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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Filter Theory |
Applied to vowel production; output signal is a product of the energy source and the filter or resonator. |
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Energy Source |
Provides aerodynamic energy for speech. |
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Speech Production by valving |
occurs at larynx, above larynx, or both. |
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Complex Tone Source: Vibrating String you increase tension... |
...the frequency increases |
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Complex Tone Source cont'd: you increase mass... |
...frequency decreases |
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Noise Sources: two types |
continuous & transient |
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Noise Source Cont'd (Continuous): What happens if you force air through constriction? |
It will produce turbulence (under the right condition) |
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Noise Source Cont'd (Continuous): What happens when conditions are met? |
SPL oc ^P/W ^P= pressure drop ocV W= effective constriction width |
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Noise Source Cont'd (Transient) When does this event occur? |
Happens once and only once |
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Noise Sources Cont'd (Transient) What is an example of a transient noise source? |
Blockage and build up of air pressure |
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Resonance Systems (Filter) What is a Filter? |
A hardware device or software program that provides a frequency dependent transmission of energy |
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Resonance Systems Cont'd (Simple Resonance Curve) What happens when a periodically vibrating force is applied to an elastic system? |
The elastic system will be forced to vibrate with the frequency of the applied force. |
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Simple Resonance Curve Cont'd The nearer the frequency of the applied force to the natural frequency of the elastic system... |
...the greater the resulting amplitude of vibration will be |
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Air Volume Resonance What depends on these resonances? |
Speech mechanism for production of speech sounds. |
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Air Volume Resonance Cont'd How many resonant frequencies does Helmholtz resonator have? |
Just one (fr oc A/LV) A = area of coupling L = effective length of neck V = volume of bottle |
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Air Volume Resonance Cont'd What is resonant frequency of a resonator dependent on? |
NOT dependent on shape of volume, ONLY volume itself |
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Air Volume Resonance Cont'd How many resonances can the human vocal tract produce? |
SIX OR MORE |
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Formants |
They're the same as resonances or "pole", but are properties of the vocal tract. They exist even if no sound is produced. |
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Vowel Production What is it/how is it modified? |
A complex tone produced at the larynx. Modified by transfer function of vocal tract |
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Voiceless Consonants |
A noise produces at the place of articulation and is the only energy in the system. |
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Voiced Oral Consonants |
A noise plus laryngeal tone |
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Nasal Tract |
not highly variable in shape, but it's connection to the oral tract varies. |
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Nasal Tract Cont'd What do you see in transfer function? |
Additional resonances and anti-resonances! |
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Nasal Tract Cont'd What is velopharyngeal movement? |
Client is able to produce closure during swallowing but not during speech. |
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Nasal Consonants |
Closed side of "branch" (oral cavity) adds zero. |
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Nasal Consonants Cont'd What does the center frequency of the anti resonance depend on? |
The volume of the side branch. |
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Nasal Consonants Cont'd Examples... |
.../m/ /n/ /nj/ |
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Nasalized Vowels |
The sound is transmitted through both oral and nasal tracts. |
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Nasalized Vowels Cont'd What does relative transmission depend on? |
Relatived impedances (effective resistance) of oral and nasal tracts. |
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Radiation Characteristics [constant factor] When does filter effect arise? |
When sound escapes the oral cavity. |
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Radiation Characteristics Cont'd Where does radiation sound spread? |
ALL DIRECTIONS |
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Radiation Characteristics Cont'd When does speech have more intensity? |
in lower frequencies |
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Radiation Characteristics Cont'd What happens when speech has more intensity? |
Greater amplitude of particle displacement that encounters more resistance from air. *high pass filter 6dB* |
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Signal Recording and Processing What are the benefits of these two things? |
Transduce sound pressures to electrical signal. Convert analog voltage signal to digital signal for analysis. |
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Fundamental Frequency Definition |
Vibratory rate of vocal folds |
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Fundamental Frequency Cont'd How is it measured? [3 ways] |
From sound pressure waveform, use commercial product [Visipitch], and spectrographic display. |
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Fundamental Frequency Cont'd Spectrum definition |
the distribution of energy as a function of frequency for a particular sound source. |
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Formant Frequencies (Consonant Context) What are the effects on the place of articulation? |
the main effect is on "F2"; the farther apart the C and V the greater the shift |
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Formant Frequencies Cont'd (CC) Where does voicing take place? |
Lower "F1" |
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Formant Frequencies Transition Definition |
a change in position of a formant frequency and reflect change from one vocal tracts configuration to another. |
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Locus Concept Defintion |
the transitions are pointing somewhere in the frequency domain as we work backwards from the origin. |
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Random Question When do formants exist?? |
In tract during stop consonant (no sound coming through) |
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F1 Locus |
when the tract is closed, F1=0 Hz transition to next vowel is always upwards |
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F2 Locus |
depends on the place of articulation of the consonant |
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Formant bandwidths/Amplitudes Bandwidth depends on what? |
RESONATOR |
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Formant bandwidths/Amplitudes Cont'd Amplitude depends on what? |
energy of the source as well as transfer function |
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Formants bandwidths/Amplitudes Cont'd Higher formants have... |
...higher bandwidths |
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Formants bandwidths/Amplitudes Cont'd What happens when you change formant bandwidth? |
has little effect on vowel perception |
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Formants bandwidths/Amplitudes Cont'd What happens if the bandwidth approaches 0? |
You can still identify vowel. [single frequency= pure tone] |
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Formants bandwidths/Amplitudes Cont'd What happens if you increase formant bandwidth? |
can reduce distinction of vowels |
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Formants bandwidths/Amplitudes Cont'd What do we NOT need to identify vowels? |
BANDWIDTH |
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Diphthongs How do you produce it? |
You shift from one vowel to another. |
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Diphthongs What are they all about?! |
The rate of change between F1 and F2. |
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Nasalization of Vowels Give an example |
When you have a clinical situation where the soft palate cannot be closed to block off the nasal cavity during oral sound production. |
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Nasalization of Vowels Which vowels are affected the most? |
High vowels |
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Nasalization of Vowels Why does it shift F1 of vocal tract? |
because it has to get added together! |
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Nasalization of Vowels What three things does it "do"? |
Increases bandwidth, fills in valleys, and adds resonance. |
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Consonant Acoustics What are they? |
more complicated than vowels |
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Consonant Acoustics What can't you describe them as? |
a single set of measures (like vowels) |
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Consonant Acoustics How are they grouped? |
according to distinctive acoustic properties |
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Stop Plosives What are the four phrases? |
Stop, burst, aspiration, and transition. |
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Stop Plosives Burst Characteristics |
Energy concentration depends on place of articulation (Bilabials, Alveolars, Velars) |
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Stop Plosives Aspiration |
Breathy noise created by air passing through vocal folds. |
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Stop Plosives Characteristics |
Acoustic interval corresponding to articulatory occlusion. |
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Stop Plosives Voiceless stops= |
gap is virtually silent |
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Stop Plosives Voiced stops= |
gap contains voice bar Represents F0 |
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Fricatives Definition |
Essential articulatory feature, narrow constriction somewhere in vocal tract. |
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Fricatives What is happening? |
Air passing through causing turbulence. |
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Fricatives How many places are they produced and where? |
five in the vocal tract |
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Fricatives Voicing Definition |
voiceless fricative tend to have more high frequency energy |
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Fricatives Intensity |
stridents are more intense |
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Fricatives Spectral Characteristics Sibilants have... |
...high frequency energy with spectral peaks |
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Fricatives Spectral Characteristics Cont'd What kind of frequency we talking? |
Lower, with rather flat spectrum for non sibilants |
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Affricates Definition |
Combo of stop and frictional release |
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Affricates Voiceless affricates have... |
...greater noise intensity |
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Affricates Shorter friction than... |
...fricative alone |
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Glides Definition |
Vowel-like, no noise, relatively low frequencies. |
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Glides What's important?... |
...Transition to vowel is important |
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Glides Durations: hear stop |
<40-60 milli seconds |
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Glides Durations: hear glide |
60-150 milli seconds |
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Glides Durations: hear vowel with changing identity |
>150 mill seconds |
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Liquids Definition |
Really no steady state, although can be produced in isolation |
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Liquids Who has a similar F1 and F2? |
/r/ and /l/ |
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Liquids who has a lower F3 |
/r/ |
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Nasals Definition |
Predominantly low frequency energy vowel like nasal murmur (no noise component) |
