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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a dead language?
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A language that ceases to exist.
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What is "Vocabulary"?
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When you see the language changing. This can be when old words die out and new ones come in. Existing words can also have their meaning changed.
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What is "Pronunciation"?
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Has two changes - consonants and vowels. They deal with SOUND and not the spelling.
EX: Cu (OE) to Cow (ME) |
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What is the Sound Law?
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They all follow within the same vowel change so it is assumed that there is a law that follows this.
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What are grammatical forms?
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They try to explain changes in forms and why they occur. They usually deal with a "tense" (past,future,present).
EX: Jump to Jumped |
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What is Cosmopolitan Vocabulary?
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Mainly means that has a mixture of different borrowings of words from different languages.
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What is Inflectional Simplicity?
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An alteration in the form of a word to indicate different grammatical and syntactical relations.
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What is Grimm's Law?
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It is a law that describes a change int he pronunciation of constant sounds that occurred in the Germanic Branch ONLY.
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What were the changes made in Grimm's Law?
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Change in the Pronoun:
P changed to the "F" sound T changed to the "-th" Sound (thorn) K changed into a "H" sound |
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What are the 11 Indo-European Family of Languages?
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Indian, Iranian, Armenian, Hellenic, Albanian, Italic, Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Celtic, Hittite, and Tocharian
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What are the FOUR IMPORTANT Indo-European groups?
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Hellenic, Italic, Germanic, and Celtic
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What does the Hellenic Branch include?
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Greek which New Testament was first written in.
Shows importance of English language. Literary monuments of Greek were the Illiad and the Odyssey |
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What does the Italic Branch include?
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Big influence on English (like Latin)
English speakers usually study many works from Latin Descendants of Latin gave influence to French, Italian, Spanish, etc. |
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What does the Germanic Branch include?
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English is included in this branch along with German and others.
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What does the Celtic Branch include?
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They exercised a bit of influence on English
Celtic was spoken in Britain before English arrived |
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When was the Germanic Conquest and what happened?
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Germanic Conquest was in 449. It was an invasion of Britain by Germanic Tribes - Jutes, Saxons, and Angles
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What are the 3 periods in the history of English?
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Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.
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What are the 4 dialects of Old English?
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Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon, and Kentish
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What were the 3 Latin influences?
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Continental Trasnmission - before 449
Celtic - 449-597 Christian Influence - 597 to Present |
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What were Form Words?
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They were borrowing of words the English took from Scandinavian words which were Nouns, Verbs, and some grammatical functions.
They especially took third person plural pronouns such as Their or Them. |
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What are the 3 methods of approach?
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Reason, Etymology, and the example of Latin/Greek (because they wanted to write in the same structures).
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What does the Doctrine of Usage say?
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If something doesn't work within the 3 approaches then you just have to accept it.
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What event changed the whole course of the English language and when?
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The Norman Conquest in 1066
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When did Rollo become the Duke of Normandy?
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912
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What was spoken in the Upper Classes and not in the Lower?
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Upper spoke French and Lower spoke English
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How long after the Norman Conquest did French remain the language of the upper classes in England?
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200 years after 1066
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What was the language of the masses?
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English
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What was the language of the court?
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French
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What year did the Loss of Normandy occur?
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1204
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When was the Hundred Years War?
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1337-1453
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Why was the Hundred Years War so important?
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Not only does it have fighting between France and England over the control of Scotland - but this war can be shown as one of the causes contributing to the disuse of French.
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What is the significance of The Black Death?
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It killed off many people and gave Rise to the Middle Class and also put forth more people speaking English.
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When did the Black Death occur?
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1350
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What did the Statute of Pleading provide?
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It made people use only English in the courts
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When did the Statute of Pleading come into play?
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1362
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What year did the first instance of English being used in schools happen?
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1349
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When did English become of general practice in schools?
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1385
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How many "Periods" of writing were there in Middle English Literature and what were they?
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There were four - Period of Religious Record, Period of Religious and Secular Literature, Period of Great Individual Writers, and Imitative Period (Transition Period).
The last one shows how the transition between Chaucer and Shakespeare went. |
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When was the period of Religious Record?
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1150 - 1250
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When was the period of Religious and Secular Literature?
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1250-1350
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When was the period of Great Individual Writers?
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1350-1400
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When was the period of Imitative or Transition period?
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15th Century
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French borrowings after 1250 are _________.
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Numerous
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When was the Printing Press first established?
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1476
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Which do we not have many French borrowings from?
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Agriculture
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What type of Literature was commonly seen before 1250 in Middle English?
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Mostly Religious
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Who had the Greatest change, or transition, in English pronunciation?
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Chaucer and Shakespeare
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From which language do these pronouns come from: they, then, them?
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Scandinavian
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Did English ever cease to be spoken?
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No.
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Which branch has the least influence on English?
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Germanic - cause thats the branch it is in.
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When did the French Influence become great?
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1250
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What are the categories of words in which French words were borrowed?
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Governmental and administration, ecclesiastical, legal, military, fashion, food, social life, art, learning, and medicine.
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What is Assimilation?
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English endings were added to French words. Many of those endings begin -ly or -ess or -ness etc.
EX: Gently, gentleman, gentleness |
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What are the three levels for synonyms? And from what languages are they?
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Popular, literary, and learned. They are arranged as this: English, French, and Latin.
EX: Rise, Mount, Ascend |
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Who is Richard Mulcaster?
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He attempted to create a dictionary that showed the correct way of spelling words in 1582
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What is the Great Vowel Shift?
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All the long vowels gradually came to be pronounced with a higher elevation - similar to Shakespeare than Chaucer. This all occurred during the 15th Century.
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What happened to the pronoun in the 16th century?
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Singular forms (thou, thy, thee) disappeared and were replaced with ye, your, and you.
Ye soon disappears in the 17th century and is replaced by you. its comes into play. |
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When was the first comprehensive dictionary published and by who?
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Samuel Johnson in 1755.
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What are the 5 Grammatical cases Old English had?
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Nominative (Subject)
Genitive (shows possession) Dative - Shows Indirect Obj Accusative - Direct Object |
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What are the 3 periods of languages, Years they came about, Inflectional type, and status they borrowed words?
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3 periods: Old English, Middle English, Modern English
OE: 450-1150, with Full Inflection, and was a native language MidE: 1150-1500, with Reduced Inflection, beginning of borrowed words ModE: 1500 to Present, Inflectional Simplicity,Cosmopolitan Vocabulary |
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What happened in 787-1042 AD?
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Scandinavian Invasion
-mixed the people and their langauges -some people spoke Danish and Swedish -very similar to English |
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What happened in 1066AD?
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Norman Conquest
-Nobles spoke French & everyone else spoke English -Duke of Normandy called "King of ENgland" -Changed this with Hundred Years War later |
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What happened in 1337-1453?
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Hundred Years War
-One of the major influences that separated French from English |
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What happened in 1350?
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Rise of Important Middle Class
-direct effect of the Black Death |
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What happened in 1500-1650?
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The Renaissance
-gradual change from Medieval to Modern English |
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In 1857 the Philological Society in London came together to do what?
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Collect words that were not in the dictionary
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What passed during January 1858?
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Resolutions calling for a new dictionary
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What were the two aims of the new project of creating a new dictionary?
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1. Record every word that could be found in English from 1000 and show the history of each
2. Provide a full selection of quotations from the whole range of English writings |
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Who founded the printing for the new dictionary and when?
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Furnivall in 1864 and it was the Early English Text Society
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When did the first sections of the new dictionary become published? the final?
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first: 1900
final: 1928 |
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What was the new dictionary originally known as?
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A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles
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When was the new dictionary title changed and to what?
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The Oxford English Dictionary in 1895
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What event occurred in 55 BC?
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Caesar invaded Celtic inhabited Britain. He reports about invasion and people/language
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What event occurred in 43 AD?
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Claudius Caesar invaded and carried out conquest of the Celtic people and romanized them
Celtic and Latin were spoken at this time. |
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What event occurred in 449 AD?
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Speakers of English first arrived
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Who invented the Printing Press?
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William Caxton
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