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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ECHINACEA: Indication/Medical Uses
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Anti-microbial
Immunostimulant Anti-infective Anti-inflammatory |
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ECHINACEA: Pharmacology
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Nonspecific immune system activation
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ECHINACEA: Precautions
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Not recommended for patients with autoimmune
diseases - Lupus, RA, MS Rare allergic reactions |
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GINKGO BILOBA: Indication/Medical Uses
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-Circulatory stimulant
--Tinnitis, dementia, senility, AD, Raynaud’s, shortterm memory loss, peripheral arterial disease -Antidepressant -Antithrombotic |
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GINKGO BILOBA: Pharmacology
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-Total extract is more active than single isolated
components -Selective platelet aggregation antagonist -Vasodilator -Antioxidant -Aids cell use of oxygen and glucose -Increase rate of transmission of information to nerve cells -Protects nerve cells from damage from ischemia/hypoxia |
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GINKGO BILOBA: Precautions
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Side effects are rare: GI upset, HA, dizziness
Use with caution in conjunction with other bloodthinning agents No contraindications with pregnancy but lack of studies warrants caution |
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ST. JOHN’S WORT: Indication/Medical Uses
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Reduces symptoms of anxiety, mild depression,
apathy, anorexia Relieves insomnia and hypersomnia Promotes topical wound healing Possible adjuvant for viral infections |
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ST. JOHN’S WORT: Pharmacology
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Inhibition of MAO
Inhibition of 5HT, dopamine, and norepinephrine reuptake Inhibition of COMT Inhibition of GABA uptake and binding Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity |
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ST. JOHN’S WORT: Precautions
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Mild SE including GI upset, photosensitivity, sexual
dysfunction, dry mouth May interact with levodopa, SSRIs, MAOIs, and numerous other medications metabolized by CYP3A4 CYP450 3A4 inducer Should not be used during pregnancy or while breastfeeding |
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GARLIC: Indication/Medical Uses
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Treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis,
elevated lipids, and thrombosis Antihypertensive Antimicrobial Antihelmintic Immune enhancement Antioxidant |
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GARLIC: Pharmacology
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Broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
Bacteria, viruses, fungi parasites Inhibits exposure of fibrinogen receptors on platelet membranes Platelet aggregation inhibition |
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GARLIC: Precautions
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Excessive intake
GI upset Increased risk of hemorrhagic complications during surgery and post-op Avoid large quantities during pregnancy and lactation Avoid large quantities with concomitant anticoagulant therapy |
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ALOE: Indication/Medical Uses
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Topically
Burns and skin ulcers Dry skin Internally Peptic ulcers Immune system enhancement Constipation |
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ALOE: Pharmacology
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Contains Vitamins C & E and Zinc
Inhibits breakdown of bradykinin Inhibits thromboxane Stimulates fibroblast and connective tissue formation Antihistaminic effects - prevent mast cell release Bactericidal and fungicidal activity Increases colonic secretions and peristaltic contractions (laxative effects in ingested form) |
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ALOE: Precautions
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Use of powder long-term may contribute to
electrolyte imbalances and dependence on laxative effect, colorectal cancer, hepatitis Pregnant and nursing mothers should not use powder |
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VALERIAN: Indication/Medical Uses
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Mild nerve sedative
Sleep aid for insomnia, excitability exhaustion (Subjective reports of improved sleep in doubleblind randomized placebo trials without objective evidence; contradictory evidence) Antispasmodic Abdominal pain, pelvic or menstrual cramps Migraine headaches |
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VALERIAN: Pharmacology
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Increases GABA concentrations in synaptic cleft
Decreases GABA catabolism Inhibits GABA uptake and release CNS depression Reduces smooth muscle spasms |
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VALERIAN: Precautions
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DI – possible CNS depressants
No interaction with alcohol Often used in smaller amounts with Kava, Passionflower, Lemon Balm, Hops, Poppy, and Skullcap AE – Mydriasis, GI upset, HA |
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KAVA KAVA: Indication/Medical Uses
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Anxiety
Stress-related Anxiety disorders Insomnia Phobias |
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KAVA KAVA: Pharmacology
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Anticonvulsant properties
Central muscle relaxant Local anesthesia – UTI (bladder lining) Antianxiety effects comparable to oxazepam but not habit-forming Binds to D receptors in brain |
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KAVA KAVA: Precautions
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Mild AE including liver damage, rash, ha, GI upset,
dizziness CI - pregnancy or lactation, PD Precaution while driving or using heavy machinery May potentiate effects of barbituates or alcohol DI – Xanax and CNS depressants, Levodopa (decreases effectiveness), hepatotoxic Rx, hepatically metabolized medications |
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SAW PALMETTO: Indication/Medical Uses
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Relief of symptoms of stage I and II BPH
Genito-urinary infections Increase milk flow in nursing mothers May treat female androgen excess conditions |
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SAW PALMETTO: Pharmacology
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Inhibits 5-alpha-reductase
Blocks adrenergic receptors Inhibits DHT-producing enzymes Stimulates anti-estrogenic effects |
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SAW PALMETTO: Precautions
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Proper diagnosis important prior to initiation of
self-therapy Need further studies to use during pregnancy or lactation (not recommended due to hormonal effects) May interfere with hormonal therapy such as contraceptive pills or HRT May interfere with iron absorption AE – Well-tolerated. |
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BLACK COHOSH: Indication/Medical Uses
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Relieves symptoms of PMS and painful
menstruation Primary indication: Diminishes physical effects of menopause Eases psychological effects of menopause Increases number of superficial cells in vaginal lining |
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BLACK COHOSH: Pharmacology
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Estrogen-like agonistic effects in vitro, not in vivo
? Suppresses secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) – no double-blind placebo randomized trials Lessens ability of LH to bind receptors in hypothalamus May inhibit growth of estrogen-depedent breast cancer cells |
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BLACK COHOSH: Precautions
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AE – Hepatotoxicity, HA, GI upset which can be
relieved by taking with food Contraindicated in 1st 2 trimesters of pregnancy DI – CYP2D6 inhibitor (?), May intensify SE of oral contraceptives and synthetic estrogens |
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CAYENNE: Indication/Medical Uses
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Antioxidant
High blood pressure Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis Fever Cluster headaches and migraines Indigestion Artherosclerosis |
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CAYENNE: Pharmacology
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Anti-aggregation effects on platelets
Increases fibrinolytic activity Stimulates cooling center in hypothalamus Increases mucosal blood flow and vascular permeability Inhibits gastric mobility and duodenal motility |
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CAYENNE: Precautions
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External application can cause skin irritation
Avoid contact with eyes and other sensitive mucosa May interfere with MAOIs May increase hepatic metabolism of some drugs |
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Ginseng:
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Improves stamina, concentration, and healing
processes Women may experience estrogenic SE May potentiate MAOIs and anticoagulants Avoid use with steroids, stimulants, and antipsychotic drugs |
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Milk Thistle:
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Liver protectant and for supportive treatment of
liver disease Generally non-toxic Possible loose stools related to increased bile flow |
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Feverfew:
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Migraine prophylaxis and treatment and
associated n/v Secondary use in arthritis, fever, menstrual disorders Monitor patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications Uterine stimulant activity - avoid use during pregnancy |
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Ma Huang
Ephedra: Indication/Medical Uses |
Weight loss/obesity – appetite supressant
Athletic performance enhancement Allergies/Hey fever Colds, congestion Asthma - bronchodilatation |
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Ma Huang
Ephedra: Pharmacology |
• Applicable part of ephedra is the stem and leaf
• Sometimes contains parts of phenylpropanolamine (was part of Fen-phen, no longer OTC and limited Rx availability) • Was used in methamphetamine labs • Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine components: selective alphaand beta-receptor agonists increased HR, BP • Directly and indirectly stimulates the sympathetic nervous system • Tmax = 2.4 hours • Half-life = 6 hours |
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Ma Huang
Ephedra: Precautions |
• Can cause severe or life-threatening side effects
• Adverse effects consistent with catecholamine excess - anxiety, urinary retention, irritation, vomitting, HA • No large controlled studies; information is from case reports – cannot determine incidence of side effects • Multiple cardiac effects including cardiomyopathy, MI, cardiac arrest and sudden death, cardiac arrhythmias, • Multiple CNS effects including personality changes, difficulty concentrating, psychosis, seizures • CI – multiple, including pregnany, CV disease, DM, asthma • Banned in the U.S. – FDA found it to be unsafe |
