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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which typhus fever is epidemic? Louse-borne, scrub or flea-borne
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Louse-borne
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Which is a more milder version of typhus: louse-borne or flea-borne?
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Flea-borne
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With louse-borne typhus fever, where does the macular eruption first appear, generally?
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Trunk of body
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On what day generally does the macular eruption appear in epidemic louse-borne tyhpus fever?
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Fifth or sixth day
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In which type of typhus is toxemia usually pronounced?
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Louse-borne
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In the absence of treatment, what is the case fatality rate for louse-borne typhus fever?
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20-40%
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What is the name for the secondary attack occuring years after a primary attack with louse-borne typhus fever?
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Brill-zinsser disease
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What is the infectious agent for louse-borne typhus fever?
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Rickettsia prowazekii
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for louse-borne typhus fever?
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Humans and possibly flying squirrels
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What is/are the mode(s) of transmission from louse-borne typhus fever?
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1. An infected louse bites a human and it's feces enters the wound
2. Inhalation of infected louse feces in dust |
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What is the incubation period for louse-borne typhus fever?
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1 - 2 weeks, commonly 12 days
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Is louse-borne typhus fever transmitted person-to-person?
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No
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How long is the period of communicability for a person with louse-borne typhus fever?
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Generally a person can transmit the disease to the louse during the febrile period and up to 2-3 days after the fever ends. Lice can transmitted it in their feces 2-6 days after infection.
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How long does immunity last in a person who was infected with louse-borne typhus fever?
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Usually life-long
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What are the infectious agents for endemic flea-borne typhus fever?
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Rickettsia typhi or R. felis
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Does louse-borne typhus fever generally exist in colder or more tropical climates?
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Colder
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Where does flea-borne typhus fever occur?
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Worldwide, generally in buildings that rats and humans share
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What is/are the reservoir for flea-borne typhus fever?
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Rats, mice, and other small mammals
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Which flea that is the main vector for flea-borne typhus fever? (Give genus and species)
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Xenopsylla cheopis
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What is the incubation period for flea-borne typhus fever?
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1-2 weeks, generally 12 days
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What is the mode of transportation for flea-borne typhus fever?
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Infected flea bites a human and passes the disease on, more uncommon is the inhalation of flea feces in dust
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What is the period of communicability of flea-borne typhus fever in the flea itself?
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Up to one year, may pass on to offspring
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Which typhus is characterized by a punched-out skin ulcer (eschar)?
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Scrub typhus
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Without antibiotics, how long does the febrile stage of scrub typhus last?
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About 14 days
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What are the symptoms of scrub typhus?
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Fever, headache, mailaise, profuse sweating, eschar, maculopapular eruption on the trunk (extending to extremeties)
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What is the infectious agent for scrub typhus?
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Orientia tsutsugamushi
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Where is the main region where scrub typhus is most often found?
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Central, eastern, and southeastern Asia
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for scrub typhus?
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Infected larval stages of trombiculid mites
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What is the mode of transmission for scrub typhus?
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Bites from infected mite
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What is the incubation period for scrub typhus?
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Generally 6-21 days, usually 10-12
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What is the period of communicability for scrub typhus?
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No person-to-person transmission
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What is another name for mite-borne typhus fever?
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Scrub typhus
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How long does the fever last in an untreated case of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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2-3 weeks
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What are the symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Acute fever, significant malaise, deep muscle pain, severe headache, childs and rash on extremeties that extends to the palms and soles
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Early stages of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever are often misdiagnosed as what three other diseases?
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Ehlichiosis, meningococcemia, and enteroviral infection
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What is the infectious agent for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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Where does Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever occur generally?
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Throughout the US, but extending down to central and South America.
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What is(are) the reservoir(s) for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Ticks
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What is the mode of transmission for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Bite of an infected tick
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How long must a tick stay attached to a human in order to pass Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever on?
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at least 4-6 hours
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What is the incubation period for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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From about 3 to 14 days
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What is the period of communicability for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Not directly transmitted person-to-person, tick is infected for life
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What are the symptoms for salmonellosis?
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Acute enterocolitis, sudden onset of headache, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting
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Septecemia may arise after the development of acute entercolitis in which bacterial disease?
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Salmonellosis
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What is the most common infectious agent for salmonellosis?
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Salmonella enterica
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for salmonellosis?
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Domestic and wild animals, including poultry, swine, cattle, rodents, and pets, as well as humans
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What is the mode of transmission for salmonellosis?
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Ingestion of bacteria from infected meats or the handling of food products from infected person (fecal-oral)
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What is the incubation period for salmonellosis??
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From 6-72 hours, generally 12-36 hours
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What is the period of communicability for salmonellosis?
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Variable, throughout the course of the infection, but some may excrete the bacteria up to a year
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Which area of the body does shigellosis involve?
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Distal small intesting and colon
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What are the symtpoms for typical cases of shigellosis?
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Loose stools (with blood and mucus), nausea, vomiting, sometimes toxemia, fever, cramps, and tenesmus
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Shigella _____ spreads in epidemics.
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dysenteriae
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What are the infectious agents for shigellosis in order from group A to group D?
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S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei
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What is/are the reservior(s) for shigellosis?
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Humans are the only significant reservoirs, but outbreaks in primates are not uncommon
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What is the mode of transmission for shigellosis?
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Mainly fecal-oral
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What is the incubation period for shigellosis?
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Usualy 1-3 days, but can range from 12-96 hours up to 1 week (dysenteriae)
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What is the period of communicability for shigellosis?
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During acute infection and up to 4 weeks after illness subsides
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What are the characteristic symptoms of campylobacter enteritis?
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Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pains, malaise, fever, nausea, vomiting
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In what percentage of campylobacter enteritis patients is diarrhea preceded by a febrile period?
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50%
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How long do symptoms persist in campylobacter enteritis infections?
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1 - 2 weeks
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What is th infectious agent for campylobacter enteritis infections?
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Campylobacter jejuni, and less commonly, C. coli
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Campylobacter enteritis infections cause ___ to ___% of all diarrheal cases worldwide
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5-14%
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for campylobacter enteritis infections?
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Cattle and poultry mainly, also domesticated pets (puppies and kittens)
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What is the mode of transmission for campylobacter enteritis infections?
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Ingestion of undercooked meats and infected water or milk
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What is the incubation period for campylobacter enteritis infections?
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Usually 2-5 days, with a range of 1-10 days
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What is the period of communicability for campylobacter enteritis infections?
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Throughout the course of infection, usually several days to two weeks. Untreated individuals may excrete organisms for 2-7 weeks
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Is E. coli a gram-positive or gram-negative strain?
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Gram-positive
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What does it mean for an organism to be gram-positive?
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It contains high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
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What is the temperature range for growth of E. coli?
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10-40 celcius, optimal is 37
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What bacteria is widely used indicator for fecal contamination or pollution in fresh water?
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E. coli
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What are the six categories of E. coli?
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
- Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) - Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) -Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) -Diffuse-adherence - Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) |
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Which strain of E. coli is the most notorious for being pathogenic to humans?
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E. coli O157:H7
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What are the symptoms for E. coli?
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Abdominal pain and severe cramping, followed within 24-hours with severe diarrhea
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What is the incubation period for E. coli?
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Typically 3-9 days
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Which infection can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), in children?
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E. coli
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What are the symptoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with E. coli?
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Destruction of red blood cells and kidney failure
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What is the mode of transmission for E. coli?
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Ingestion of contaminated food or water, or oral contact with contaminated surfaces, ingesting unpastuerized product
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What are the two types of infection associated with Clostridium perfringens?
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Type A - food intoxication
Type B - necrotizing enteritis |
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What are the symptoms associated with Clostridium perfringens?
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Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rarely fever
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for Clostridium perfringens?
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Humans and animals
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What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens?
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10-12 hours
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What is the mode of transmission for Clostridium perfringens?
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Ingesting foods not stored at proper temperatures
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What class disease is Clostridium perfringens?
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4
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Which disease is associated with improper handling of gravies and stews?
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Clostridium perfringens
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How long do the symptoms of B. cereus persist?
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Usually less than 24 hours
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What are the symptoms of food intoxication due to Bacillus cereus?
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Sudden onset of nausea and vomiting, or colic and diarrhea
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What are the two types of enterotoxins associated with a food intoxication of Bacillus cereus?
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Heat Stable: Causing vomiting and is produced in food when B. Cereus levels reach 10 to the 5th colony-forming units/gram of food
Heat Labile: causing diarrhea and is formed in the small intestines of the human host |
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Which type of enterotoxin from B. cereus causes diarrhea and is formed in the small intestines of the human host: heat labile or heat stable?
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Heat labile
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Which type of enterotoxin from B. cereus causes vomiting and is produced in food when B. Cereus levels reach 10 to the 5th colony-forming units/gram of food: heat stable or heat labile?
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Heat stable
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for B. cereus?
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Ubiquitous in the soil and environment, found in low levels in raw, dried, and processed foods
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What is the mode of transmission for B. cereus?
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Ingestion of food kept at ambient temperatures post cooking, causing the multiplication of organisms
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Which food intoxication has been linked to the improper temperature of rice?
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B. cereus
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Outbreaks of B. cereus associated with what symptom have been most commonly associated with rice held at ambient room temps before reheating?
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Vomiting
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Outbreaks of B. cereus associated with what symptom have been most commonly associated with mishandled food?
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Diarrhea
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If vomiting is the predominant symptom for B. cerus, what is the incubation period?
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0.5 to 6 hrs
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If diarrhea is the predominant symptom for B. cerus, what is the incubation period?
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6 - 24 hrs
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What class disease is scrub typhus?
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3
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What class disease are the food intoxications?
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4
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus mainly affects what organ?
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Colon
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What are the symptoms for Vibrio parahaemolyticus?
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Watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever and headache
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for Vibrio parahaemolyticus?
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Sea and estuary waters, and in warmer months, seashells and fish
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What is the mode of transmission for Vibrio parahaemolyticus?
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Ingestion of raw or underocoked shelllfish or by wound exposure
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What is the incubation period for Vibrio parahaemolyticus?
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12-24 hours
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In what food intoxication are people with diabetes, peptic ulcer, and chronic liver disease more susceptible?
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus
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What class disease is Vibrio parahaemolyticus?
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4
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What are the symptoms of yersiniosis?
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Acute febrile diarrhea with abdominal pain, especially in children
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What is the infecious agent for yersiniosis?
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Yersinia psuedotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica
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Is yersiniosis gram-positive or gram-negative?
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Gram-negative
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Which strain of yersiniosis causes an appendicitis-like syndrome?
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Y. psuedotuberculosis
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What is the main reservoir for Y. enterocolitica?
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Pig
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What is the main reservoir for Y. psuedotuberculosis?
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Birds and mammals
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What is the mode of transmission for yersiniosis?
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Fecal-oral infection by ingesting infected foods or water or with contact of infected people or animals
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What is the incubation period for yersiniosis?
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Probably 3-7 days, but generally under 10 days
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What is the period of communicability for yersiniosis?
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As long as symptoms persist, may be up to 2-3 weeks
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What are the symptoms for listeriosis?
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Mild fever generally, but can cause meningoencephalitis and/or septicemia in newborns or adults
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Which bacterial infection can cause preterm delivery (sometimes stillborn) and fetal infections in pregnant women?
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Listeriosis
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Which bacterial disease has been linked to spontaneous abortions?
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Listeriosis
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Which bacteria is associated with a higher mortality rate that any other common foodborne pathogen?
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Listeriosis
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What is the infectious agent for listeriosis?
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Listeria monocytogenes
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Is listeriosis a gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?
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Gram-positive
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for listeriosis?
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Soil, foage, water, mud, livestock food, and silage
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What is the mode of transmission for listeriosis?
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Consumption of raw or contaminated milk, soft cheeses, vegetables, and ready-to-eat meats, such as hot dogs
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What is the incubation period for listeriosis?
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3-70 days after exposure, with a median of 3 weeks
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What is the period of communicability for listeriosis?
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Can be shed for months after infection
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The usual incubation period for Shigellosis is
a) 6 - 12 hours b) 1 - 3 days c) 8 - 10 days d) 11 - 15 days |
b) 1 - 3 days
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The most common infectious agent reported for Salmonellosis is:
a) Salmonella typhimurium b) Salmonella typhi c) Salmonella paratyphi d) Salmonella enteriditis |
a) Salmonella typhimurium
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The usual incubation period for Salmonellosis is:
a) 2 - 4 hours b) 5 - 10 hours c) 12 - 36 hours d) 4-5 days |
c) 12 - 36 hours
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A ubiquitous soil organism that causes the most serious of foodborne diseases:
a) Clostridium botulinum b) Clostridium perfringens c) Salmonella enteriditis d) Staphylococcus aureus |
a) Clostridium botulinum
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An acute bacterial enteric disease with sudden onset, profuse watery diarrhea, occasional vomiting and ultimately coronary collapse is once again epidemic in several parts of the world.
a) Cholera b) Amebiasis c) Giardiasis d) Shigellosis |
a) Cholera
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A common reservoir for the agent of this disease in the US is poultry flocks.
a) Cholera b) Salmonella c) Shigella d) Trichina |
b) Salmonella
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Which of the following is not important in the control of salmonellosis?
a) cooking thoroughly any foodstuff derived from animal sources b) immunizing contacts and suspects c) refrigerating prepared foods d) protecting prepared foods against contamination |
b) immunizing contacts and suspects
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One of the following statements is true regarding cholera. Which statement is CORRECT?
a) cholera is a class 5 disease b) cholera victims may die within a few hours of onset of symptoms c) cholera usually produces no diarrhea d) cholera has a case fatality rate of less than 1% in endemic areas |
b) cholera victims may die within a few hours of onset of symptoms
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Which of the following is LEAST important in the spread of cholera?
a) direct personal contact b) contaminated water c) contaminated food d) flies |
a) direct personal contact
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A major cause of infantile and traveler's diarrhea is a gram negative:
a) staphylococcus b) spirochete c) bacterium d) rod |
c) bacterium
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Which one of the following is not important as a vehicle in the transmission of Shigellosis?
a) dairy products b) water c) shellfish d) meat and meat products |
d) meat and meat products
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Regarding cholera, which one of the following is true?
a) Death may occur within hours of onset of symptoms b) It is a class 2 disease c) Asymptomatic cases seldom occur d) Diagnosed cases should be quarantined |
a) Death may occur within hours of onset of symptoms
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Which of the following genera is not a member of the enterobacteriaceae family?
a) Escherichia b) Vibrio c) Shigella d) Salmonella |
b) Vibrio
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You would most likely be susceptible to which of the following foodborne diseases by eating a beef stew that had been improperly refrigerated and reheated?
a) salmonellosis b) C. perfringens food poisoning c) Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning d) botulism |
b) C. perfringens food poisoning
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You could get this poisoning by eating contaminated predatory tropical reef fish like barracuda, sea bass or snapper.
a) Scombroid b) Ciguatera c) Paralytic poisoning d) Neurotoxic poisoning e) Amnesic poisoning |
b) Ciguatera
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The symptoms and incubation period of C. perfringens foodborne illness more closely approximate:
a) Staphylococcal food poisoning b) Trichinosis c) Salmonellosis d) Botulism |
c) Salmonellosis
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The most practical approach for the control of C. perfringens foodborne illness is to:
a) serve cooked meats immediately after cooking, or cool them down quickly and keep them refrigerated b) cook all food very well and serve it on the same day c) avoid using small cuts of meat, because these are frequently more heavily contaminated d) consolidate small batches of the same food into large batches for compact refrigerated storage |
a) serve cooked meats immediately after cooking, or cool them down quickly and keep them refrigerated
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Botulism cases involving fish occurring in the US today are caused by:
a) type E toxin in commercially canned fish products b) type A or B toxins in home canned vegetables c) type B toxin in commercially canned meat products d) type C toxin in home canned fruits and vegetables |
a) type E toxin in commercially canned fish products
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This foodborne disease agent is halophilic:
a) Bacillus cereus b) Trichinella spiralis c) Vibrio parahemolyticus d) Vibrio cholera |
c) Vibrio parahemolyticus
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You most likely would find this foodborne disease agent in a batch of cooked rice.
a) Clostridium perfringens b) Staphylococcus aureus c) Salmonella typhi d) Bacillus cereus |
d) Bacillus cereus
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This foodborne disease is also known as Histamine poisoning:
a) Scombroid b) Ciguatera c) Shellfish poisoning d) Puffer fish poisoning e) Botulism |
a) Scombroid
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This disease is most often contracted via dairy products or being around a dairy farm.
a) Salmonellosis b) Campylobacteriosis c) Yersiniosis d) Listeriosis e) Shigellosis |
d) Listeriosis
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A foodborne disease that is also often found in young children in childcare centers
a) Salmonellosis b) Shigellosis c) Campylobacteriosis d) Yersiniosis e) Listeriosis |
b) Shigellosis
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Which of the following statements is true regarding botulism?
a) symptoms usually appear within 6 - 8 hours after contaminated food is eaten b) botulinum toxin irritates motor nerve cells c) paralysis progresses from the trunk to the extremities d) in general, the shorter the incubation period, the more severe the disease |
d) in general, the shorter the incubation period, the more severe the disease
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The signs and symptoms of the foodborne disease caused by Campylobacter jejuni are similar to:
a) Shigella sonnei b) Clostridium perfringens c) Salmonella enteriditis d) Bacillus cereus |
c) Salmonella enteriditis
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What class is African trypanosomiasis?
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3
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What is the Infeious agent for African trypanosomiasis?
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T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense
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What is/are the reservoirs for African trypanosomiasis?
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Humans and some domestic animals (for T. brucei rhodesiense), such as cattle
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Between what latitudes is African trypanosomiasis found?
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15N-20S
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What is the vector for African trypanosomiasis?
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Tsetse fly (glossina)
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Generally, when do symptoms for T. brucei gambiense show?
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3 days
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Generally, when do symptoms for T. brucei rhodiense show?
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May be several months
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What disease is characterized by a late-stage parasite crossing the blood/brain barrier, causing neurological and sensorory problems?
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African trypanosomiasis
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How long does it take for the parasite to multiply in the tsetse fly before causing African trypanosomiasis?
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12-30 days
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What class disease is rotavirus?
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4
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What disease is also known as sporadic viral gastroenteritis?
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Rotavirus
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What are the symptoms of rotavirus?
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Vomiting, fever, and watery diahrrea
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Which disease is characterized by false-positive ELIZAs in newborns?
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Rotavirus
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Which form(s) of rotavirus occur in animals?
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A-F
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Which group of rotavirus is the most common?
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A
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Which group of rotavirus is uncommon in infants?
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B
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Which group of rotavirus is is uncommon in humans?
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C
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The infectious agent for rotavirus belongs to the ______ family.
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Reoviridae
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What is the peak incidence time period for children and rotavirus?
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6-24 months
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What time of year is rotavirus typically seen in the more temperate climates?
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Cooler months
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When is rotavirus typically seen in tropical climates?
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Year round
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for rotavirus?
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Humans, the animal virus does not produce disease in humans
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What is the incubation period for rotavirus?
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24-72 hours
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What disease is also known as epidemic viral gastroenteropathy?
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Noravirus
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What are the clinical symptoms of noravirus?
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Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever (low-grade), headache, and myalgia
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What is the infection agent for noravirus?
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An RNA virus classified as a calicivirus
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According to the CDC, norvovirus is suspected to be responsible for up to ___% of all gastroenteritis cases.
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50%
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Outbreaks of noravirus in industrialized countries are usually linked to patients consuming raw __________.
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Shellfish
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What is/are the reservoir(s) for noravirus?
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Humans
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What is the incubation period for noravirus?
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24-48 hours
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What is the period of communicability for noravirus?
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During the acute stage of the disease, and up to 48 hours post diarrhea
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What two types of fish poisoning is characterized by "red tide" algae blooms?
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Paralytic fish poisoning and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
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Which kind of shellfish poisoning is caused by toxins that have been isolated in muscles, scallops, or clams that have fed on Dinophysis fortii or Dinophysis acuminata?
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Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
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What is the causative toxin in puffer fish poisoning?
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Tetrodotoxin
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Which kind of fish poisoning can cause necrosis in the intestine, thymus, and liver?
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Azaspiracid
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Which shellfish has been linked to azaspiracid poisoning?
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mussels
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What type of mosquito is responsible for yellow fever?
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Aedes egypti
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Eastern and Western Encephalitis belong to what group?
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A
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What type of mosquitos are responsible for transmitting encephalitis?
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Culeceda, culex, and aedes egypti
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What is the mortality rate for encephalitis?
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50-80%
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What mosquito transmits malaria?
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Anopheles
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Which type of leishmaniasis causes spleenic anemia?
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Visceral
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List the diseases whose incubation periods are measured in hours
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C. perfringens, noravirus, rotavirus, salmonellosis, vibrio,
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List the diseases whose incubation periods are measured in one or two weeks
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Typhus diseases
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