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174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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scientism/naturalism
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scientism/naturalism - the belief that scientific inquiry is the only path to truth
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having to do with truth
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psalm 19
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Summary: All of nature shows the glory of God. Everything in the earth "proclaims the work of his hands".
1 The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. 2 Day after day they pour forth speech; night after night they display knowledge. 3 There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. [a] 4 Their voice [b] goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the world. In the heavens he has pitched a tent for the sun, 5 which is like a bridegroom coming forth from his pavilion, like a champion rejoicing to run his course. 6 It rises at one end of the heavens and makes its circuit to the other; nothing is hidden from its heat. |
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Romans 1:20
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Summary: Since the beginning of creation, God's unseen qualities have been understood by through what he has made, so men have no excuse.
20For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse. |
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Hebrews 11:3
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Summary: We understand that the Earth which is seen was created from the word of God, that is unseen.
3By faith we understand that the universe was formed at God's command, so that what is seen was not made out of what was visible. |
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Genesis 1:26
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Summary: God created us in his own image to rule over everything on earth (the plants and animals).
26Then God said,(A) "Let us make man[a] in our image,(B) after our likeness. And(C) let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over the livestock and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." |
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geocentric
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Geocentric - having or representing the earth as a center
Geocentric Theory - an ancient description in which the earth is the center; the moon occupies the innermost crystal sphere; Mercury, the second sphere; and Venus, the third, followed by the sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn in consecutive spheres. The stars occupy the outermost sphere. (Chapter 2 p.29) |
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heliocentric
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ch2 The sun being the center of the universe.
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rotate
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ch2 To spin on an axis that passes through the center of an object.
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revolve
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ch2 To circle around a point that does not lie within the object, as a planet around the sun.
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coriolis effect
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ch2 The tendency of objects to moving in a straight path to curve due to the earth’s rotation.
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tropic of cancer
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ch2 The line of latitude located at 231/2 degrees North. It is defined by the sun's northermost overhead noon position at the summer solstice.
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tropic of capricorn
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ch2 The line of latitude located at 231/2 degrees South. It is defined by the sun's southernmost over head position at winter solstice.
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summer solstice
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ch2 The day (about June 21) when the sun’s overhead noon position is the farthest north.
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the longest day of the year
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winter solstice
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ch2 The day (about December 21) when the sun’s overhead moom position is southernmost
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the shortest day of the year
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equinox
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ch2 Either of two days during a year when the sun’s noon position is directly above the equator, making day and night approximately equal in all places on the earth. Astronomically, the two locations in the sky where the ecliptic and celestial equator intersect.
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parallax
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ch2 An apparent shift in position of an observed object caused by a change in the point of observation.
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solar flare
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ch4 A violent eruption on the surface of the sun resulting in intense emissions of ultraviolet radiation, x-rays and solar matter. Large solar flares which create “geomagnetic storms” on Earth that affect satellites, the electrical power grid and communications systems.
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sun spot
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ch4 A relatively small, cooler, darker area on the sun’s surface believed ot be
associated with local irregularities in the sun’s magnetic field. |
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solar wind
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ch4 High-speed particles from the sun’s corona, mostly protons and electrons, traveling outward in all directions into interstellar space.
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umbra
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ch4 The dark inner part of a sunspot. Also the darker inner part of a shadow cast by a planet where an observer within the shadow would experience a total solar eclipse.
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penumbra
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ch4 The outer lower temperature region of a sunspot. Also, the lighter outer portion of a shadow cast by a planet or moon, where an observer in the shadow would see a partial solar eclipse.
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radiation
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ch4 The particles and rays emitted by a radioactive material.
Also, the heat or light emitted by a glowing object |
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spectrum
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ch4 A distribution of electromagnetic energies arranged in order of wavelengths.
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core
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ch4 In general, the central region of the interior of a celestial object.
In the sun and other stars, it is the location of the thermonuclear reactions that generate the star’s energy. In the earth, it is the extremely dense metallic enter surrounded by the rocklike mantle. |
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ellipse
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ch5
Geometric figure resembling an elongated circle. given 2 points in a plane, an ellipse consists of all other points in the plane such that the sum of their distances from the 2 given points is constant. |
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perihelion
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ch5
The point nearest the sun in the orbit of a planet or other sun-orbiting object. |
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aphelion
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ch5
The point in the orbit of a planet or other object orbiting the sun where it is farthest from the sun. |
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superior planet
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ch5
A planet whose orbit is farther from the sun than the earth’s orbit.(orbit past the sun) |
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retrograde motion
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ch5
The apparent backward movement of the superior planets caused by the difference in orbital speed between earth and the planet being observed. |
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terrestrial
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ch5
A primarily solid planet(Mercury,Venus, Earth, Mars, Pluto? not a planet) that has a relatively thin atmosphere and is about the same size as Earth or smaller. |
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jovian
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ch5
Resembling the planet Jupiter or the Jupiter-like planets.(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) |
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comet
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ch6
A small, icy satellite of the sun, usually with a very eccentric orbit. When near the sun in its orbit, it produces one or more tails of dust and gas that glow or reflect sunlight. |
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meteor
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ch6
A mass of stone and metal that falls through the earth’s atmosphere and is heated by air friction until it glows brightly. |
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meteorite
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ch6
A remnant of a meteor large enough that it survives the fall through the atmosphere and hit’s the ground. |
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Perseides
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ch6
a meteor shower that occurs about the middle of August every year when the earth runs into meteoric debris from comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle. From the ground it appears to come from the constellation Perseus. |
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The Kuiper Belt
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ch6
- A hypothetical belt of relatively small rocky objects containing a large percentage of ices that orbit the sun in a region starting beyond Uranus and extending outward for perhaps 20 ua. |
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asteroid
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ch6
Any of the rocky minor planets that orbit the sun, mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. |
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terminator
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ch7
The line dividing the lighted portion of a non-luminous celestial body from the dark portion |
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perigee
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ch7
The point nearest the earth in the orbit of the moon or of an earth-orbiting satellite. |
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apogee
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ch7
The point in the orbit of the moon or a manmade satellite where it is farthest from Earth. |
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new moon
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ch7
That phase of the moon when it is positioned in its orbit between the sun and the earth and is not visible because of the sun’s glare. |
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full moon
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ch7
The lunar phase in which the moon’s entire near side is lighted. |
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quarter moon
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ch7
The phase of the moon when the western or eastern half(depending which quarter. First quarter the west is light and last quarter east is light) of the moon is lighted and the eastern or western half is darkened. |
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gibbous
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ch7
when three fourths of the side of the moon seen by earth is lighted. |
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waxing
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ch7
After the new moon when the moon is lighted from the east to west until the full moon. |
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waning
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ch7
After the full moon when the lighted portion of the moon decreases from east to west. |
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lunar eclipse
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ch7
The darkening of the full moon when it passes into the earth’s shadow. |
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solar eclipse
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ch7
An eclipse that occurs when the moon passes between the earth and the sun, blocking some or all of the sun’s light to the earth at a given location. |
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atmosphere
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ch9
The envelope of the gaseous mixture surrounding the Earth |
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troposphere
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ch9
The lowest of the 4 layers of the Earth's atmospheredefined by the temperature profile. It's the location of all weather that effects the Earth's surface |
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lapse rate
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ch9
The rate at which temperature changes with the altitude in the atmosphere. The average tropospheric lapse rate is -6.4 *C/km (-3.5 *F/1000 ft.) |
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tropopause
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ch9
The upper boundary of the troposphere that seperates the troposphere from the stratosphere. |
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stratosphere
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ch9
A region of the Earth's atmosphere defined by temperature profile located between the troposhphere and the mesosphere and between 12 and 50 km (7.4 - 31 mi) above the earth's surface. the temp. increases with altitude |
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jet stream
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ch9
A high speed meandering wind current, usually flowing from West to East at altitudes of 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 mi). It's speed often exceeds 400km/h (250 mi/h) |
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ozone layer
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ch9
A layer of concentrated Ozone (O3)located 20-50 km (12-31 mi)above the earth's surface that sheilds the earth from the harmful forms of the ultraviolet light. |
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ionosphere
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ch9
The portion of the Earth's upper atmosphere where solar ultraviolet radiation breaks down the gas molecules into individual atoms and ions. refelcts shortwave radio signals. The bottom of the ozone starts about 40-50 mi. above the earth and extends to the edge of the atmosphere. |
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magnetosphere
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ch9
The magnetic field that encircles the earth and traps high energy ions from the sun's solar wind. Protects living things from the damage by the sun's particle radiation |
Protects living things from the sun's radiation
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aurora borealis
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ch9
The streamers or bands of light that appear in the sky of the northern hemisphere when high energy charged particles from the magnetosphere collide with atmospheric molecules. |
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aurora australis
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ch9
The streamers or bands of light that appear in the sky of the southern hemisphere when high energy charged particles from the magnetosphere collide with atmospheric molecules. |
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greenhouse effect
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The greenhouse effect states that the gases that we are creating are acting as a blanket and holding in the earth's heat, causing the earth to get hotter and hotter. This is global warming.
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conduction
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The direct transfer of thermal energy through a substance or from one object in physical contact with one another.
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convection
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The indirect transfer of thermal energy from one place to another by the movement of currents of cooler, more dense matter into regions of warmer, less dense matter. Convection occurs in liquids and gases because their particles are mobile
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atmospheric pressure
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The force per unit area exerted by the atmosphere at a given location.
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relative humidity
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A ratio of the amount of water the air is actually holding to the amount it could hold at that same temperature, expressed as a percentage.
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a ratio
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precipitation
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In meteorology, moisture falling from the atmosphere as rain, hail, snow, or sleet.
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evaporation
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The process of vaporization when a liquid's temperature is below its boiling point.
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condensation
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The change of a gaseous vapor into the liquid state as the result of a decreasing temperature. Condensation occurs in a cloud and dew formation.
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sublimation
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A change of state directly from the solid to the gaseous state or from the gaseous to the solid state state without passing through the liquid state.
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solid to gaseous/gaseous to solid
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dew point
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The temperature at which air, by cooling, becomes saturated with water vapor and the vapor begins to condense around condensation nuclei.
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cloud
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A mass of fine water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air.
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adiabatic cooling
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Cooling of an air mass (without a change in the air mass's overall thermal energy) by a reduction in atmospheric pressure and/or an increase in volume.
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condensation nucleus
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A microscopic particle of material such as salt or smoke around which a water droplet can begin to form.
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orographic
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Associated with the presence of mountains. In meteorology, the lifting of and air mass and resulting precipitation as it flows over a mountain.
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frontal wedging
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Vertical movement of a warm air mass due to a wedge of cold air moving in under it.
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freezing rain
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Supercooled water that falls as rain and then freezes on the surface it contacts.
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snow
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Frozen precipitation formed by the sublimation of water vapor onto freezing nuclei.
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sleet
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Small frozen or particularly frozen raindrops that form when rain falls through a layer of cold air.
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hail
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Precipitation in the form of spheres of irregular lumps of ice. It is always produced by strongly convective clouds such as cumulonimbus.
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air mass
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A large body of air covering hundreds or thousands of square kilometers that has relatively uniform temperature, pressure, and humidity.
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warm front
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The advancing surface of a warm air mass as it pushes against and over a cooler air mass.
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cold front
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The advancing surface of a cold air mass as it moves under a warmer air mass.
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sea breeze
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A breeze that blows onshore from the ocean, usually during the daytime.
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land breeze
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A breeze that blows from shore to sea, usually at night.
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trade winds
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Consistent winds extending from the subtropical highs toward the equator, turned by the Coriolis effect into easterlies. They were formerly used by sailing ships to go from Europe to North and South America.
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monsoon
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A regional wind system that reverses periodically, alternately bringing wet and dry seasons.
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brings wet and dry seasons
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doldrums
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A permanent low-pressure belt of unusually windless air near the equator caused by the vertical rising of warm air.
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horse latitudes
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Bands of nearly permanent high pressure at approximately 30 degrees north or south latitude caused by descending cold air. They were so named because sailing ships that drifted for weeks in these areas were forced to eliminate their cargoes of livestock when water ran short.
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polar high
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An area of high atmospheric pressure at either pole caused by subsiding cold air.
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continental polar
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ch11
A cold dry air mass, all year |
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maritime polar
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ch11 on pg 231
A cold wet air mass, winter only. |
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continental tropical
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ch11
A warm dry air mass. |
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maritime tropical
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ch11
A warm wet air mass. |
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barometer
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An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure.
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anemometer
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An instrument for measuring wind speed using cupped scoops mounted on a rotating shaft.
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isotherm
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A line drawn on a weather map connecting stations with the same temperature.
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isobar
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A line drawn on a weather map connecting stations with the same barometric pressure.
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fahrenheit scale
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A temperature scale having fiducial (fixed reference) points at the freezing point (32 F) and the boiling point (212 F) of pure water at one atmosphere of pressure.
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celsius scale
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A temperature scale having fiducial (fixed reference) points at the freezing point (0 F) and the boiling point (100 F) of pure water at one atmosphere of pressure.
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mineral
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ch13
naturally occurring, homogenous, crystalline, inorganic solid, definite chemical composition. |
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ore
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ch13
rock with one or more mineral that are the source of elements or compounds. |
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element
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ch14
composed of one kind of atom. |
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native mineral
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ch14
a mineral with only one element thus a pure element. Sulfer, gold, copper, graphite. |
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streak
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ch14
the color of powder when rubbed on a streak plate |
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luster
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ch14
the quality and intensity of light reflected from the mineral’s surface. |
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cleavage
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ch14
when breaks along a preferred plane (flat) |
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mohs scale
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ch14
a scale from 1 to 10 classifying minerals according to hardness |
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specific gravity
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ch14
a ratio of the mass of a mineral to that of an equal volume of water. |
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lodestone
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ch14
a magnetic mineral called magnetite that was once used as a magnetic element in navigation compasses. |
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crust
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ch13
solid outmost layer of the earth |
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discontinuity
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ch13
boundary between two layers of earth below the crust, where earthquake waves abruptly change speed |
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mantle
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ch13
between the crust and the core. Dense, hot molten (liquid) rock |
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lithosphere
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ch13
the outer layer of the earth consisting of the crust and the outer mantel. |
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doctrine of uniformity
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ch13
The belied system that holds “the present is the key to the past” and that geological change is caused by gradual naturalistic processes rather than sudden supernatural catastrophes. Creationary scientist reject this. |
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fossil graveyard
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ch13
Usually a jumbled assortment of fossils embedded in a hardened matrix of sediment, giving every evidence for the catastrophic death of the organisms along with a rapid burial. |
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radioactive
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ch13
a substance that emits nuclear radiation. |
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carbon 14
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ch13
A radioactive form of carbon used in the radiocarbon dating method for determining the age of organic matter. |
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rock
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ch15
hard natural substance formed from one or more minerals or organic minerals. |
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sedimentary
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ch15
Rock consisting of particles of sediment that have been bonded together by natural cements; solids that have precipitated from water solutions. |
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igneous
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ch15
rock that appears to have been molten in the past. |
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rock cycle
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ch15
a naturalistic concept that rock is recycled from crust to mantle, which takes millions or years. |
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clastic
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ch15
eroded rock, has rock fragments compacted and cemented into it. |
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metamorphic rock
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ch15
altered in it’s characteristics by heat, pressure since it was formed. |
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conglomerate
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ch15
a clastic sedimentary rock composed or round pieces of rock cemented together. |
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breccia
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ch15
clastic rock, large angular fragments bounded in a matrix of finer particles. formed by sedimentary or volcanic processes. |
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permeability
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ch15
rock where the size and number of the interconnected pores is sufficient for liquids and gasses to pass through. |
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precipitate
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ch15
solid that crystallized from super saturated after and settled to the bottom of the solution. |
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fossil
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ch15
Any trace or remains of a living organism tht has been preserved by natural means. |
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index fossil
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ch15
a fossil that evolutionary geologists believe identifies the age of certain rock strata. |
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fossil fuel
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ch15
coal, oil, natural gasses that originated from chemically altered plants and animals. |
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extrusive
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ch15
Igneous rock formed by emission and cooling of magma on the surface of the earth. |
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intrusive
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ch15
Igneous rock formed by magma solidifying beneath the earth’s surface. |
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elevation
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ch16
The altitude of a mountain's summit above sea level |
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relief
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ch16
the extremes of height or elevation in an area. It is the distance between the highest and lowest points in a region. |
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anticline
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ch16
a folded rock formation that is similar in appearance to the crest of a wave. |
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syncline
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ch16
Sedimentary rock folded downward into the shape of a trough |
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continental drift theory
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ch16
A naturalistic theory that accounts for the shape and arrangementof the present day continents by the slow movement of the plates of crust floating on a semi-liquid layer of rock through many millions of years. |
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orogeny theory
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ch16
Thegeneral term referring to any mountain-building process that is responsible for internal structure of mountains |
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tectonic plate
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ch16
One of the 15 semi-rigid pieces of the earth's lithosphere that make up the outer shell of the earth. |
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subduction
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ch16
A process that is beleived to occur as the relatively thin and denser oceanic lithosphere slides under a more massive but less dense continental crust and is bent downward hundreds of kilometers into the mantle |
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seismograph
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ch17
An instrument for detecting, measuring,and recording earthquake activity |
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richter scale
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ch17
An open ended scale of earthquake magnitude. A magnitude of 3 can hardly be felt. A magnitude of 9 or more is completely devistating |
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focus
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ch17
In general, a point of geometric significance in the description of a system of points or physical phenomena. |
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epicenter
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ch17
The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake. |
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tsunami
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ch17
A long-wavelength sea wave produced by volcanic or seismic action near or under the ocean; can cause great and sudden destrucion when it comes ashore in a populated area. |
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p and s waves
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ch17
The first(p wave) and second (s wave) waves in an earthquake. P waves can pass through the core of the earth and s waves can't. |
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weathering
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ch18
one of the three ways that the earth "wears out". It disintegrates rock |
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erosion
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ch18
The second way the earth "wears out" it moves tons of soil through flowing water. |
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deposition
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ch18 material that's been deposited by volcanic, glacial, wind or water action.
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frost wedging
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ch18
The weathering process that occurs when water standing in cracks and pores of rock expands as it freezes, widening the cracks and eventually breaking up the rock into smaller pieces. |
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mass wasting
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ch18
the downhill movement of large masses of soil and rocks under the influence of gravity |
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ox bow lake
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ch18
U-shaped lake formed by cutting off of a meander in a low-gradient stream. |
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floodplain
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ch18
a plain bordering a stream and composed of sediment deposited by the stream during floods. |
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delta
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ch18
fan-shaped deposit of sediment where a stream enters a relatively quiet lake/ocean. |
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meander
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ch18
A sharp looping bend in the channel of a low gradient stream. |
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gradient
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ch18
The change of some measurable property divided by distance. The change of a streams’ elevation for a given distance it flows horizontally is simply it’s gradient. |
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spring and neap tides
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ch19
spring: unusually high tide that occurs when the sun, earth and moon are lined up either at new moon or a full moon. Neap being a lower than normal tide that occurs when the sun, earth and moon form a right angle and cause the sun’s gravity to work against the moon’s gravity. Neap tides occur twice each month, at the first and third quarters of the moon. |
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salinity
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ch19
the relative amount of salts dissolved in water. Highly saline water , found in salt lakes or the Dead Sea, contains a relatively large amount of dissolved salts. Fresh water from snowfield runoff has a very low salinity. |
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density current
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ch19
A current created by the tendency of denser more saline water to sink and displace less dense, less saline water, which rises. |
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continental shelf
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ch19
The submerged edge of a continent extending from the coastline to some distance offshore. It is characterized by having gentle slopes and similar geologic formations and topography to the adjacent land. |
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continental slope
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ch19
The relatively steep drop-off from the continental shelf into the deep ocean basin. |
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accumulation zone
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ch20
That zone of glacier above the snow line where fallen snow does not completely melt from year to year and therefore accumulates to form glacier ice. |
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wastage zone
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ch20
The zone of glacier in lower, warmer elevations that is decreasing in size due to melting, calving, evaporation, sublimation. |
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terminus
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ch20
The lowest end, or the front of a glacier. |
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calving
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ch20
The process of iceberg formation by the breakup of a glacier |
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glacial till
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ch20
The unsorted debris dropped in place as a glacier melts away. |
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moraine
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ch20
a ridge, mound, or irregular mass of unstratified glacial drift |
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kettle
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ch20
A depression left in a mass of glacial drift, formed by the melting of an isolated block of glacial ice |
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water table
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ch21
The level below which the ground is saturated with groundwater. |
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water cycle
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ch21
The cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of the earth's water as it evaporates from bodies of water/oceans, condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water. |
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zones of aeration and saturation
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ch21
(Aeratoin)The zone within the ground above the water table in which the spaces between soil particles filled with air. (saturation)the ground below the water table, in which every available space is filled with water. |
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carst topography
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ch21 Karst Topography*
Topography in soluble neoclassic sedimentary rocks such as limestone that is characterized by solution caves, natural bridges, streamless valleys and sinkholes. |
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sinkhole
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ch21
A depression in the ground that occurs when the roof of a solution cave collapses at a single point. |
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stalagmite
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ch21
A narrow, conical mineral formation growing upward from the floor of a cave, usually deposited by water dripping from a stalactite. |
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stalactite
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ch21
An icicle-shaped mineral formation hanging from the ceiling of a cave, deposited by dripping water |
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