Final: Chem 1104

Front 1

6 Steps to the Scientific Method:

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1. State the problem
2. Design the experiment
3. Gather data
4. Interpret Data
5. Plan for future work
6. Publish results

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Plasma

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super-heated gas (flame)

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Amorphous

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solid without ordered molecules (rubber)

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BP and FP of Fahrenheit

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212 and 32

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BP and FP of Kelvin

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373.15 and 273.15

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BP and FP of Celcius

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100 and 0

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1 kg = (lbs)

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2.205 lbs

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1 cal = (J)

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4.184 J

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1 m = (ft)

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3.281 ft

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Formula to convert C to F

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F = (1.8 x C) + 32

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Formula to convert F to C

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C = (F - 32)/1.8

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Accuracy

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how close to actual value

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Precision

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reproducibility

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Dalton's Atomic Theory

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all matter consists of atoms and cannot be converted to other atoms of another element

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Isotopes

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different numbers of neutrons

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Molar Mass vs. Atomic Weight

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Molar Mass: mass of one atom (g)
Atomic Weight: mass of one atom (amu)

Atomic Weight = Molar Mass

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Radioactive Isotopes emit...

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nuclear radiation

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Nuclear Radiation is the same as ____ and has ____ energy particles.

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- electromagnetic radiation
- high

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Nuclear Change is when ____ is released by a ____ and something ____ is produced.

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- nuclear radiation
- radioisotope
- new

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Electromagnetic Radiation

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gamma ray, travels through waves

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Chemical Reaction

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transformation of substances into other substances

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Groups become more/less metallic as move down

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more

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3 Greenhouse Gases

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1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
2. Methane (CH4)
3. Chlorofluorocarbons (CC12F2)

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Ion

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gains or loses electrons

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Compound vs. Molecule

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Compound: 2+ chemically combined elements
Molecule: uncharged groups of covalently bonded atoms

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Oxidation

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- Lose electrons
- Gain oxygen
- Lose hydrogen

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Reduction

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- Gain electrons
- Gain hydrogen
- Lose oxygen

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Combustion

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reacts with O2 (oxidation reaction)

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Hydrogenation

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break carbon-carbon double bond with H2

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Hydrolysis

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break ester with water and OH-

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Hydration

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break carbon-carbon double bond with water

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Dehydration

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remove water from a molecule to make a carbon-carbon double bond

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Spontaneous

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- negative
- products more stable
- releases energy

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Nonspontaneous

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- positive
- products less stable
- absorbs energy

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Le Chatilier's Principle

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system at equilibrium will stay at equilibrium until acted upon by an outside force.

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Molecules travel as ____.

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groups

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Ions travel as ____.

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individuals

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Gibb's Free Energy

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Energy changes in chemical reactions

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Activation Energy

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required for reaction to occur

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What lowers Activation Energy? Does this speed up or slow the reaction?

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catalyst, speeds up

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Ammonium

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NH4+

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Phosphate

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PO4 3-

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Sulfate

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SO4 2-

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Carbonate

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CO3 2-

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Nitrate

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NO3 -

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Bicarbonate

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HCO3 -

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Hydroxide

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OH-

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What is the shape of the S Orbital?

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sphere

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Electronegativity

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ability of an atom to attract electrons

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What element is most electronegative? Least electronegative?

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Most: Fluorine
Least: Francium

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Nonmetals have high/low electronegativity?

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high

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Metals have high/low electronegativity?

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low

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<0.5

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nonpolar covalent

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Between 0.5 and 2.0

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polar covalent

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> 2.0

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ionic

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Polar Bonds allow...

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...molecules to stick together.

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Polar Covalent Bonds share electrons...

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unequally

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NONPOLAR if...

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no polar covalent bonds

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POLAR if...

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has polar covalent bond
has surface charge separation

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4 Noncovalent Interactions (permanent)

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1. H Bonds
2. Dipole Dipole
3. Ion Dipole
4. Salt Bridges

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1 Noncovalent Interaction (temporary)

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1. London Force

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Dipole Dipole

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- partial pos, partial neg sides
- polar molecules
- direction not important

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H Bonds

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- N, O, or F with H
- need lone electron pair
- direction important

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H Donors

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hydrogen group

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H Acceptors

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group with lone pair

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Ion Dipole has ions with ___ charge and atoms with ___ charge.

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- full charge
- partial charge
- Ex: NaCl interacting with partially charged water

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London Force

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- everything makes
- fleeting dipole

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Caffeine can make...(2)

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1. London Force
2. Dipole Dipole

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Caffeine cannot make...(1)

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1. H Bonds

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Caffeine is polar/nonpolar

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nonpolar

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Methylene Chloride is...

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slightly polar

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Methylene Chloride dissolves..

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fat

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Fat is polar/nonpolar

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nonpolar

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Fat does/does not dissolve in water

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does not

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Ethanol has properties of both ___ and ___.

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fat and water

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What does hydroxide break? (bonds)

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ester bonds

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Is glycerol soluble in water?

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yes

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Calcium makes what type of water?

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hard

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What does soap do with fat and water?

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Grabs fat, then interacts with water

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What is the fat/dirt group called?

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micelle

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Do ions hold cations and anions together?

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yes

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How do you name transition metals?

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with roman numerals

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Name Fe, Fe 2+, and Fe 3+.

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Iron
Iron (II) ion
Iron (III) ion

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What is a polyatomic ion?

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more than one atom

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Molecular Formula lists...

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the number and type of atom

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Formula Weight sums...

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the atomic weights of elements in formula

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Name MgO

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Magnesium oxide

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Name PCl3

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Phosphorus trichloride

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What type of compounds do double replacements occur?

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ionic compounds

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Which is reduced and which is oxidized?
2Na + Cl2 --> 2NaCl

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Oxidized: Na
Reduced: Cl

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How many electrons can each orbital hold?

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S: 2
P: 6
D: 10
F: 14

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On the first 4 energy levels, how many electrons can they hold?

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1: 2
2: 8
3: 18
4: 32

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A reaction is _____ if the products are more stable.

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spontaneous

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A reaction absorbs energy if the products are ____ stable because they are ____ .

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less
nonspontaneous

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A spontaneous reaction ____ energy.

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releases

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Ever if there is a change in EN of <0.5, it still is ___ ____.

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slightly polar

Front 97

Arrows point to the more/less electronegative element.

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more

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Do all compounds with polar covalent bonds polar?

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no
- Ex: CO2 is nonpolar