Final Digestive System

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system whose principal function is to prepare food for cellular use and remove indigestible remains

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digestive system

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taking food into digestive system by way of mouth

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ingestion

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chewing to pulverize food and mix it with saliva

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mastication

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swallowing of food to move it from mouth to stomach

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deglutition

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mixes food with digestive juices and increases the efficiency of absorption

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segmentation

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passage of molecules of food through mucus membrane of small intestine into circulatory and lymphatic systems for distribution

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absorption

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rhythmic, wavelike intestinal contractions that move food through digestive tract

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peristalsis

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discharge of indigestible wastes (feces)

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defecation

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digestive system is divided anatomically and fuctionally into what two parts

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alimentary canal (aka GI tract) and accessory organs

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part of digestive system that includes oral/buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

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GI tract/ alimentary canal

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part of the digestive system that includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas which aids in the digestive process

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accessory organs

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generally refers to developing stomach and intestines in embryo

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gut

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any of the organs (lungs, stomach, spleen, etc)

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viscera

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response is to activte or inhibit glands that secrete digestive juices or hormones. stimulates smooth muscle to mix and move contents

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GI tract

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4 structural layers of alimentary canal

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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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innermost layer of alimentary canal that surrounds the lumen of the GI tract. secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones, contains goblet cells, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

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mucosa

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secrete mucus throughout GI tract that allows food to move and protects GI tract from digestive enzymes. secreted in mucosa of stomach and small intestine

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goblet cells

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thin binding layer or CT that contains numberous lymph nodes important in protecting against diseases

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lamina propria

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two thin layers of smooth muscle in mucosa layer; causes portion of GI tract to have numerous small folds that allow for distention and absorption

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muscularis mucosae

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relatively thick and highly vascularized layer of GI tract that contains collagenous fibers, various glands, and nerves

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submucosa

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provides autonomic nerve supply to musclaris mucosae

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submucosal plexus

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layer of alimentary canal responsible for segmental contractions and persistaltic movement. has inner circular layer of smooth muscle that pulverizes food. has outer longitudinal laye or smooth muscle that propels food.

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muscularis externa

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outermost layer of GI tract that is the binding and protective layer with lots of areolar CT. covered with simple squamous epithelium and CT

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serosa

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receptacle for food, initiates digestion through mastication, swalloing, forms words in speech

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mouth

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antimicrobial compounds produced in response to injury and protect mouth from disease causing microbes

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defensins

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referred to as oral or buccal cavity; initiates digestion or carbs and forms bolus

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mouth

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depression between cheeks and lips externally; area between the gums and teeth internally

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vestibule

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opening of oral cavity

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oral orifice

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opening between the oral cavity and pharynx

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fauces

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midline fold of mucous membrane that attaches the iner surface of each lip to the gum

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labial frenulum

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transition zone between the outer skin and mucous memrbane oral cavity

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red margin or vermilion

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fills most of oral cavity when mouth is closed. mostly skeletal muscle. covered by mucous membrane. responsible for forming bolus. assists in swallowing. 2/3 in oral cavity and 1/3 in pharynx

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tongue

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located on dorsal surface of base of tongue

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lingual tonsils

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senses taste. specialized structures that work closely with our sense of smell

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taste buds

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undersurface attachment of tongue to floor of mouth

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lingual frenulum

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small elevation or dorsal surface of tongue. gives the tongue a roughened surface- aids in handling food. ontains taste buds for sweet, salty, sour and bitter.

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papillae

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papillae that is sensitive to touch, most numerous type. aids in licking ice cream. provides friction for manipulating food. contains keratin which gives it a whitish color.

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filiform

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large, red, and rounded type of papillae. houses taste buds

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fungiform

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type of papillae arranged in V-shape on posterior surface. houses taste buds

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vallate

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roof of oral cavity covered by mucous membrane

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palate

Front 41

underlaind by bone. food is pushed up against it. has palatal rugae that serve as friction ridges fo tongue during swallowing

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hard palate

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fold of mostly skeletal muscle. has the uvula that reflexively closes during deglutition and prevents food/fluid from entering nasal cavity

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soft palate

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transverse ridges along hard palate area that serve as friction ridges for tongue during swallowing

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palatal rugae

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cone-shaped, free edge that projects downward from soft palate. reflexively closes nasopharynx during deglutition. prevents food and fluid from entering nasal cavity

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uvula

Front 45

accessory digestive glands that produce saliva. continually secreted. serves as a solvent to cleanse teeth. dissolves food for tasting. moistens food and aids in formation of bolus. initiates digestion in carbs.

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salivary glands

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largest pair of salivary glands that is below and in front of ear. mumps virus causes swelling of these glands.

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parotid gland

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pair of salivary glands inferior to mandible about midway on inside of jaw

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submandibular gland

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pair of salivary glands that is on the floor of mouth under tongue

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sublingual

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means that we have different types of teeth

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heterodont dentition

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sockets containing teeth

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alveoli

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chisel-shaped teeth for cutting and shearng; they have a single root. we have 4 pairs

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incisors

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2 pairs of cone-shaped teeth for holding and tearing. they have a single root

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canines (cuspids)

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teeth used for crushing and grinding. two types, may be 1-3 roots

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premolars (bicuspids) and molars

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what is it called when you have two sets of teeth in a lifetime

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diphyodont

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sockets containing teeth

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alveoli

Front 56

chisel-shaped teeth for cutting and shearng; they have a single root. we have 4 pairs

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incisors

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2 pairs of cone-shaped teeth for holding and tearing. they have a single root

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canines (cuspids)

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teeth used for crushing and grinding. two types, may be 1-3 roots

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premolars (bicuspids) and molars

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what is it called when you have two sets of teeth in a lifetime

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diphyodont

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how many baby/deciduous/milk teeth and how many permanent teeth

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20, 32

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last teeth to erupt, may cause serious crowding or impaction since jaw is fully formed by time of appearance

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third molars or wisdom teeth

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deals with type, number, and position of teeth. used for half of face

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dental formula

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receives bolus from oral cavity. automatically continues deglutition of bolus to esophagus. common passageway for digestive and respiratory systems. constantly moistened by saliva

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pharynx

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connects pharynx to stomach. collapsible muscle tube. originates at larynx and located posteriorly to trachea. located within mediastinum of thorax

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esophagus

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opening through diaphragm for esophagus. has autonomic striated muscle for first 1/3. middle has mixture of striated and smooth muscle. last portion is all smooth muscle.

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esophageal hiatus

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regurgitation of small amounts of gastric contents into esophagus causes what

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heartburn

Front 67

receives bolus from esophagus. churns bolus with gastric juices. initiates digestion of proteins. has limited absorption and moves chyme into duodenum and prohibits backflow of chyme. it is the most distensible of GI tract

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stomach

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upper narrow region of the stomach

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cardiac region

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dome shaped portion of stomach that contracts the diaphragm

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fundic region

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large central region of stomach

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body

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funnel-shaped terminal region of stomach

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pyloric region

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junction of stomach with small intestine. prevents backflow

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pyloric sphincter

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medial concave border of stomach

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lesser curvature

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extends between lesser curvature and liver

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lesser omentum

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lateral convex border of stomach

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greater curvature

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attached to greater curvature of stomach

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greater omentum

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three layers of smooth muscles in musculais layer

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oblique, circular, and longitudinal

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longitudinal folds of mucosa. smoothes out as stomach fills. many gastric glands.

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gastric rugae

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reflex that occurs before food enters stomach. triggered by aroma, taste, sight, or thought of food. suppressed if we have no appetite or are depressed

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cephalic reflex

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reflex that occurs when food reaches stomach. distention of sotmach activates stretch receptors. 2/3 of gastic juice is released by this reflex

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gastric reflex

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hormone released in the stomach triggered by partially digested proteins and caffeine in the stomach

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gastrin

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reflex that occurs when food reaches the small intestine

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intestinal reflex

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hormone released in the small intestine

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intestinal gastrin

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reflex that inhibits gastric secretions. protects small intestine from harm due to excessive acidity and to keep small intestine's processing in time with chyme that is etnering small intestine

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enterogastric reflex

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inflammation of the gum

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gingivitis

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offensive breath odor

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halitosis

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viral disease of parotid salivary glands. may involve pancreas and testes

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mumps

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caused by lack of vitamin B12 which is needed to replace mature RBCs. stomach fails to secrete intrinsic factor to allow absorption of B12 in small intestine.

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pernicious anemia

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massive overeating followed by purging

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bulimia

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inflammation of liver. may lead to liver cancer and death

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hepatitis

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chronic disease of liver in which fibrous tissue replaces functional hepatic cells.

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cirrhosis

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malignant cancerus tumors of liver. usually fatal

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hepatomas

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formation of gallstones. obstructs common bile duct and causes intense pain. also cause jaundice

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cholelithiasis

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symptom dysfunction of liver or gallbladder. expressed as yellowish discoloration of skin, sclera. etc

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jaundice

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inflammation of pancreas. usually caused by blockage of pancreatic duct. causes buildup of enzyme trypsin (can begin to digest pancreas)

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pancreatitis

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erosions in mucous membrane of stomach or duodenum. produced by enzyme pepsin

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peptic ulcers

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inflammation of intestinal mucosa referred to as intestinal flu.

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enteritis

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acute inflammaton of appendix

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appendicitis

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surgical removal of appendix

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appendectomy

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inflammation of walls of colon. caused by lack of bulk/fiber foods in diet

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diverticulitis

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inflammation of colon and rectum

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colitis

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varicose veins of rectum and anus

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hemorrhoids

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formation of abnormal exit of Gi tract by bringing a loop of colon to surface of abdomen. provides a permanent outlet for feces if rectum is removed

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colostomy

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inherited disease of exocrine glands, particularly the pancreas

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cystic fibrosis

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surgical procedure for creating a bypass of a considerable portion of small intestine. reduces absorptive capacity of small intestine, used to control obestity

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jujunoileal bypass

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discharge of pus at base of teeth at gum line

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pyorrhea

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contagious bacterial infection that causes inflammation, ulceration, and painful swelling of floor of mouth

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trench mouth

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surgical removal of section of vagus nerve where it enters the stomach to eliminate nerve impulses that stimulate gastric acid secretion

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vagotomy