Final Exam A&p 1 Bothell

Front 1

Cerebellum

Back 1

Balance and movement coordination.

Front 2

medulla oblongata

Back 2

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure (reptilian brain).

Front 3

Pons

Back 3

Controls info flow from cerebellum to higher brain regions.

Front 4

Thalamus

Back 4

relay station between lower and higher brain regions (with some processing).

Front 5

hypothalamus

Back 5

part of the brain that produces endocrine signals, it can regulate temperature and other bodily functions, like sleep, hunger, circadian rythem.

Front 6

pineal

Back 6

is a gland in the brain that produces endocrine signals, it can produce melatonin, it also regulates reproductive hormones.

Front 7

hippocampus

Back 7

spacial awareness and memory

Front 8

amygdala

Back 8

social recognition and emotions.es

Front 9

sensory cortices

Back 9

the part of the brain that deals with processing and interpreting sensory information from different parts of the body.

Front 10

motor cortices

Back 10

have to do with processing and controlling body movement.

Front 11

association cortices

Back 11

Is a part of the brain that deals with mental functions that are more complex.

Front 12

primary somatosensory cortex

Back 12

This part of the brain controls the sense of touch of different areas of the body.

Front 13

primary motor cortex

Back 13

The part of the brain that controls body movement.

Front 14

sensation

Back 14

gathering of the environmental stimulus

Front 15

perception

Back 15

is the brains alterations of the senses to project a certain understanding of the environment (or interpretation of the senses).

Front 16

Which sensory receptor cells are neurons? Which ones aren't?

Back 16

* photoreceptors are specialized neurons

* cochlear hair cells are neurons

* taste receptor cells are NOT neurons

* olfactory receptors are neurons

Front 17

nociception

Back 17

the sense of pain.

Front 18

proprioception

Back 18

the sense spatial location (knowing where you are relative to neighboring body parts and objects).

Front 19

perceptual threshold

Back 19

the point at which we can perceive the external stimuli. It is context dependent, the brain uses the surroundings to contrast against the thing we are sensing.

Front 20

receptor cells

Back 20

cells that react to a certain stimulus or molecule of the external environment (photoreceptors, cochlear hair cells, olfactory receptors and taste receptor cells, essentially the sensor of any sensory system).

Front 21

cellular receptors

Back 21

are transmembrane receptors that propagate or activate a signalling pathway.

Front 22

Primary receptive field

Back 22

is where the stimulus makes contact with the primary sensory neurons.

Front 23

Secondary receptive field

Back 23

where the primary sensory neurons come together to a point and then the information travels to the brain via the spinal chord.

Front 24

phasic receptor

Back 24

when a receptor adapts rapidly to a stimulus, the response of the cell diminishes and eventually stops. So a graph would have a small bump but then nothing.

Front 25

Tonic receptor

Back 25

when a receptor reacts slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus. Some tonic receptors are permanently active and indicate a background level. It would look like a bump that doesn't go back to the level line for a while.

Front 26

proprioception

Back 26

is the sense of spatial location, knowing where you are relative to everything else in your environment/surroundings.

Front 27

tapetum lucidum

Back 27

is a layer of tissue within the eyes of certain mammals that is used to enhance nocturnal vision by refracting light. This gives some species of mammals the glowing eyes when exposed to concentrated light in the dark (taking a picture of a cat or racoon).

Humans do not have this, we gave it up for better color vision.

Front 28

Interaural time differences

Back 28

The time it takes to reach one ear and then the ear on the other side of the head. From the time difference you can determine the location of the sound.

Front 29

Pinna

Back 29

funnels sound pressure waves into EAM

Front 30

External auditory eatus

Back 30

opening through which sound waves enter the ear canal?

Front 31

ear canal

Back 31

facilitates sounds wave transport, and amplification. It conducts and amplifies sound to the tympanic membrane.

Front 32

tympanic membrane

Back 32

this is the ear drum, it oscillates in accordance to sound pressure waves.

Front 33

tragus

Back 33

aids in funneling sounds from behind.

Front 34

Perilymph location and tid bits

Back 34

is found in the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani and like the extracellular fluid is made of high concentrations of Na.

Front 35

Endolymph location and tid bits

Back 35

is found in the scala media or cochlear duct and is like intracellular fluid and is made up of a high concentration of K.

Front 36

When do sterocilia move?

Back 36

Stereocilia move when fluid waves come through the scala media, moving the tectorial membrane and causing shearing forces that move the kinocilium when is attached to the tectorial membrane. The kinocilium then moves the stereocilia because they are all attached by tip links.

Front 37

tip links

Back 37

the links between stereocilia (and kinocilium) that make them all move together and open up ion channels.

Front 38

How do the different taste receptor cells work?

Back 38

* salt is transduced by Na channel

* acids by acid sensing ion channels

*sugars and umami through GPCRs

*bitter through GPCRs also but a lot more because bitter things can be toxic.

Front 39

Dysgeusia

Back 39

a distortion of a person's sense of taste (ageusia meaning no sense of taaste and hypereusia meaning very sensitive to taste).

Front 40

xerostomia

Back 40

is called dry mouth and is when the mouth does not produce saliva. Since saliva is necessary for chemical transmission to the taste buds, this can cause dysgeusia.

Front 41

cornia

Back 41

provides 70% of focusing power, provides protection and a touch reflex.

Front 42

OFF bipolar cells

Back 42

hyperpolarize when glutamate stops

Front 43

On bipolar cells

Back 43

depolarize when glutamate stops.

Front 44

bipolar cells

Back 44

have graded responses and synapse with ganglion cells using excitatory synapses.