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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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electron suttle
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NADH
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Miller and Uray
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experiment
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First Energy Crisis
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first organisms got their energy from preformed organic molecules (chemoheterotrophs).
they lived on free ATP. First Energy Crisis : NO MORE ATP |
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Solution to Energy Crisis 1
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Glycolysis - breaking down glucose to make ATP
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Glycolysis
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Input:
2 NAD 2 ATP glucose Output: 2 NADH 4 ATP 2 pyruvate |
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Fermentation
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regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis going. alcohol and lactic acid fermentation.
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Mechanisms for Hydrogen Ion Surplus:
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1) Proton Pump - require ATP
2)Electron Transport Chain - use e- through electron transport chain and use energy to transport H+ out 3) Chemiosmosis - create H+ gradient to drive H+ back to produce ATP |
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Second Energy Crisis:
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Ran out of glucose - organisms that could make their own sugars had an advantage. AUTOTROPHS
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Oxygen Revolution
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Plants generated enough oxygen to make the atmosphere O2 rich. only some organisms surviced. led to the rise of heterotrophs.
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Heterotrophs:
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Oxidatvie Metabolism: Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation - require oxygen and gets rid of the toxic problem of too much oxygen created by plants
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Krebs Cycle:
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input:
acetyl CoA output: 6 NADH 30 ATP 6 FADH2 |
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junction between glycolysis and Krebs Cycle:
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the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
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how many cycles of the Krebs Cycle?
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1 time for each pyruvate
2 times for each glucose |
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What happens to Kreb's Cycle products?
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fed through the electron transport chain where oxygen is the final electron acceptor. makes water
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electron transport chain
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at each point in the electron transport chain, H+ are pumped into intermembrane space creating a proton gradient which pushes the H+ back making lots of ATP (30) --total 34 ATP for electron transport (other 4 from FADH2)
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how do you switch from glycolysis to oxidatvie phosphorylation?
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pyruvate responds to oxygen availability
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Is glucose the only fuel you can use for metabolism?
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No - can use carbs, fat, protein.
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Respiratory Quotient
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CO2 formed / O2 used --> can use the different components becuase fats/carbs/proteins enter the cycle at different places. Carbs are preferred.
carbs - 100 fat -.71 protein (urea) -.81 protein (uric acid) - .74 |
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Controlling Cellular respiration....
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phosphofructokinase - responds to negative feedback. Inhibited by ATP ( if you have enough, cycle slows down). Inhibited by citrate from the Krebs cycle. AMP(from the breakdown of ATP) will stimulate phosphofructokinase
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