, mainly active at night
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Water can be obtained from food or drink that is BLANK to urine
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hyposmotic (kangaroo rats have such concentrated urine, need no free water to drink)
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Metabolic water produced in...
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aerobic catabolism, along with CO2
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BLANK yields most metabolic water; BLANK yields least
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Fat yields most, protein yields least
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