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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Qualitative Data
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observations in which you use your senses to obtain the qualities of the traits or changes.
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Independent variable
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the variable in an experiment which you change on purpose; the variable for which you are testing.
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Dependent Variable
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the variable that is measured in an experiment; the variable which you are observing for change.
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Control
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the group in an experiment, that receives no experimental treatment; it is used for comparison.
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Prediction
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The expected outcome of a test
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Observation
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The first step in the scientific method, which leads to questioning.
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Theory
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a set of related hypothesis that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists.
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Hypothesis
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an educated guess, as to the answer to a question.
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atom
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the smallest unit of matter that can not be broken down by chemical means.
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proton
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a positively charged molecule found in the nucleus
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electron
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a negatively charged molecule orbiting the nucleus of an atom
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neutron
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a neutrally charged molecule also found in the nucleus
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element
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substance composed of a single type of atom
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molecules
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the smallest particle of a substance that still has the properties of that substances.
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lipids
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non-polar molecules that are not soluble in water
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carbohydrates
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organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the proportions 1:2:1
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protein
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a change of molecules called amino acids linked together like pearls on a necklace.
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nucleic acid
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organic molecule made of nuclotides; stores hereditary infomtion for cell function.
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amino acid
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building blocks of a protein
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monosacchariaes
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building blocks of carbohydrates that are single sugars.
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nucleotide
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sub unit of nucleic acids consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
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sugar: ribose deoxyipose
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an essential structuaral component of living cells and source of energy for animals.
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Bases
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adenine, guanine, cytoesign, thymine, uracil. Compound that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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mitochondria
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organelle that the site of cellular respiration
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cell membrane
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phospholipide portein bi-layer; seperates cell contains from the enviornment
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vacuole
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membrane bound sack containing food or water in plants it helps it stand up right.
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endoplasmic reticulum
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net work of membranes in the cell that transports materials made by the cell
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ribosome
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small spherical body which contains RNA and is the site of protein synthesis
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organalle
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sub celluar part usually with a membrane that performs a specific function.
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cell wall
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the outer most covering of most plant fungual and some protist; made of cellulose
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receptor
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protein of the cell membrane which transmits information into the cell by reacting to certain other molecules
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osmosis
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the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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diffusion
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the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration caused by random motion of particles of the substance
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endocytosis
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the active transport of a substance into a cell by a vesicle
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exocytosis
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the active transport of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of a cell
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mutation
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a change in the DNA of a gene
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enzyme
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assists chemical reactions inside the cell
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cystic fibrosis
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is a fatal disorder in which adnormally thick mucus builds up in man organs including the lungs.
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cancer
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a growth disorder of cells that occur when cells divided uncontrollably in the body.
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metabolism
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the sum of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism
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pH
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acid
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starch
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important polysaccharide that is stored sugar in plants.
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ATP
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adenosine triphosphate: a nucleotide with two extra energy-storying phosphates: main energy currency of cells
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nucleus
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An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons
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Fatty Acid
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A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form f
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Polypeptide
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A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide b
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peptide
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The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by condensation synthesis
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organelle
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One of several formed bodies with a specialized function, suspended in the cytoplasm and found in eukaryotic cells.
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organic compound
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A chemical comound containing the element carbon and usually synthesized by cells
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ciila
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A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane
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eukarvore
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An organism whose cells contain membraine-bound organelles and whose DNA is enclosed in a cell nucleus and is associated with proteins.
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embryo
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A developing stage of multicellular organisms; in humans, the stage in the development of offspring from the first division of the zygote until body structures begin to appear; about the ninth week of gestation
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DNA
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A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins
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triplet
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A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide ch
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replication
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The process of making a copy of something.
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gene
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A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)
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intron
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A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene
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Exon
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The coding region of a eukaryotic gene that is expressed. Exons are separated from each other by introns
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codon
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A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
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transcription
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The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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A type of RNA synthesized from DNA in the genetic material that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein
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Ribosomal RNA
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The most abundant type of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the structure of ribosomes that coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to the series of mRNA codons.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
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anticodon
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A specialized base triplet on one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
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translation
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The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to am
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capsule
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A slimy layer around the cells of certain bacteria
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virus
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A slimy layer around the cells of certain bacteria
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homeostasis
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The steady-state physiological condition of the body
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second messenger
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A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protei
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active transport
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The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.
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Meiosis
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A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in gametes with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
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inversion
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An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or from mutagens; reattachment in a reverse orientation of a chromosomal fragment to the chromosome from which the fragment originated
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Binary fission
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The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome.
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cloning
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The production of multiple copies of a gene
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sexual reproduction
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A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents
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chloroplast
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An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water
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golgi appartus
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An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum
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hydrolysis
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A chemical process that lyses or splits molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.
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hydrogen bonds
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A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
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duplication
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An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error in meiosis or mutagens; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome.
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Deletion
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A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage
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daughter cell
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A cell that is the offspring of a cell that has undergone mitosis or meiosis. The term "daughter" does not indicate the sex of the cel
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crossing over
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The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I.
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chromosome
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A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated prote
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chromatid
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Either of the two strands of a replicated chromosome, which are joined at the centromere.
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haploid cell
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A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)
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diploid
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A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent
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polyploid
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Cell with more than two complete sets of chromosomes per nucleus
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down syndrome
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A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defec
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mitosis
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A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.
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haploid cell
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A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n)
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diploid
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A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent
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polyploid
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Cell with more than two complete sets of chromosomes per nucleus
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down syndrome
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A human genetic disease resulting from having an extra chromosome 21, characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defec
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mitosis
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A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei.
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Quantitative data
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a numeric measurements. The data are objective - they are the same no matter who measures them.
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Experimental group
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look up
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Constants
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The conditions that do not change during an experiment
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Questions
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come from observations
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evidence
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i don't know
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carbon
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has unique bonding properties, it is the building block of life, the atoms are the basis of most molecules that make up living things. Have 3 fundamental structures - straight chains, branched chains, rings.
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Conclusion
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I don't know
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polymer
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large carbon based molecule formed by monomers.
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Phosphate
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inorganic chemical
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covalent bonds
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chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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Hydrogen Bond
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attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly slightly atom.
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Ionic Bond/ion
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chemical bond formed through the electrical force between oppositely charged irons.
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substrate
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reactant in a chemical reaction upon which an enzyme acts.
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chemical reaction
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process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds.
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Hereditary Information/material
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heritibility - ability of a trait to be passed from one generation to the next.
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translocation
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a piece of one chromosome moves to a nonhomologous chromosome. It is often reciprocal which means that the two nonhomologous chromosomes exchange segments with each other
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Parent Cell
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a cell that divides to give rise to two daughter cells. (same genetic content as parent)
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chromosomal mutation
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gene duplication and gene translocation an unpredictable change that occurs during meiosis.
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somatic cell
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cell that makes up all o the body tissues and organs, except gametes.
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Gamete
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se cell: an egg or a sperm cell
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prokaryote
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cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane -bound organelles.
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cell wall
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rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape to cells in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria
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Nucleus
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organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as the storehouse for most of a cell's DNA
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Vesicle
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small organelle that contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm.
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lysosome
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organelle that contains enzymes
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bacteria
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one of the three domains of life, containing single celled prokaryote in the kingdom bacteria
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experimental group
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control group and experimental group are exactly the same except for the factor that is being tested.
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differentiation
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process by which committed cells acquire the structures and functions of highly specialized cells.
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