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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Paul Knox argues that the profession of planning emerges out of series of crises and people's responses to them. List the three crises and give an example for each.
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Three crises:
health crises (epidemics) social crises (riots, strikes) other crises (fire, flood, etc) |
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In terms of urban policy and planning, what two groups had reflected differing perspectives, philosophies and differing outcomes?
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Utopians (skylarks)
Pragmatists (moles) |
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According to the idealists (utopian) planners, their perspective stated:
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The city needed to be revamped and people relocated
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Anti-urban, embraced semi-rural landscapes with green belt areas, implementation of mixed use landscape for self sufficiency, urban design - blend of country and city, ideal size of city - 30 - 40,000 population. All these things contribute to what?
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The vision of idealist (utopian) planners
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List three idealists (utopian) planners.
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Robert Owen
Ebenezer Howard Patrick Geddes |
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Who observed the misery of mid-19th century Manchester & wrote "The Condition of the Working Class in England"
Worker oppression, pollution, overcrowding, disease, alienation, display of status symbols in the landscape all make up.. |
Friedrich Engels
"The Condition of the Working Class in England" |
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Term: philosophical, intellectual, and moral stances opposed to the trend in social relations, values, and environmental conditions of the 18th and 19th century with loose ties to Marxism
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Romanticism and Progressivism
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Romantics were utopian visionaries or activists?
What was their goal? True/false: seldom saw their plans actualized What did they have a major influence on? |
Utopian visionaries
Goal: balance city/country opposition True Influence: planning profession |
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Progressives were utopian visionaries or activists?
Progressives motivated by? |
Activists
Motivated by desire to reduce poverty or the harmful effects of poverty. |
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What is physician Benjamin Ward Richardson known for?
Air pollution control, water purification, sewage handling, public laundries, public health inspectors, elimination of alcohol and tobacco, replacement of the gutter with the park as the site of children's play all play are all factors of what? |
He wrote "Hygeia, City of Health"
They are all factors envisioned in the book. |
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Urban problems relating to health motivated what movement?
The Parks Movement grew out of.. What is the apparent shift in settings? Naturalistic parks were created in the U.S. by who? Olmstead career started with.. |
Parks Movement.
Grew out of landscape architecture and garden design Shift from private to public settings Naturalistic parks created by Frederick Law Olmstead Career started with Central Park, NY 1857 |
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List the four goals associated with Parks Movement.
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separate transportation modes, support active and passive uses, collect water, promote moral past times
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Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux designed what four places?
In later years, what two other places did he design? |
1. Prospect Park
2. Chicago's Riverside subdivision 3. Buffalo's park system 4. The park at Niagra Falls 1. Boston's park system, the "Emerald Necklace" 2. 1893 World's Fair in Chicago |
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Olmsted's parks were not _ but they were "_" or "_" in form.
What was this form seen as? Olmsted's parks related to ideas on "_" |
natural, "naturalistic", "organic"
Form seen as uplifting urban dwellers and addressing the social and psychological impacts of crowding "Environmental determinism" |
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Scenery, suitability, style, subordination, separation, sanitation, service are all factors relating to..
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Olmsted's Park Design Principles
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Design spaces in which movement creates constant opening up of new views and "obscurity of detail further away"
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Scenery
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Respect the natural scenery and topography of the site
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Suitability
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What two words define the following and which Olmsted Park Design principles do they fall under?
Open greenways with small bodies of water and scattered trees and groves create a soothing, restorative atmosphere Profuse planting, especially with shrubs on steep and broken terrain create a sense of the richness and bounteousness of nature, produce a sense of mystery with light and shade |
"pastoral"
"picturesque" STYLE |
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Subordinate all elements to the overall design and the effect it is intended to achieve
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Subordination
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One of Olmsted's park design principles that focuses on:
areas designed in different styles ways, in order to insure safety of use and reduce distractions conflicting or incompatible users |
Separation
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One of Olmsted's park design principles that promotes both the physical and mental health of users
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Sanitation
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One of Olmsted's park design principles that meets fundamental social and psychological needs.
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Service
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Who is responsible for designing Riverside, Illinois?
A _ suburb _ miles from _ Fashionable location for the Often _ |
Olmsted
A prototype suburb 9 miles from Chicago Fashionable location for the wealthy to live Often copied |
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Who is responsible for founding Hull House (Chicago)
Educating, elevating and saving the poor (condescending attitude) gradually evolved into something more responsive and scientific - these were the goals of what movement? |
Jane Addams
Settlment House Movement |
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Garden cities were a _ innovation introduced by _
What were the three magnets of garden cities? Garden cities were separated from _ by what? |
British, Ebenezer Howard
"Three magnets": town, country, town-country Separated from central city by greenbelt |
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What individual had no training in urban planning or design?
What did he oppose? What did he hope for? |
Ebenezer Howard
Opposed urban crowding/density Hoped to create a "magnet" people would want to come to |
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Garden Cities would combine..
Garden Cities would avoid.. Garden Cities formed the basis of.. Separation from the city has been lost virtually every time due to.. |
Combine the best elements of city and country
Avoid the worst elements of city and country Formed basis of the earliest suburbs Infill |
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What model follows an ideal, self-contained community of predetermined area and population surrounded by a greenbelt?
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Utopian Model
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What model was intended to bring together the economic and cultural advantages of both city and country life while at the same time discouraging metropolitan sprawl and industrial centralization?
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Utopian Model
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What would be vested in the community (socialist element) in the utopian model?
What do the following individuals have in common: Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, James Silk Buckingham? |
Land ownership
They foreshadowed the writing for the garden city under the utopian model and in the planned industrial communities of Saltaire, Bournville, and Port Sunlight |
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Garden city founded in 1903 by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin
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Letchworth, England
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Garden city founded in 1920 by E Howard, designed by Louis de Soissons, where most of the population now commutes to London
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Welwyn, England
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Garden city idea spread rapidly to what two countries?
What greatly stimulated the garden-city movement, especially Great Britain? The open layout of garden cities also had a great influence on |
Europe and the US
The congestion and destruction accompanying World War II The development of modern city planning. |
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Radburn, NJ introduced a five-step planning process, list them.
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1. Formulate goals
2. collect data 3. develop plan 4. implement plan 5. evaluate at later date |
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What movement had a main emphasis of showy urban landscapes?
What did it draw on? |
The City Beautiful Movement
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The specific role of real property is associated with 'rent'
What type of rent is associated with each description: 1. premium landlord can charge on property, or withhold it from market 2. single use provider (like all downtown small apts) 3. relative versus marginal location for same property |
1. absolute rent
2. monopoly rent 3. differential rent |
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Developers, politicians, banks, builders, speculators, real estate agents are all people who make up..
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actors in the real estate game
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Actors, or city makers, vary by what 4 things..
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financial resources, motive or purpose, market function, timeline
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What are the three stages of state and local economic development?
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Stage 1: smokestack and cash register chasing
Stage 2: grow your own Stage 3: cluster development |
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The development process has three stages, what are they?
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Stage 1: Preliminary
Stage 2: Implementation Stage 3: Facilities Management |
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Planning approaches, community development movement, urban social movements, labor mobilization, radical approaches are all part of what type of economic development?
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bottom-up approach to economic development
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What 4 major groups are CBD "users"
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workers, residents, shoppers, visitors
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What are Rannells' 4 types of CBD linkages?
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competitive, complementary, ancillary, commensal
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Burgess Concentric Zone Model identified two main parts of the CBD, what were they?
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CBD proper
CBD fringe |
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Scope of government, sources of financial support, control over land use, service provision & performance, allocation of existing/scarce resources, civil rights - all of these are related, because they are the
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6 types of perennial conflicts
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