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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Becoming an adult |
-19-25 -Self-involved and separating -Idealistic but can easily become disillusioned -Mentors are important -Searching for love: strong way to exert independence from parents -Stay financially dependent for much longer than in the past. Boundary issue -Parents may rediscover love or realize relationship is lacking -Must differentiate*** |
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Differentiation |
Being able to separate your thoughts and feelings. You have grown up with your parent's ideals, and you're beginning to develop your own way of life. |
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Constructivists and Differentiation |
-Piaget and Vygotsky -Understanding something of your own -Conceptualizing based off your own thoughts and feelings -Making meaning out of your life |
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Self-ideal congruence |
Does your idea of what you'd like to be really match what you want to be inside? Do your behaviors reflect what is on the inside? |
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Self-integration |
Ability to answer the question "Who am I?" |
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Differentiation and Vygotksy and the MKO |
Every time the student goes through the dialectical process, they are differentiating. They are moving away from needing the MKO and are doing it on their own. |
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Kohlberg and Differentiation |
Felt that each one of his stages was a higher form of differentiation. If you were moving up to a higher level of morality, you would be differentiating yourself once more from the previous way of thinking. |
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Selman and Differentiation |
Believed that children begin to differentiate as early as 5 years old. If they develop in a healthy way, they will continue to grow and differentiate. |
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Erikson and Differentiation |
If a child has trouble dealing with the Erikson "identity vs. role confusion stage," what will help them to get through it will be a parent who does not take it as a personal rejection. If the parent makes drama out of the child having their own ideas and attempting to differentiate, the child will have a very difficult time doing just that. They will feel guilt and will end up getting lost in the emotionality of all of it. The parent must understand what the child is experiencing and give them the security of unconditional love. |
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Families With Young Children |
-One of the biggest issues in this family is deciding who does what--distribution of labor. -Flexibility in the workplace is very important. -Approach this as a social problem that the couple is having. Do not pin them against each other--they are a team. -Couples at this stage have the highest rate of divorce |
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Feeling Maternal |
-Women tend to feel very maternal after birth and do not want to "share" the child. Hard to bring in other family members later, because they have been ignored up until this point. |
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Child With Disabilities |
-Families feel stress and guilt |
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Adoption |
-Difficult process -Good to inform child that are adopted from the very beginning. Good to involve all families. -Truth and honesty is important |
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Infertility |
-Common problem -Dealing with a death every month--mourning the loss of the fantasy child -Couples may isolate from friends/family who ask insensitive questions about having children -Fertility treatment is expensive -Depression is common--lots of pain, guilt, blame |
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Tips for parents of young children |
-Make sure the child knows you love them (the child is not their behavior) -Don't use abstract descriptions (Ex. "Stop being rude", identify the undesirable behavior) -Create an environment for success -Plan your activities around your child's needs -Set clear and enforceable limits -Create routines that you stick to -Recognize anxiety and comfort your child -Offer choices if your child is unhappy about something -Modeling is important -Natural and logical consequences -Be firm |
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Raising Cain |
-Little boys are not taught emotional literacy -Afraid to show sensitive sides -Not given an emotional vocabulary -Emotionally honest fathers can raise emotionally honest boys -Father's opinion of them is very important -Recognize high activity levels in boys and give them a safe place to express it |
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Prader-Willi Syndrome |
-1 in 12,000 live births. -These children tend to have a short stature, small hands, small feet, almond-shaped eyes, almost always have learning disabilities, temper tantrums, OCD, etc. -Usually about 1-2 years behind children of their same age. -Average IQ at adulthood is 70. -This is inherited from the father. Can run in families. -Very hard on the family. Lots of anger management. Cause many families to break up. Child can become the ruler of the house. |
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PKU |
-1 in 15,000 -Managed through strict diet. No cure. -Inherited. -Should be tested at birth. |
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Klinefelter XXY Syndrome |
-Different chromosomes than usual for men. -If it manifests itself, they may have enlarged breasts, lack of facial or body hair, overweight, tall, language impairment. -Tested at birth. |
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Cerebral Palsy |
-Causes are various -Poor muscle control, lack of coordination, oral problems, seizures, difficulty speaking/concentrating -May look uncomfortable -No connection to mental capacity--generally very smart |
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Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability) |
-IQ below 70 -May not understand social rules -Poor memory -Language, social issues, and behavior management |
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Down Syndrome |
-Usually diagnosed by physical features when born -Can be tested in vitro -May be developmentally delayed but do develop communication skills |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
-Mother drinking during pregnancy -Affects every aspect of child's life -Small to severe problems -Abnormal facial features, nervous system problems, small head, learning disabilities, mental retardation, etc -Brain is organ that is most affected |
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ADD |
-Can be expressed in many ways -Three main signs include inability to pay attention, inability to complete a task, and temper issues -May be a daydreamer or hyperactive -Regularly/overly diagnosed |
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Autism |
-Delayed development of spoken language, inconsistent response to sounds, lack of interest in other people or social situations, etc -Very sensitive to stimuli |
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Asbergers |
-Mainly problems with social interaction -Tend to be very smart and verbal -Can be obsessive about things and learn everything about them -Change is difficult |
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Child Abuse & Domestic Violence: Early Childhood |
-Hyper-vigilant, easily armed, and will have sleep disturbances if exposed to violence |
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Child Abuse & DV: School-aged Children |
-Lack of motivation, act depressed, tend to think others are looking at them with hostility, etc |
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Child Abuse & DV: Adolescents |
-Isolation, develop distorted perceptions of themselves, develop self-harming behaviors, school problems, etc |
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Newberger Parenting Levels: Egoist Orientation |
-Parent is thinking only of themselves, their own nees, and their own existence. -Child is only an extension of themselves, not a whole human being. -Child must do well in order to make parent look good |
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Newberger Parenting Levels: Conventional Orientation |
-Parent understands the child by externally derived definitions. -They do what they believe the right thing to do is based on family, mentors, community, etc -Not doing it in terms of the child--just what they believe is right |
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Newberger Parenting Levels: Subjective-Indiviualistic Orientation |
-Parent sees the child as a unique individual who can be understood by their relationship -Will organize themselves according to the needs of the child -"Helicopter" parents--parenting is their calling |
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Newberger Parenting Levels: Analytic-Systems Orientation |
-Parents believe that the child is complex and constantly evolving -They are also evolving as parents and learning from their child -Must find balance between the needs of the parent and the needs of the child |
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Launching Phase |
-Differentiation is very important -Parents are generally healthy and active -Parents can be overly focused on late launching children -Boomerang kids: Don't leave or leave and return -Parents return to friendships and the people they have known longterm |
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Tasks of Early Adulthood |
-Beginning to understand romantic love -Leave home: standard of living is always lower -Career development: What will I do? -Education is important -Develop moral and social clock which sets general dates for accomplishing life tasks |
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Couples after children have launched |
-MUST talk -Share expectations -Deal with grief of children being gone from home -Talk about finances -Consider downsizing -Embrace their changing roles -Couples tend to initially get in each other's way, because they aren't distracted by children anymore -Reframe marriage and renegotiate the contract |
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Mental Health Issues With Young Adults |
-3/4 of people with mental health problems were diagnosed in their teens -At higher risk for many things -More likely to find a job if they continue school -All schools with federal funds provide services for the disabled -People receiving services must know at what age to reapply -Hard to find decent care -Medicare would rather hospitalize people to save money |
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Middle-Aged Women and Menopause |
-3 months to 5 years, moderate or severe -Depression, decreased interest, change in appetite, less energy, irritability -Refer to physician to check hormone levels -May want to refer to psychiatrist for medication -Help them to understand feelings and what they're going through (possibly CBT to remove negative thoughts) -Can refer for homeopathic medicines -Recommend attending a support group -Exercise, stress management, doing things that they enjoy -Tell them to give themselves a break (they must go through it, but things will improve) |
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Manopause |
-Boredom, lack of interest in previously pleasurable activities, having affairs, impetuosity, style changes, use of drugs/alcohol, nostalgia, etc |
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Crystalized Intelligence |
-Information that you have been able to retain or learn about your culture, literature, math, your profession, etc. Does not decline. May actually increase. |
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Fluid Intelligence |
-How you take the information that you have gained over the years and use it to solve new problems |
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Synthesized (Expert) Intelligence |
-Where you learn to be an expert at something. Does not decline, because it is based on cognitive skills that you learned to solve a problem. |
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Everyday Memory |
-The things that you do all the time and have been doing your whole life (like taking a shower). If something is important to a person, they will remember it a lot better versus things that do not interest them. |
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Retirement and Baby Boomers |
-Most baby boomers who were questioned in a survey said that they plan to continue to work and earn through retirement (possibly in a new career or job) -Many other stated they would discontinue working for money, but they planned to volunteer -Most claimed the reason for continuing to work was stimulation |
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Erikson's Concept of Integrity |
-The wisdom that you gain in each developmental stage contributes to your integrity and your ability to deal with a spouse for the many years that you may be married |
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Peck: Differentiation vs. Role Preoccupation |
-Redefining who you are as an older adult instead of insisting on being the same person you've always been -Accepting that you have changed |
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Peck: Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation |
-Comes when you are physically declining -Must accept that you won't be as fast, healthy, or strong anymore |
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Peck: Ego Transcendence vs. Ego Preoccupation |
-Transcending the idea of "this is who I am" and accepting that that is not how you judge yourself anymore -Understanding that you have contributed to the world |
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Stages of Death: Denial |
-Self-protective -Do not want to believe that they are dying (coping mechanism) -Doesn't last long |
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Stages of Death: Anger |
-Often towards the people that love them most -Maintain an adult/adult relationship with whoever is dying and talk to them as an equal -Help the recipients of the anger to not take it personally -It is perfectly okay for the ill person to be mad at the illness or disease |
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Stages of Death: Bargaining |
-Also not long lasting -"Please, God, I will eat healthy and take walks and be nice from here on out." -Quickly realize that they won't get very far that way |
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Stages of Death: Depression |
-Near the end -Reactive: Reacting to loss of activity, health, body parts, etc -Preparatory: Beginning to realize that they are going to lose everyone and everything they ever had |
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Stages of Death: Acceptance |
-Finally saying, "Okay, this is the way that it is" |
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Dying Child |
-It is the parent's decision whether or not the child knows; you must consult with them -Discuss the changes that the child is feeling in their body so that it isn't a secret or mystery -If the parents agree, you can ask the child if they understand what is happening -Empathize and teach the family how to empathize |
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Stages of Grief: Shock/Denial |
-Unable to recognize what has happened |
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Stages of Grief: Pain/Guilt |
-Begin to truly suffer -Can be equated to your heart actually breaking |
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Stages of Grief: Anger/Bargaining |
-They may become mad at the doctors, the hospital, the research center, etc -"If I'm a really nice person, can you make this go away?" |
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Stages of Grief: Depression/Reflection/Loneliness |
-Their friends begin to think they should be moving on -Not the time to get talked out of grieving; they must go through it |
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Stages of Grief: Upward Turn |
-Adjusting to life without that person -Depression begins to life a little bit |
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Stages of Grief: Reconstruction/Working Through |
-Begin to think about finances and making changes in their life and around the house -Possibly change the environment (redecorate) as a way of moving on |
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Stages of Grief: Acceptance and Hope |
-There is a way to move forward -Happiness may not come right away, but they are beginning to understand that things can continue without a lost one |
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How Children Deal With Death: 6 months-2 years |
-Will sense a loss: very conscious of the grief -Make them feel cared for, nurtured, and loved |
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How Children Deal With Death: 2-6 years |
-No understanding of time or death but do pick up on nonverbal communication -May fear that they "wished" mom or dad away when they were angry -Feel confusion/guilt -Think death is reversible and temporary |
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How Children Deal With Death: 6-9 years |
-Personify death as if it's a monster or something under the bed -Begin to understand the permanence of death -Don't accept that death will happen to them or anyone that they love |
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How Children Deal With Death: 9-12 years |
-They can see death as a punishment for bad behavior -Curious about what happened -More interested in the rituals surrounding death |
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How Adolescents Deal With Death |
-Not uncommon for them to be antisocial or socially-inappropriate -May involve themselves in illegal or dangerous activities |
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How Young Adults (25-45) Deal With Death |
-Losses are experienced as out of sequence -Rituals that provide resolution and closure can be very important at this stage |
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How Mid-Lifers Deal With Death |
-Common to lose parents -Can also be the loss from dementia or Alzheimer's; their body still exists but their minds are gone -More difficult to lose a spouse now than out of sequence -Anger and guilt are common |
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How the Elderly Deal With Death |
-Individuals mourn deaths and the loss of their own diminished activities -Must be realistic about their abilities -Old widow tends to adjust quicker than a young widow |
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"Normal" Adolescents |
-Struggling with a sense of identity -Feel awkward about themselves and their bodies -Focus on themselves -Interests are influenced by peer group -Moody -Learning to express self more eloquently -Less outward affection to parents -Little concern about future -Interest in sex is increasing -Testing rules and limits |
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Mental Disorders in Teen Years |
-Bipolar Disorder -Conduct Disorder -Major Depression -Schizophrenia -Anxiety Disorders -Eating Disorders -Personality Disorders -PTSD -ADHD |
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Reviving Ophelia |
-Girls have the most difficult time in adolescence -Adolescents are egocentric and believe that everyone is an audience to them -There is a fine line between safety and freedom/independence -Parents can't compare their experiences -Establish healthy boundaries -Must differentiate and decenter |
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Divorce |
-Top of the stress list -The whole is greater than the parts
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How Divorce Affects Young Children |
-Often pick one parent and one bad parent -Custodial parent leans on the children for support -Can be parentified -Can result in feelings of anxiety, anger, and anger as an adult |
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How Divorce Affects Teens |
-Anger -Want to establish strong boundaries -Either want to grow up or feel that can't grow up and leave because they would be abandoning their parent -May regress or act older -Often exhibit antisocial behavior |
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Intake Questions for a Couple |
-What attracted them to each other? (This many times turns around and become the identified problem.) -What has changed since you first met? -Inquire about their dating history: length, course, etc -Ask about their original expectations for the relationship -Inquire about their families of origin -How do they make decisions? |
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Intimacy: Freud |
-Object relations (see self/others/and the relationship between them) -Individual picks mate based on their own unsatisfied needs -Projection |
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Intimacy: Piaget |
-Self-observing ego -Do you know what your mate wants? |
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Intimacy: Selman |
-Perspective -Focus on self-change, not spouse change |
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Intimacy: Kohlberg |
-Fair, care, share -Cannot be both intimate and dominant |
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Intimacy: Erikson |
-Ideally close, loving, vulnerable, transparent, reciprocity, lots of dialogue |
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Cycle of Violence |
-Abuse -Guilt -Honeymoon -Stress/Negativity -Fantasize about abuse -Then abuse again |
