Final Exam- Comprehensive Section

Front 1

Geological time category of first terrestrial plants (mosses, liverworts, vascular plants)

Back 1

Ordovician

Front 2

Geological time category of first amphibians

Back 2

Devonian

Front 3

Geological time category of mass extinction of dinosaurs and ammonoids

Back 3

Cretaceous

Front 4

Geological time category of first gnathostomes (marine)

Back 4

Silurian

Front 5

Geological time category of first birds

Back 5

Jurassic

Front 6

Transitional form(s) between dinosaurs and birds

Back 6

Archaeopteryx

Front 7

Early thermophilic and halophilic prokaryotes

Back 7

Archaea

Front 8

Primitive mammal-like "reptiles"

Back 8

Pelycosaurs

Front 9

Fish predecessors to first amphibians

Back 9

Rhipidistians

Front 10

First mammals

Back 10

Morganucodun

Front 11

Fossilized remains of organisms are found most often in

Back 11

sedimentary rocks

Front 12

Which of the following radioactive methods (decays) would be used to date fossils 5,000-6,000 years old?

Back 12

carbon-14 to carbon-13

Front 13

Which of the following is NOT an assumption 18th and 19th century geologists used to develop the geologic time scale (that is, age rock strata) ?

Back 13

Metamorphic rocks are younger than associated or surrounding igneous and sedimentary rocks

Front 14

The Phanerozoic eon consists of which eras?

Back 14

the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.

Front 15

According to your text, which of the following constitutes evidence that dinosaurs were endothermic (hot-blooded)?

Back 15

The ratio of predator species of dinosaurs to prey species was low (few predatory dinosaur species to many prey species)
AND
The bones of dinosaurs, like those of endothermic mammals, had no growth rings

Front 16

Both primitive and advanced mammal-like amniotes ("reptiles") possessed which of the following features characteristic of mammals

Back 16

Heterodont teeth

Front 17

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all organisms?

Back 17

A nucleus containing chromosomes

Front 18

Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech were awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize for their discovery of what compound(s) that suggested that RNA preceded proteins in early life forms on Earth?

Back 18

Ribozymes

Front 19

Stanley Miller in 1953 subjected an atmosphere of methane, ammonia, hydrogen gas, and water vapor to electrical discharges to produce what compounds critical to the origin of life?

Back 19

Purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, uracil, and thymine)

Front 20

Archaea, bacteria, and the eukaryotes originated as part of the

Back 20

Precambrian explosion

Front 21

The greatest mass extinction in the history of Earth (besides the one we are experiencing currently), resulting in a drop in sea level and the elimination of many marine species, occured at the end of the

Back 21

Permian

Front 22

The Cretaceous period was marked by the adaptive radiation and coevolution of which TWO of the following groups?

Back 22

Angiosperms
AND
Insects

Front 23

According to your text, which of the following is definitely not the principal cause of the Permian or K/T mass extinctions?

Back 23

An Ice Age

Front 24

The first fossil record of primates, rodents, and small Afrotheria (tenrecs, hedgehogs, elephant shrews, etc) appeared in the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period, but these groups probably originated in the

Back 24

Cretaceous

Front 25

Which of the following groups of organisms arose from protist ancestors, is(are) principal decomposers in forsts, is(are) characterized by cell walls made of the polysaccharide chitin, have no chlorophyll, and do not photosynthesize?

Back 25

Fungi

Front 26

The current biogeographic distribution of chameleons in Africa, Madagascar, India, and islands in the Indian Ocean is best explained by

Back 26

The Disperal Hypothesis

Front 27

The equilibrium hypothesis of MacArthur and Wilson suggests that the equilibrium number of species that can coexist on an island depends on

Back 27

The immigration rate of species to the island
AND
The extinction rate of species on the island

Front 28

The "pull of the Recent" refers to

Back 28

a bias in the fossil record due to the longer apparent duration of extant taxa than of extinct taxa

Front 29

Van Valen's 1973 Red Queen hypothesis suggests that

Back 29

a species must coevolve with its competitors, predators, etc, to persist

Front 30

An example of origination and diversification of taxa by ecological divergence is the

Back 30

Evolution of the extra (6th) digit on the forelimb of the panda (i.e. the "Panda's thumb" that allows it to strip leaves from bamboo stalks very efficiently

Front 31

____________ (give the term) is the theory that involves the movement of the upper plates or layers of the Earth as an explanation for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the development of mountains

Back 31

PLATE TECTONICS is the theory that involves the movement of the upper plates or layers of the Earth as an explanation for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the development of mountains

Front 32

The discovery of 20,000 year old dung deposited by giant ground sloths in dry desert caves is an example of what type of fossil (be specific)?

Back 32

Unaltered remain

Front 33

The last common ancestor to all extant organisms is known as the ____________ (give the term).

Back 33

The last common ancestor to all extant organisms is known as the CENANCESTOR (LUCA).

Front 34

What theory holds that eukaryotic cells developed partnerships with prokaryotic organisms living within them; that is, that mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic organisms descended from bacteria that were ingested or engulfed?

Back 34

Margulis' endosymbiotic theory

Front 35

Vicariance is a historical process or event (such as a long-term drying trend that fragments forests) that splits a species' distribution int two or more isolated geographic ranges. This can result in a reduction in or prevention of gene flow between or among the isolated populations, resulting in ____________ (give the term) speciation.

Back 35

Vicariance is a historical process or event (such as a long-term drying trend that fragments forests) that splits a species' distribution int two or more isolated geographic ranges. This can result in a reduction in or prevention of gene flow between or among the isolated populations, resulting in ALLOPATRIC speciation.

Front 36

Phylogrography is a study of the geographic distribution of lineages of genes within and among closely related species. It relies on the phylogenetic analysis of variant forms of a gene or ___________ (give the term) within a species.

Back 36

Phylogrography is a study of the geographic distribution of lineages of genes within and among closely related species. It relies on the phylogenetic analysis of variant forms of a gene or HAPLOTYPE (give the term) within a species.

Front 37

Plant and animal taxa with high rates of origination typically also have high rates of extinction, or high _____________ (give the term) rates.

Back 37

Plant and animal taxa with high rates of origination typically also have high rates of extinction, or high TURNOVER (give the term) rates.

Front 38

Mammals became more diverse after land masses fragmented and moved towards the poles, resulting in more extreme temperature patterns that provided an advantage to animals that were endothermic (warm-blooded). This is an example of what major factor we discussed in class that promotes the origination and diversification of organisms?

Back 38

Provinciality

Front 39

Consider the formula Nt = N0R^t for describing the rate at which biodiversity (the number of taxa) cahnges within discrete or finite time intervals. What could you day about how the diversity of forms withing a higher taxon of organisms is changing if R is 0.75?

Back 39

The diversity will decrease because R is < 1.0

Front 40

Consider the formula for diversification rate of dN/dt = rN for continuous change over time. If N = 100 taxa, dN/dt = 5 taxa over 1 time interval, and the origination rate (per time intercal) per taxon = 0.07, what is the extinction rate (per time interval) per taxon?

Back 40

dN/dt = rN = 5
r = origination rate - extinction rate

SO

5 = r(100) = (Or-Ex) (100)
5 = (0.07-x) (100)
x = 0.07 - (5/100) = 0.02

Front 41

In the formula dN/dt = rN[(K-N)/K] for modeling logistic growth of biodiversity, the diversity-dependent factor is [(K-N)/K]. In class we discussed four or five biological phenomena that qualify as diversity-dependent factors. Name one

Back 41

Interspecific competition.

Front 42

Inhertiance of acquired characteristics

Back 42

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Front 43

Binomial nomenclature

Back 43

Carolus Linnaeus

Front 44

Theory of natural selection

Back 44

Alfred Russel Wallace

Front 45

Uniformitarianism

Back 45

Charles Lyell

Front 46

Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)

Back 46

Empedocles

Front 47

Modern Synthetic Theory (Modern Synthesis)

Back 47

R.A. Fisher

Front 48

The Theory of the Gene

Back 48

Thomas Morgan

Front 49

Catastrophism and finalism

Back 49

Georges Cuvier

Front 50

Histoire Naturelle

Back 50

George Leclerc (Buffon)

Front 51

Scala naturae

Back 51

Aristotle

Front 52

The idea that the principles and forces that characterize organisms are distinct from those of nonliving phenomena is consistent with which of the following?

Back 52

Creationism
AND
Vitalism

Front 53

The following is NOT an obligatory category of the classification of an organism

Back 53

Variety

Front 54

Charles Darwin, as he initially developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection, was especially influenced by the ideas of which of the following?

Back 54

Malthus
AND
Lyell

Front 55

By the end of the 19th century Charles Darwin's theories of descent with modification and evolution by means of natural selection still faced the following criticism(s)

Back 55

The mechanism for how variation arises was unknown
AND
Lord Kelvin calculated that Earth was perhaps no more than 20 million years old.

Front 56

The purpose of the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle was/were to

Back 56

Improve the maps of coastal waters (especially off South America) where English vessels might travel.

Front 57

Which of the following is NOT a rule of biological nomenclature?

Back 57

The name of an order must end in -iformes

Front 58

Different taxa that share a derived character state represent a(n)

Back 58

synapomorphy

Front 59

_________ are unacceptable in classifications based on cladistics because they contain taxa derived from more than one ancestor.

Back 59

Polyphetic groups

Front 60

In a biological classification all taxa descended from a common ancestor must be included in the same group or that group is not a legitimate taxon and is termed

Back 60

Paraphyletic

Front 61

The dorsal fins of fishes and toothed whales are

Back 61

Analogous
AND
An example of convergence

Front 62

Changes in the nucleotide base sequence of a portion of a particular DNA molecule within a lineage from TGCTATT to TGCTTTT to TGCATT represent

Back 62

Apomorphy
AND
Evolutionary reversal

Front 63

Taxonomic character that change character states slowly, over long periods of time, are said to be

Back 63

Conservative

Front 64

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is especially useful as a molecular clock for recent speciation events because

Back 64

it changes 10 times faster than nuclear DNA

Front 65

According to Kardong (the author of your text), preservationism in evolutionary biology refers to

Back 65

the retention in an embryo of the same stages of development as those seen in its ancestors

Front 66

The retention of immature or larval characteristics through sexual maturity and into adulthood, as seen in the mudpuppy, is termed

Back 66

paedomorphosis

Front 67

According to Jonathan Weiner in the article, Evolution in Action, the BMP4 gene that shapes the human face in the womb also controls what feature of finch embryos in the egg?

Back 67

The size and shape of the bill

Front 68

Why was the principle of uniformitarianism so important to the acceptance of the notion of evolution by means of natural selection?

Back 68

Instead of being caused by catostrophic events, evolution could be explained under the assumption that the environment poerated uniformly and constantly, thus lending to the idea that evolution was constant. It give a temporal context and departed from Biblical traditions.

Front 69

The science of the diversity of life is __________ (give the term).

Back 69

The science of the diversity of life is SYSTEMATICS

Front 70

The classification of the California redwood is Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endlicher 1847. What does the (D. Don) signify?

Back 70

D.Don is the person who first named the tree, which has been reclassified and given a differrent scientific name

Front 71

The reference specimen that defines a species and serves as a reference for individuals to be compared to it is termed a(n)

Back 71

Holotype

Front 72

What is the term for the variant (different) DNA sequences of a gene that can occur within or among species?

Back 72

Haplotypes

Front 73

In a single sentence or less, how is the principle of maximum parsimony applied to the development of phylogenies?

Back 73

This principle requires that the most parsimonious (economical or simplest) phylogenic hypothesis--the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes--is the one that is used to describe the evolutionary relationships among organisms

Front 74

__________ is an approach to classification that relies on the number and sequence of phyletic splits that separate groups in a phylogeny

Back 74

Cladistics

Front 75

In their 2006 article Negro et al. mentioned six traits in kites of the genus Elanus that suggest relatedness between kites and owls but instead were apparently the result of convergence. Indicate one of the traits that kites and owls have acquired convergence.

Back 75

The characteristics of the feathers of kites and owls were similar and were acquired by convergence.

Front 76

_________ is the rapid development of new forms (related lineages) within a short period of time, as exemplified by Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands.

Back 76

Adaptive radiation.

Front 77

LOOK OVER THE 5 PHYLOGENETIC TREE (CLADOGRAM) AND 5 RELATED QUESTIONS!

Back 77

LOOK OVER THE 5 PHYLOGENETIC TREE (CLADOGRAM) AND 5 RELATED QUESTIONS!