Final China Test

Front 1

Jiang Qing

Back 1

• Mao’s wife
• Big political figure
• Formed the gang of four
• Big role in cultural revolution

Front 2

Hu Waobang

Back 2

• Leader of the PRC
o Party chairman
o General secretary of the communist party (though Deng really called the shots)
• Pushed for reforms towards capitalism and political reform
• Socialist hardliners forced him to resign in 1987
• After his death, his supporters pushed for continued to reform eventually leading to the Tiananmen protests in 1989

Front 3

Henry Kissinger

Back 3

• NSA under Nixon
• Led initial moves towards relationship between China and the US (1972)
• Great Nation Theory of IR→If you could get the top 6-7 nation to agree on what should be done, order would prevail (Kissinger’s idea)

Front 4

William Rogers

Back 4

• Secretary of state under Nixon (1969-1973)
• Left out of most of the dealings with China in ‘72

Front 5

Mao Zedong

Back 5

• leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
• He is officially held in high regard in China where he is known as a great revolutionary, political strategist, and military mastermind who defeated Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in the Chinese Civil War, and then through his policies transformed the country into a major world power.
• Critics blame many of Mao's socio-political programs, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, for causing severe damage to the culture, society, economy, and foreign relations of China, as well as a probable death toll in the tens of millions.

Front 6

Jiang Zemin

Back 6

• was the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.
• Jiang came to power in the wake of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, replacing Zhao Ziyang,
• With the waning influence of Deng Xiaoping due to old age, Jiang effectively became "paramount leader" in the 1990s. Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms,
• Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad.
• is contribution to the Marxist doctrine, a list of guiding ideologies by which the CCP rules China, is called the theory of the Three Represents,

Front 7

Deng Xiaoping

Back 7

• was a prominent Chinese revolutionary, politician, pragmatist and reformer, as well as the late leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Deng never held office as the head of state or the head of government, but served as the de facto leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s.
• took over after devastating cultural revolution
• core of second generation of communist leaders
• created the socialist market economy and partially opened China to the global market. He is generally credited with advancing China into becoming one of the fastest growing economies in the world and vastly raising the standard of living.

Front 8

Chiang Kai-Shek

Back 8

• In 1928, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's overall leader[2] . He served as Generalissimo (Chairman of the National Military Council) of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1948. Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Nationalist Government's power severely weakened, but his prominence grew. During the civil war after the Japanese surrender in 1945, he attempted to eradicate the Chinese Communists but ultimately failed, forcing the Nationalist government to retreat to Taiwan, where he continued the struggle against the communist regime. Ruling as the President of the Republic of China and Director-General of the Kuomintang, Chiang died in 1975.

Front 9

WTO

Back 9

• The World Trade Organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalising trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments

Front 10

“To Get Rich is Glorious”

Back 10

• Innumerable newspapers and other publications have attributed this quotation to the late Chinese leader. It's supposed to be Deng's exhortation to the Chinese people at the start of his reforms.
• Although there is debate on whether or not Deng actually said it,[17] his perceived catchphrase "To Get Rich Is Glorious", unleashed a wave of personal entrepreneurship that continues to drive China's economy today.

Front 11

Wen Jiabao

Back 11

• the current Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, serving as the head of government and leading the cabinet of the People's Republic of China.
• served as Premier Zhao Ziyang's aide during the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests
• Wen Jiabao is the only Director of the Party's General Office to have served under three General Secretaries: Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, and Jiang Zemin[2]. A political survivor, his most significant recovery was after 1989, when Wen was the chief assistant to General Secretary Zhao Ziyang. He accompanied Zhao to see demonstrating students in Tiananmen Square. His political fate was markedly more fortunate than his boss; Zhao was purged from the party days later for "grave insubordination" and lived under house arrest in Beijing until his death in January 2005. Wen was able to survive the political aftermath of the demonstrations.

Front 12

North Korea

Back 12

• Has close relationship with China (China gives it a lot of aide)
• Share a border with China, and have a problem with people trying to flee to China
o Built concrete and barbed wire fence to keep them out
• China involved in NK’s nuclear non-proliferation

Front 13

Cultural Revolution

Back 13

• a period of widespread social and political upheaval; the nation-wide chaos and economic disarray engulfed much of Chinese society between 1966 and 1976.
• Effort to reengage ideological radicalism
• All students required to serve time in communes so they don’t perceive themselves as elitists
• All had to carry the Little Red Book
• One kind of clothing
• Rooting out of aliens (those contaminated with old order, not radical enough, not pro-Mao enough)
• Concentration camp systems believed to “reeducate” people

Front 14

Lin Biao

Back 14

• a Chinese Communist military leader who was instrumental in the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, especially in Northeastern China, and was the General who led the People's Liberation Army into Beijing in 1949. He abstained from becoming a major player in politics until he rose to prominence during the Cultural Revolution, climbing as high as second-in-charge and Mao Zedong's designated and constitutional successor and comrade-in-arms.

Front 15

Gorbachev

Back 15

• Mao didn’t want to repeat what happened to Gorbachev…thus enacted the cultural revolution (stricter reforms)

Front 16

George W. Bush

Back 16

• China and Bush tried to make north korea dismantle their nuclear arsenal
• Supports Taiwan

Front 17

Long March

Back 17

• a massive military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) army
• he First Front Army of the Chinese Soviet Republic, led by an inexperienced military commission, was on the brink of complete annihilation by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's troops in their stronghold in Jiangxi province. The Communists, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed some 12,500 kilometers (8,000 miles) over 370 days
• The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party. The bitter struggles of the Long March, which was completed by only one-tenth of the force that left Jiangxi, would come to represent a significant episode in the history of the Communist Party of China, and would seal the personal prestige of Mao and his supporters as the new leaders of the party in the following decades.

Front 18

Nanjian Massacre

Back 18

• a six-week period following the capture of Nanking, then capital of the Republic of China, on December 9, 1937. International military tribunals convened at the end of World War II determined that, during this period, the Imperial Japanese Army committed atrocities such as rape, looting, arson and the execution of prisoners of war and civilians rising to the level of war crimes
• source but tension between china and japan

Front 19

Fang Lizhi

Back 19

• a professor of astrophysics and vice president of the University of Science and Technology of China whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-democracy student movement of 1986-87 and, finally, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of the first, he was expelled from the Communist Party of China in January 1987

Front 20

NATO

Back 20

• a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

Front 21

Li Peng

Back 21

• the Premier of China between 1987 and 1998, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1998 to 2003 and was second-ranking in the Communist Party of China (CPC) behind Jiang Zemin on the Politburo Standing Committee until 2002.
• Li backed the use of force to quash the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and due to this, to the protesters Li became one of the least popular Chinese leaders following the protests. Li promoted a cautious approach towards Chinese economic reform. As Premier, he oversaw a rapidly growing economy, with the GDP rising by almost 10% a year.

Front 22

Beijing Spring

Back 22

• refers to a brief period of political liberalization in the People's Republic of China which occurred in 1977 and 1978. The name is derived from "Prague Spring
• During the Beijing Spring, the general public was allowed greater freedom to criticize the government
• Most of this criticism was directed towards the Cultural Revolution and the government's behavior during that time; it was made public with the Democracy Wall Movement.

Front 23

Kim Jong Il

Back 23

• he de facto leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
• He succeeded his father Kim Il-sung, founder of North Korea, who died in 1994, and commands the fourth largest standing army in the world. North Korea officially refers to him as the "Great Leader" formerly referring to him as the "Dear Leader".
• ore likely to have received his early education in the People's Republic of China
• in 2002, Kim Jong-il declared that "money should be capable of measuring the worth of all commodities."[39] These gestures toward economic reform mirror similar actions taken by China's Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s and early 90s. During a rare visit in 2006, Kim expressed admiration for China's rapid economic progress.

Front 24

Hu Jintao

Back 24

• General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the People's Republic of China since 2003, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2004, succeeding Jiang Zemin in the fourth generation leadership of the People's Republic of China, and commands the largest standing army in the world. Since his ascendancy Hu has reinstated certain controls on the economy and has been largely conservative with political reforms.[1] His foreign policy is seen as less conciliatory[citation needed] than that of his predecessor, though China's global influence has increased while he has been in office.
• Hu's rise to the presidency represents China's transition of leadership from old, establishment Communists to younger, more pragmatic technocrats.

Front 25

Little Red Book

Back 25

• published by the Government of the People's Republic of China from April 1964 until approximately 1976. As its title implies, it is a collection of quotations excerpted from Mao Zedong's past speeches and publications.
• essentially an unofficial requirement for every Chinese citizen to own, to read, and to carry it at all times during the later half of Mao's rule, especially during the Cultural Revolution.

Front 26

Nikita Khrushchev

Back 26

• Leader of the Soviet Union during the Sino-Soviet Split
• His attitude towards the west (rival rather than evil) alienated Mao and the PRC

Front 27

Chen Shui-bian

Back 27

• is a Taiwanese politician and former President of the Republic of China. He is colloquially referred to as Ah-Bian
• Chen, whose Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has traditionally been supportive of Taiwan independence,

Front 28

People’s Daily

Back 28

• a daily newspaper, is the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCP), published worldwide
• As the CCP's mouthpiece, the newspaper generally provides direct information on the policies and viewpoints of the Party.

Front 29

Falun Gong

Back 29

• Spiritual/religious minority group in China (not supported by gov’t)
• In April 1999 over ten thousand Falun Gong practitioners gathered at Communist Party of China headquarters, Zhongnanhai, in a silent protest against beatings and arrests in Tianjin. Two months later the People's Republic of China government, led by Jiang Zemin, banned the practice, began a crackdown, and started what Amnesty International described as a "massive propaganda campaign." Since 1999, reports of torture, illegal imprisonment, beatings, forced labor, and psychiatric abuses have been widespread.

Front 30

Taiwan Straits (1995-1996)

Back 30

• the effect of a series of missile tests conducted by the People's Republic of China in the waters surrounding Taiwan including the Taiwan Strait from July 21, 1995 to March 23, 1996. The first set of missiles fired in mid to late 1995 were allegedly intended to send a strong signal to the Republic of China government under Lee Teng-hui, who had been seen as moving ROC foreign policy away from the One-China policy. The second set of missiles were fired in early 1996, allegedly intending to intimidate the Taiwanese electorate in the run-up to the 1996 presidential election.

Front 31

Embassy Bombing (Belgrade)

Back 31

• On May 7, 1999 in Operation Allied Force, Six NATO bombs hit the People's Republic of China (PRC) Embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, killing three PRC citizens and outraging the PRC public. At the time of the bombing, the embassy was located in Novi Beograd – later, a new site was designated for the embassy in Dedinje. NATO later apologized for the bombing, saying that it occurred because of an outdated map provided by the CIA. Few Chinese accepted this explanation, believing the strike had been deliberate.

Front 32

Tibet

Back 32

• Tibet is part of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in reality and claimed by the Republic of China (ROC) in its constitution[4] while a small part, according to the PRC and the ROC, is controlled by India. Both sides of Chinese government regard Tibet as part of China.[4] Currently, Beijing and the Government of Tibet in Exile disagree over when Tibet became a part of China, and whether the incorporation into China of Tibet is legitimate according to international law (see Tibetan sovereignty debate). Since what constitutes Tibet is a matter of much debate (see map, right) neither its size nor population are simple matters of fact, due to various entities claiming differing parts of the area as a Tibetan region.

Front 33

Zhu Rongji

Back 33

• 5th premier of the PRC
• is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991, before serving as Vice-Premier and then Premier of the People's Republic of China from March 1998 to March 2003.

Front 34

Red Guard

Back 34

were a mass movement of civilians, mostly students and other young people in the China, who were mobilized by Mao Zedong in 1966 and 1967, during the Cultural Revolution.

Front 35

PLA

Back 35

• the unified military organization of all land, sea, and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927

Front 36

Guomindang

Back 36

• the Nationalist Party of China, is a political party of the Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan. It is the founding and the ruling political party of the ROC. The headquarters of the KMT is located in Taipei, Taiwan
The KMT accepts a One China Principle and defines "One China" to mean the Republic of China and not the People's Republic of China. In order to ease tensions with the People's Republic of China, the KMT endorses the "three noes" policy - no unification, no independence and no use of force.

Front 37

Tiananmen 1989

Back 37

• were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing in the People's Republic of China (PRC) beginning on April 14. Led mainly by students and intellectuals, the protests occurred in a year that saw the collapse of a number of communist governments around the world.
• The protests were sparked by the death of pro-market and pro-democracy official, Hu Yaobang, whom protesters wanted to mourn. By the eve of Hu's funeral, it had reached 100,000 people on the Tiananmen square. While the protests lacked a unified cause or leadership, participants were generally against the government's authoritarianism and voiced calls for economic change and democratic reform within the structure of the government.

Front 38

SARS

Back 38

Epidemic in China that highlighted the failure of their healthcare system (2002-2003)

Front 39

Chou Enlai

Back 39

• the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou was instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and subsequently in the construction of the People's Republic of China economy and restructuring of Chinese society.
• A skilled and able diplomat, Zhou served as the Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958. Advocating peaceful coexistence with the West, he participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference and helped orchestrate Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China

Front 40

Wei Jingsheng

Back 40

an activist in the Chinese democracy movement, most prominent for authoring the document Fifth Modernization on the "Democracy Wall" in Beijing in 1978.

Front 41

Hong Kong

Back 41

• largely self-governing territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
• A British dependent territory until 1997, Hong Kong has a highly developed capitalist economy and enjoys a high degree of autonomy from the PRC under the "one country, two systems" framework.

Front 42

Zhao Ziyang

Back 42

• a politician in the People's Republic of China. He was Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989.
• As a high-ranking government official, he was a leading reformer who implemented market reforms that greatly increased production and sought measures to streamline the bloated bureaucracy and fight corruption. Zhao Ziyang wanted to address the epidemic corruption and massive inefficiency in PRC's state-owned enterprises by privatizing them. He advocated separation of the Party and the state and further free market economic reforms. He shared these views with Hu Yaobang and both were overthrown by the conservative old guard of the Party.
• Socialist hardliners of the party purged Zhao Ziyang for his sympathetic stance toward the student demonstrators in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and spent the last fifteen years of his life under house arrest. His name has been a taboo subject since 1989. When he died, the press in PRC did not even mention that he was once a leader of PRC

Front 43

Xinjiang

Back 43

• is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China
• continued tensions between the PRC and the Islamic separatist movement there. Considered to be terrorists, and harsh crackdowns have occurred against “religious extremists” and “separatists”

Front 44

Dalai Lama

Back 44

• The Dalai Lama is a lineage of religious leaders of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lamas were also the political leaders of Lhasa-based Tibetan government between the 17th century and 1959. "Lama" is a general term referring to Tibetan Buddhist teachers. Between the 17th century and 1959, the lines of Dalai Lamas were the head of the Tibetan Government, administering a large portion of the area from the capital Lhasa, although the extent of the lineage's political authority and rulership over territory has been contested. Since 1959, the Dalai Lama has presided over the former government of Tibet, now a government in exile.