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223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Median sagittal plane |
Divides the entire body or body part into right and left segments, and passes vertically through the body from front to back
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Median coronal plane
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Divides the entire body or body part into anterior and posterior your segments, and passes through the body vertically from one side to the other
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Horizontal plane
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Passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis. It is positioned at right angles to the sagittal and coronal plans. This plan divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is also referred to as a transverse or axial plane
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Oblique plane
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Can pass through a body part at any angle between three planes
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Midcoronal plane
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A specific coronal plane that passes through the midline of the body dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves, and is often referred to as the mid axillary plane
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Inter-iliac plane
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Transects the pelvis at the superior margin of the iliac crest. This plane corresponds with the fourth lumbar vertebra. This plane is used in positioning of the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx
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Occlusal plane |
Is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaw closed. The occlusal plane is used in positioning of the odontoid process (C2) and select skull projections
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What are the four body habitus types?
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Sthenic Hyposthenic Asthenic Hypersthenic |
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What is the population percentage of the sthenic body type?
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50% |
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What is the population percentage of the hyposthenic body type?
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35% |
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What is the population percentage of the asthenic body type?
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10% |
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What is the population percentage of the Hypersthenic body type?
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5% |
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Organ placement and characteristics of the sthenic body type
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Heart: moderately transverse Lung: moderate length Diaphragm: moderately high Stomach: high, upper left Colon: spread evenly; slight dip in transverse colon Gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen CHARACTERISTICS Build: moderately heavy Abdomen: moderately long Thorax: moderately short, broad, and deep Pelvis: relatively small |
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Organ placement and characteristics of the hyposthenic body type
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Organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types; this habitus is the most difficult to classify
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Organ Placement and characteristics of the asthenic body type |
Heart: nearly vertical and at midline Lungs: long, spices above clavicles, may be broader above base Diaphragm: low Stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing Colin: low, folds on itself Gallbladder: low and nearer the midline CHARACTERISTICS Build: frail Abdomen: short Thorax: long, shallow Pelvis: wide |
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Organ placement and characteristics of the hypersthenic body type |
Heart: axis nearly transverse Lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles Diaphragm: high Stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle Colon: around periphery of abdomen Gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel CHARACTERISTICS Build: massive Abdomen: long Thorax: short, broad, deep Pelvis: narrow |
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What are the three functional classifications of the joints?
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Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses |
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Synarthroses joints |
Immovable joints |
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Amphiarthroses joints |
Slightly movable joints |
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Diarthroses joints |
Freely movable joints |
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What are the three classifications of joint space on the connective tissue's?
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Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints |
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Fibrous joints
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No joint cavity, and generally immovable
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What are the three types of fibrous joints?
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Syndesmosis Suture Gomphosis |
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Syndesmosis |
An immovable joint or slightly movable joint united by sheets of fibrous tissue. Example: inferior tibiofibular joint |
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Suture |
An immovable joint occurring only in the skull. Interlocking bones are held tightly together by strong connective tissues. Example: sutures of the skull |
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Gomphosis |
An immovable joint occurring only in the roots of the teeth. Roots of the teeth that ally in the Alveolar sockets are held in place by fibrous peroidontal ligaments |
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Cartilaginous joints |
No joint cavity, and generally immovable or only slightly movable |
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What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
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Symphysis
Synchondrosis |
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Symphysis |
A slightly movable joint. Designed for strength and shock absorbency.
Example: joint between two pubic bones ( pubic symphysis), joint between each vertebra |
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Synchondrosis |
An immovable joint. Contains rigid cartilage that unites two bones. Example: epiphyseal plate found between the epipysis and diaphysis of a growing long bone |
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Synovial joint |
Surrounded by an articular capsule that forms the joint cavity, and freely movable and the most complex |
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What are the six types of synovial joints?
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Gliding (plane) Hinge (ginglymus) Pivot (trochoid) Ellipsoid (condyloid) Saddle (sellar) Ball and socket (spheroid) |
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Gliding (plane) |
Uniaxial movement. Simplest synovial joint. Permit slight movement. Example: intercarpal and intertarsal joints of the wrist and foot |
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Hinge (ginglymus) |
Uniaxial movement. Permits flexion and extension. Example: elbow, knee, and ankle |
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Pivot (trochoid) |
Unoaxial movement. Allow only rotation around a single axis. Example: articulation of atlas and axis of the cervical spine |
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Ellipsoid (condyloid) |
Biaxial movement, primary. Permits movement in two directions at right angles to each other, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction. Example: radiocarpal joint of the wrist |
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Saddle (sellar) |
Biaxial movement. Permits movements in two axes. Similar to ellipsoid Example: carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal. |
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Ball and socket (spheroid) |
Multiaxial movement. Permits movement in many axes, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and rotation |
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Where and what is the diaphysis? |
It is in the middle of the bone, if forms the body of the long bones
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Where are the epiphyses? |
The broadened articular ends of the long bones |
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In an immature bone, the epiphyseal growth plate is located where? |
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis |
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What is an osteoblasts? |
A bone forming cell |
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AP Projection |
Anteroposterior Projection A perpendicular central ray enters The anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface. The patient can be positioned upright, Seated, supine, dorsal recumbent, or later decubitus |
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PA Projection |
Posteroanterior Projection A perpendicular central ray is shown entering the posterior body surface and exiting the anterior body service. The patient can be positioned seated, prone, upright, and lateral decubitus |
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Axial Projection |
There is a longitudinal angulation of the central ray with the long axis of the body or specific body part.
This can be achieved by angling the central ray cephalad or caused. It can also be achieved by angling the entire body or body part while maintaining the central ray perpendicular to the IR |
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Tangential Projection |
The central ray is directed toward the outer margin of the curved body surface to profile a body part just under the surface and project it free of superimposition
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Lateral Projection |
A perpendicular central ray enters one side of the body or body part, passes transversely along the coronal plane, and exits on the opposite side.
These can be performed on either side of the body. |
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Oblique Projection |
The central right enters the body or body part from a side angle following an oblique plane.
These projections may enter from either side of the body and from anterior or posterior surfaces. These projections are achieved by rotating the patient with the central ray perpendicular to the IR |
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Upright position
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Errect or marked by a vertical position
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Recumbent position |
General term referring to lying down in any position, such as dorsal recumbent, ventral recumbent, or lateral recumbent.
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Supine position |
Lying on the back
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Prone position |
Lying face down
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Lateral position |
Named according to the side of the patient that his place closest to the IR.
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Oblique position |
Achieved when the entire body or body part is rotated so that the coronal plane is not parallel with the radiographic table or IR
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RPO/LPO (posterior obliques or AP oblique projections) |
Named according to the side of the patient that is place closest to the IR.
The patient is rotated with the right or left posterior body surface in contact with the radiographic table |
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RAO/LAO (anterior obliques or PA oblique projections) |
Named according to the side of the patient that is place closest to the IR.
The patient is rotated with the right or left anterior body surface in contact with the radiographic table. |
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Lateral decubitus |
The patient is positioned on his or her side with the back closest to the IR.
In this position a horizontal central ray provides an AP projection. |
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Ventral decubitus |
The patient is lying prone.
This places either the left or right side of the body adjacent to the IR, resulting in a lateral projection |
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Dorsal decubitus |
The patient is lying supine
This places either the left or right side of the body adjacent to the IR, resulting in a lateral projection |
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View |
Is used to describe the body part as seen by the IR
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Method |
Describes the specific radiographic a projection that the individual developed.
The method specifies the x-ray projection and body position, and it may include specific items such as IR, CR or other unique aspects |
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Eversion |
Outward turning of the foot at the ankle |
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Inversion |
Inward turning of the foot at the ankle |
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Pronate |
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down |
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Supinate |
Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up (in anatomical position) |
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Rotate |
Turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis. Can be medial or lateral for limbs |
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Tilt |
Tipping or slanting a body part. In relation to the long axis of the body |
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What are the ten body systems? |
Skeletal Circulatory Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Nervous Muscular Endocrine Integumentary |
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Skeletal system |
Includes 206 separate bones of the body and their associates cartilages and joints. |
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What are the four functions of the skeletal system? |
1.) to support and protect the body 2.) to allow movement by interacting with the muscles to form levers 3.) to produce blood cells 4.) to store calcium |
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Osteology |
The study of bones |
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Arthrology |
The study of the joints |
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Circulatory system |
Is composed of the cardiovascular organs such as: heart, blood and blood vessels. As well as the lymphatic organs: lymph nodes, lymph and lymph vessels |
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What are the six functions of the circulatory system? |
1.) to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body 2.) to carry cell waste and carbon dioxide from the cells 3.) to transport water, electrolytes, hormones and enzymes 4.) to protect against disease 5.) to prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots 6.) to help regulate body temperature |
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Digestive system
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Includes the alimentary canal and certain accessory organs
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What are the two functions of the digestive system?
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1.) to prepare food for absorption by the cells through numerous physical and chemical breakdown processes
2.) to eliminate solid wastes from the body |
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What is the alimentary canal made up of? |
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus
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Accessory organs of digestion include: |
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
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Respiratory system
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Composed of two lungs and a series of passages connecting the lungs to the outside atmosphere
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What are the three functions of the respiratory system?
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1.) to supply oxygen to the blood and eventually to the cells 2.) to eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood 3.) to assist in regulating the acid base balance of the blood |
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The structure is making up the passageway from the Exterior to the alveoli of the lung interior include:
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Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tree
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Urinary system |
Includes organs that produce, collect and eliminate urine
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What are the four functions of the urinary system?
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1.) to regulate the chemical composition of the blood 2.) to eliminate many waste products 3.) to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume 4.) to maintain the acid-base balance of the body |
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What are the origins of the urinary system?
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Kidneys, ureter's, bladder and urethra
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Reproductive system
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Includes those organs that produce, transport and store the reproductive cells
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What is the function of the reproductive system?
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To reproduce an organism
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What is the reproductive organ for males?
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Testes
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What is the reproductive organ for females?
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Ovaries
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Transport and storage organs of the male include:
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Vas deferens Prostate gland Penis |
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Additional organs of reproduction in the female include:
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Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina |
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Nervous system
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Composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and special sense organs
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What is the function of the nervous system?
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To regulate body activities with electrical impulses traveling along various nerves
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What are some examples of special sense organs?
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The eyes and ears
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What are the three types of muscles in the body?
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Skeletal Visceral Cardiac |
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Skeletal muscle |
Includes most of the muscle mass of the body.
Striated and under voluntary control. |
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Voluntary muscles |
Act in conjunction with the skeleton to allow body movement.
About 43% of the weight of the human body is composed of voluntary or striated skeletal muscle |
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Visceral muscle |
Smooth and involuntary
Located in the walls of hollow internal organs such as blood vessels, stomach and intestines. These muscles are termed involuntary because their contraction is usually not under voluntary or conscious control |
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Cardiac muscle |
Is found only in the walls of the heart and is in voluntary, but striated
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What are the three functions of the muscles in the body?
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1.) to allow movement, such as locomotion of the body or movement of substances through the alimentary canal 2.) to maintain posture 3.) to produce heat |
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Endocrine system |
Includes all of the ductless glands of the body.
Hormones which are the secretions of the endocrine glands, are released directly into the bloodstream |
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What is the function of the endocrine system?
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To regulate body really activities through the various hormones carried by the cardiovascular system
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What are some examples of ductless glands in the body?
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Testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal and pituitary.
The placenta acts as a temporary endocrine gland |
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Integumentary system
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Composed of the skin and all structures derived from the skin, including: hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands
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What are the four functions of the integumentary system?
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1.) to regulate body temperature 2.) to protect the body 3.) to eliminate waste products through perspiration 4.) to receive certain stimuli such as temperature, pressure and pain |
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Skin |
And organ that is essential to life.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering a surface area of approximately 7620 cm in the average adult |
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How many bones are in the entire body? |
206 |
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Bone marrow (medulla) |
Is the tissue occupying the medullary cavities of long bones and the spaces in spongy bone |
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Red bone marrow |
Is found in the medullary cavities of long bones and in spongy bone of children and adults.
It forms red blood cells and some types of white blood cells |
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Yellow bone marrow |
Replaces red bone marrow in long bones of adults.
It contains considerable fat. |
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Nutrient foramen |
A small opening in the periosteum and opens into a nutrient canal that passes obliquely through a bone to a medullary cavity of the center of a solid bone.
In long bones it is located near the center of the shaft.
It carries a never and artery into the bone, and provides a passage for veins and lymphatics. |
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Bones relieve their blood supply by.. |
Arteries entering through the nutrient canals as well as by small vessels the penetrate the periosteum. |
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Flat bones of the skull |
Have a construction peculiar to them.
Thin layers of compact bone lie adjacent to the periosteum covering the external and internal surfaces of the flat bone.
These form the outer and inner tabbes.
A layer of spongy bone called the dipole lies between the two compact layers. |
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Ossification |
The process by which bones form in the body |
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The embryonic skeleton is composed of |
Fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage |
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Ossification begins about the... |
Sixth embryonic weeks and continues until adult hood |
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When bones replace membranes |
Intramembranous ossification |
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How many bones are within the axial skeleton? |
80 |
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When bone replaces cartilage |
Endochondral or intracartaginous ossification |
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Intramembranous ossification |
Occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection, such as the flat bones of the skullcap |
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Endochondral ossification |
Occurs much slower then intramembranous ossification and occurs in most parts of the skeleton, especially in long bones.
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The first center of ossification is termed |
The primary center and occurs on the midshaft area
Becomes the diaphysis |
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Secondary centers of ossification.. |
Appear near the ends of long bones.
Most appear after birth, while most primary centers appear before birth. |
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Each secondary center of ossification is termed |
Epiphysis |
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Cartilaginous plates termed |
Epiphyseal plates |
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Epiphyseal plates are found.. |
Between the diaphysis and each epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete |
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The area near each epiphyseal plate on the diaphysis side is termed |
Metaphysis |
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The female skeleton usually.. |
Matures more quickly than the male skeleton |
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Axial skeleton broken down: |
Skull • cranium 8 • facial bones 14 Hyoid 1 Auditory ossicles 6 Vertebral column • cervical 7 • thoracic 12 • lumbar 5 • sacrum 1 • coccyx 1 Thorax • sternum 1 • ribs 24 |
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Greenstick fracture |
Fracture of children
Usually from indirect trauma
Occurs with slighted angulation of the countour of the corter
Also they are incomplete fractures in that the entire circumference of bone is not interrupted |
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Transverse fracture |
Usually caused by direct trauma
Running up the stair and striking the shin usually will cause a horizontal radiolucent line at the sight of impact.
Sometimes seen on pathalogical fractures |
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Angulated fracture |
Usually result from direct trauma, which is severe
Bone is usually displaced laterally
In the case of long bone an internal fixation device is sometimes requires to gain apposition
Traction also my be implemented |
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Oblique fracture |
These are usually due to indirect drama, the bone being twisted and it's the long axis |
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Spiral fracture |
Similar to the oblique fracture, except the spiral is usually due to more severe and direct trauma.
The amount of rotation of the bone in its long axis is increased |
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Impacted fracture |
Result of forcible displacement of one bone segment into another with a degree of fixation of the parts
It is most common in the femoral and humeral head |
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Double fracture |
Often a combination of direct and indirect trauma.
These are common in the forearm and lower leg
Can occur almost anywhere because of a combination of the two types of drama |
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Crush fracture |
Usually resulting from extreme direct, blunt trauma
A hammer blow to this some or dropping a heavy object on the toes are two examples of crushed fractures
A window shattering effect or starlike fracture of the bone is noted
There are sometimes many fragments involved so as also to be comminuted |
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Avulsion fracture |
Stress applied to the ligament, a bone fragment, or contracting muscle, usually an extension opposing a flexion force, avulses the fragment of bone into which it is inserted |
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Involving a joint |
The line fracture crosses the interarticulate cartilage of a joint.
Usually caused by severe direct trauma |
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How many bones are within the appendicular skeleton? |
126 |
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Fracture and dislocation |
The fracture involves a joint that is dislocated as well as fractured.
It is a combination of indirect and direct trauma.
This is common in athletics |
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Communited fracture |
Broken into multiple fragments by severe direct or indirect trauma |
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The study of joints is termed |
Arthrology |
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Joints are divided into what three main groups? |
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis |
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A joint that is immovable is termed |
Synarthrosis |
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A joint that is slightly movable is termed |
Amphiarthrosis |
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Joints that are freely movable are termed |
Diarthrosis |
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Diarthrodial joints are enclosed within.. |
A fibrous envelope or capsule
The joint capsule contain synovial fluid, which serves to lubricate the articular cartilage found at the ends of the bones making up the joint |
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Synarthrodial joints |
Two examples of synarthrodial or in movable joints are the sutures of the adult school in the epiphyseal plate between and epiphysis and the diaphysis.
Complete fusion of both types of said arthrodial joints occurs in the adult |
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Amphiarthrodial joints |
Are slightly movable. Examples are the joints between any two vertebral bodies, the distal tibia fibula or joint and the joints of the pelvis. The pelvic joints are the symphysis pubis in front and the two sacroiliac posteriorly |
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Appendicular skeleton broken down: |
Shoulder girdles • clavicle 2 • scapula 2 Upper extremities • humerus 2 • ulna 2 • radius 2 • carpals 16 • metacarpals 10 • phalanges 28 Pelvic girdle • hip bone 2 Lower extremities • femur 2 • tibia 2 • fibula 2 • patella 2 • tarsals 14 • metatarsals 10 • phalanges 28 |
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Diarthrodial joints |
All joints of the extremities, with the single exception of the distal tibia fibula or joint, our freely movable joints. Since there are a large number of freely movable joints, they are further subdivided into six specific movement types |
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What are the six types of diarthrodial joints? |
Ball and socket
Hinge
Condyloid
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding |
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Ball and socket joints |
The ball and socket type of joy a while is the greatest freedom of motion. Movement such as flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction are possible in these joints. The hip joint in the shoulder joint are examples of the ball and socket joint |
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Hinge joint |
Is a strong joint, firmly secured by strong collateral ligaments, that permits only motions of flexion and extension. Examples of hinge joints include the interphalangeal joint, elbow joint, knee joint and ankle joint |
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Condyloid joints |
Allows motion and for directions. In addition to the flexion and extension of the hinge joint, these joints can abduct and adduct. Examples of condyloid joints are the wrist and the second through the fifth metacarpal phalangeal joints |
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Pivot joints |
Allow a rotational movement around a long axis. Both the proximal and distal radioulnar joint are pipit joints, allowing the rotational movements of the forearm and wrist. The joint between the first and second cervical vertebra allows the head to rotate on the rest of the vertebral column |
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Saddle joints |
Are unique to the thumb. These joints allow movement in several directions. The first carpel metacarpal joint is the best example of a saddle joint. Although the first metacarpal phalangeal joint is also classified as a saddle joint |
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Gliding joint |
There are numerous gliding joints that permit only a sliding or gliding motion between the articulating surfaces. Examples include the intercarpal joins in the intertarsal joints |
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The abdomen is divided into what four quadrants? |
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) |
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The nine regions of the body are divided into what three groups? |
Superior Middle Inferior |
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Periosteum |
Is a membrane that covers all bones with the exception of the articular (joint) surfaces which are covered instead by articular cartilages.
The outer layer of periosteum is dense fibrous tissue while the inner layer, next to the bone, has osteoblasts or bone forming cells. |
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The superior group of the nine regions of the body include: |
Right hypochondrium Epigastrium Left hypochondrium |
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The middle group of the nine regions of the body include: |
Right lateral Umbilical Left lateral |
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The inferior group of the nine regions of the body include: |
Right inguinal Hypo gastric Left inguinal |
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What external landmark corresponds with C1 of the vertebra? |
Mastoid tip |
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What external landmark corresponds with C2 and C3 of the vertebra? |
Gonion (angle of the mandible) |
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What external landmark corresponds with C3 and C4 of the vertebra? |
Hyoid bone |
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What external landmark corresponds with C5 of the vertebra? |
Thyroid cartilage |
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What external landmark corresponds with C7 and T1 of the vertebra? |
Vertebra prominens |
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What external landmark corresponds with T1 of the vertebra? |
Approximately 2 inches above lever of the jugular notch |
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What external landmark corresponds with T2 and T3 of the vertebra? |
Level of the jugular notch |
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Compact bone |
Or cortical bone is dense closely knit bone resembling ivory.
It is located under the periosteum and forms a think layer in the bodies (shafts) of long bones.
In short and irregular bones it formats a thin outer layer under the periosteum, as well as on the articular surfaces. |
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What external landmark corresponds with T4 and T5 of the vertebra? |
Level of the sternal angle |
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What external landmark corresponds with T7 of the vertebrae? |
Level of inferior angles of scapulae |
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What external landmark corresponds with T9 and T10 of the vertebra? |
Level of xiphoid process |
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What external landmark corresponds with L2 and L3 of the vertebra? |
Inferior costal margin |
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What external landmark corresponds with L4 and L5 of the vertebra? |
Level of superior most aspect of iliac crests |
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What external landmark corresponds with S1 and S2 of the vertebra? |
Level of anterior superior iliac spine ASIS |
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What external landmark corresponds with the coccyx? |
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters |
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Spongy bone |
Is porous loosely-knit bone similar in apperance to a sponge, or honeycomb.
It forms a thin layer beneath the compact bone in the bodies of long bones.
At the ends of long bones and in the bodies and processes of other bones it forms but the thin outer compact layer. |
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Medullary cavity |
Narrow cavity is a central cavity extending longitudinally in the shafts of long bones
It contains bone marrow |
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Endosteum |
Is a membrane that lines the medullary cavities of long bones |
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The hand consists of how many bones? |
27 |
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Radius |
Located on the lateral side of the forearm
Contains a head, neck, body, radial tuberosity, and radial stylus process |
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Ulna |
Is located on the medial side of the forearm
Contains body, olecrannon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch, head, and ulnar styloid process |
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Humerus |
Contains humeral condyle, trochlea, capitulum, medial and lateral epicondyles, coronoid fossa, radial fossa, olecrannon fossa, head, anatomic neck, surgical neck, lesser tubercle, and greater tubercle |
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Phalanges |
Bones of the digits |
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Metacarpals |
Bones of the Palm |
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Carpals |
Bones of the wrist |
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The proximal row of carpals beginning on the lateral side: |
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform |
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The distal row of carpals beginning on the lateral side: |
Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate |
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Carpal sulcus |
Anterior or palmar surface of the wrist is concave from side to side and forms the carpal sulcus |
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Flexor retinaculum |
A strong fiber stand, attaches medially to the pisiform and the hook of the hamate and laterally to the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium |
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Carpal tunnel |
The passageway created between the carpal sulcus and the flexor retinaculum |
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Carpal tunnel syndrome |
Results from compression of the median nerve inside the carpal tunnel |
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Interphalangeal joint |
Synovial Hinge Freely movable |
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Dislocation |
Displacement of bone from joint space |
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Fracture |
Disruption in continuity of bone |
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Bennett fracture |
Fracture at the base of the first metacarpal |
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Boxer fracture |
Fracture of the metacarpal neck |
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Colles fracture |
Fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement |
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Smith fracture |
Fracture of the distal radius with anterior displacement |
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Torus or buckle fracture |
Impacted fracture with bulging of periosteum |
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Joint effusion |
Accumulation of fluid in joint associated with underlying condition |
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Rheumatoid arthritis |
Chronic, systemic, inflammatory collagen disease |
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PA projection of 2nd - 5th digits |
Film: 14 x 17
Patient position: seat patient at end of radiographic table
Part position: place the extended digit with the palmar surface down on the unmasked portion of the IR. Separate digits slightly and center. SHIELD.
CR: perpendicular to the PIP joint of the affected digit
Collimate
Evaluation criteria: proper collimation. Entire digit from fingertip to distal portion of the adjoining metacarpal. No soft tissue overlap from adjacent digits. No rotation. Fingernail. Open IP and MCP joint spaces |
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Metacarpophalangeal joint |
Synovial Ellipsoidal Freely movable |
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Lateral projection of 2nd -5th digit (Lateromedial or mediolateral) |
Film: 8x10 or 10x12
Patient position: seat patient at end of radiographic table
Part position: demonstrate to the patient what you want them to do. Let the patient get comfortable before moving the digits around. SHIELD.
CR: perpendicular to the PIP joint of affected digit
Collimate
Evaluation criteria: evidence of proper collimation. Entire digit in true lateral position. No obstruction of the proximal phalanx or MCP joint by adjacent digits. Open IP joint spaces |
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PA oblique of the 2nd - 5th digits (Lateral rotation) |
Film: 8x10 or 10x12
Patient position: seat patient at end of the radiographic table
Part position: place forearm on table with hand pronated. Center IR at PIP. Rotate hand 45 degrees. SHIELD
CR: perpendicular to the PIP joint of the affected digit
Collimate
Evaluation criteria: evidence of proper collimation. Entire digit. Digit rotated 45°. No superimposition of adjacent digits. Open IP and MCP joint spaces |
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Carpometacarpal joint of the first digit |
Synovial Saddle Freely movable |
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Carpometacarpal joint of the second to the fifth digits |
Synovial Gliding Freely movable |
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Intercarpal joint |
Synovial Gliding Freely movable |
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Distal radio ulnar joint |
Synovial Pivot Freely movable |
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Posterior fat pad |
Covers the largest area and lies with in the Olecrannon fossa of the posterior humerus |
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Anterior fat pad |
Superimposed coronoid and radial fat pads, which lie in the coronoid and radial fossa with of the anterior humerus |
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Supinator fat pad |
Positioned anterior to the parallel with the anterior aspect of the proximal radius |
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Bursitis |
Inflammation of the bursa |
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AP projection of the first digit (thumb) |
Film: 8x10 or 10x12
Patient position:see the patient at the end of the radiographic table with the arm internally rotated
Part position: demonstrate how you want the part to be positioned. Let them try to position how you were positioned, then adjust them the way they need to be adjusted.
CR: perpendicular to the MCP joint
Collimate
Evaluation criteria:evidence of proper collimation. Area from the distal tip of the thumb to the trapezium. No rotation. Overlap of soft tissue and profile of the palm over the mid shaft of the first metacarpal. Open IP and MCP joint spaces without overlap of the bones.
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PA projection of first digit (thumb) |
Film: 8x10 or 10x12
Patient position: see the patient at the end of the radiographic table with the hand resting on it's medial surface
Part position:place the hand in the lateral position. Rest the elevated and abducted thumb on the radio graphic table to support, or hold it up with a radio Lucent stick. And just to hand to place the dorsal surface of the digit parallel with the IR. This position magnifies the part.
CR: perpendicular to the MCP joint
Collimate
Evaluation criteria: evidence of property collimation. Area from the distal tip of the thumb to the trapezium. No rotation. Overlap of soft tissue profile of the palm over the midshaft of the first metacarpal. Open IP and MCP joint spaces without overlap of bones. PA thumb production magnifies |
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Lateral projection of the first digit (thumb) |
Film: 8 x 10 or 10 x 12
Patient position: See the patient at the end of the radiographic table with the relaxed and placed on the IR
Part position: place the hand in its natural arch position with the Palmer service down in fingers flexed or resting on the sponge. Place the midline of the IR parallel with the long axis of the digit. Center the IR to the MCP joint. Adjust the arching of the hand until a true lateral position of the thumb is obtained.
CR: perpendicular to the MCP joint
Collimate
Evaluation criteria: evidence of property collimation. Area from the distal tip of the thumb to the trapezium. First digit in a true lateral position. Open IP and MCP joint spaces |
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PA oblique projection of the first digit (thumb) |
Film: 8 x 10 or 10 x 12
Patient position: see the patient at the end of the radiographic table with the palm of the hand resting on the IR
Part position: with the thumb abducted, place the Palmer surface of the hand in contact with the IR. Ulnar deviate the hands lightly. This relatively normal placement positions the thumb in the oblique position. Align the longitudinal axis of the thumb along with the axis of the IR
CR: perpendicular to the MCP joint
Collimate
Evaluation criteria: evidence of proper collimation. Area from the distal tip of the thumb to the trapezium. Proper rotation of phalanges. Open IP and MCP joint spaces |
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PA projection of the hand |
Film: 8 x 10 or 10 x 12
Patient position: see the patient at the end of the radiographic table. Adjust the patient's height so that the fore arm is resting on the table
Part position: rest of patients for arm on the table, and place the hand with the Palmer service down on the IR. Center of the IR to the MCP joint spaces, and add just the long axis of the IR a parallel with the long axis of the hand and forearm. Spread the finger slightly. And asked the patient to relax the hand to avoid motion
CR: perpendicular to the third MCP joint
Collimate
Evaluation criteria: evidence of proper collimation. Anatomy from fingertips to distal radius and Ulna. Slightly separated digits with no soft tissue overlap. No rotation of the hand. Open MCP an IP joint spaces indicating that the hand is placed flat on the IR
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PA oblique projection of the hand (lateral rotation) |
Film: 8 x 10 or 10 x 12
Patient position: see the patient at the end of the radiographic table. Adjust the patient's height to rest the forearm on the table
Part position:rest of the patients or arm on the table with the hand pronated in the palm resting on the IR. Adjusting The obliquity of the hand so that the MCP joints form an angle of approximately 45° with the IR plane. Use a 45° foam wedge to support the fingers in the extended position to show the IP joints
CR: perpendicular to the third MCP joint
Collimate
Evaluation criteria: evidence of proper collimation. Anatomy from fingertips to distal radius and Ulna. Digit separated slightly with no overlapping of the soft tissues. 45° of rotation of anatomy. Open IP and MCP joint spaces. |
