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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell theory
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1. Every organism is composed of one or more cells
2. the cell is the smallest unit containing the properties of life. 3. continuity of life arises directly from the growth and division of cells |
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Possible exceptions to the cell theory
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bacteria
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Parts of the cell
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plasma membrane
DNA containing region cytoplasm |
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Two types of cells in the world
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eukaryotic
prokaryotic |
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Biological structure is closely related to the function that is performed by that structure: size from __ to __
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surface; volume ratio
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Largest cell
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egg
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Eukaryotic; Prokaryotic
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organelles nucleus; no nucleus
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what is the outer boundary of the cell composed of?
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phospholipid head and fatty acid tail
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What does the cell membrane do?
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Regulate what enters and leaves the cell
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What do plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria all have in common?
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A cell wall
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Between cell walls is partition called...
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the middle lamella
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What is the glue called in the middle lamella?
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pectin
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What is a phospholipid?
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organic compound that has two fatty acid tails and hydrophilic head of two polar groups. they are the main structural material of cell membranes
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What is the membrane protein?
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embedded in a lipid bilayer or attached to one of its surfaces and they carry out most membrane functions
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Two uses of the nucleus
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1. physically tucks away all DNA molecules
2. outer membranes form a boundary |
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The nucleus contains hereditary material in the form of:
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DNA
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What is DNA called sometimes?
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chromatin
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The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called
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the nuclear envelope
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nucleolus
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great numbers of protein and RNA are produced here
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constant motion of the cytoplasm is called
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cytoplasmic streaming
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A series of canals called the ___ wind through the cytoplasm
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Amounts of ER vary with what?
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The cell's functions
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Ribosomes are for...
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assembling polypeptide chains
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RER
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makes and secretes enzymes
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SER
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muscle contraction
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Stacks of tubes with membranous sacs at the ends are called
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vesicles
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What are golgi bodies for?
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they put the finishing touches on lipids, sort them, and send them out
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What do the mitochondria do?
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release energy
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What are the membranes in the mitochondria composed of?
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1. outer mitochondrial membrane
2. inner membrane |
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What provides energy for the cell?
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Chemical activity in the mitochondria
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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concept that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of years of evolution initiated by endocytosis of bacteria and blue algae which instead of being digested became symbiotic
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Some plastids contain ____ others contain_____
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choloplasts; carotenoids
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Three main kinds of plastids
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choloplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts
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What are vacuoles?
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fluid-filled organelles
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What keeps the vacuole contents together?
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a membrane
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Plants have one large water-filled vacuole for
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storing amino acids, sugar, ions, etc
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Where are lysosomes formed?
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golgi membranes
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What do lysosomes contain?
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diverse enzymes
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What are used especially by the immune system
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lysosomes
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Cells are made more rigid by...
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cell walls
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Microtubles that appear during cell division are...
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spindle fibers
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Small, dark bodies outside the nucleus in pairs and used in cell division are...
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centrioles
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hair-like projections that stick out from the cell surface are _____ and ______
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cilia; flagella
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centrioles help with what?
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mitosis
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A cell is a single unit of life and must carry on life processes including:
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respiration, reproduction, and movement
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Brownian Movement
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All molecules are constantly moving
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Substances that are important to life are part of a
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solution
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What is the solvent in most solutions involved in cell activities?
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water
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Diffusion
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the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to lower
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concentration gradient
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The difference in concentration of molecules of a substance from the hgihest to the lowest number
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The steeper the concentration gradient...
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the faster the diffusion rate
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Rate of diffusion is affected by:
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1. temperature
2. concentration 3. membrane (barriers) 4. size of the particle |
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Membranes control the passage of materials into and out of the cell. This is because they are:
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semi-permeable
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oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in
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water
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water cannot get through except at openings formed by:
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proteins and pores
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water through a membrane
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water makes up___ of a living cell
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77%-99%
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water makes up _____ of bacteria
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77%
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water makes up _____ of blood
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99%
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movement of water depends on
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the concentration gradient of the water
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The NET movement will stop when ____ is reached
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equilibrium
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The concentration of water is determined by the concentration of_____ in the water
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solutes
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When the concentration of solutes outside is the same as the inside you get:
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isotonic solution and a isotonic cell
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When the concentration of solutes outside is lower than inside you have a
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hypertonic solution and a hypotonic cell
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When the concentration of solutes inside is lower than outside you have a
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hypotonic solution and a hypertonic cell
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When pressure builds in a plant cell because of osmosis it is called
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turger pressure
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Unicelluar organisms in fresh water have _____ which pumps out extra water
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contractile vauoles
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Fish use
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air bladders
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most of these process (means of transport)involve the use of...
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ATP
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no energy used
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passive (movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
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with energy
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active (sodium-potassium pump)
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bulk transport
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1. into the cell (endocytosis)
2. out of the cell (exocytosis) |
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Both endocytosis and exocytosis require
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energy
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endocytosis
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1. pinocytosis moving liquids into the cell
2. phagocytosis move large solids like foor or bacteria in to the cell |
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the reerse of endocytosis ic called
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exocytosis
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The ultimate source of the energy that powers cells is
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sunlight
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photosynthesis requires
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light, water, CO2
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raw materials are
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water, CO2
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end products of photosynthesis
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oxygen, glucose
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equation of photosynthesis
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6(H2O)+6CO2= 6O2+C6H12O6
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when white light passes through a prism, the light spreads out into an array called
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the electromagnetic spectrum
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light energy comes in packets called
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photon
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the color seen by the eye is the color...
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reflected by the object
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what color do plants not absorb?
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green
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substances that absorb light are called
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pigments
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cholophyll acts as a________ during photosynthesis
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photosynthetic pigment
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Plant pigments include
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cholorophyll, phycolbibins (red), carotenoids (orange)
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two parts of a chloroplast
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thykaloid membrane (granum stacks), stroma
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two phases of photosynthesis
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1. light dependent phase
2. light independent phase |
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light dependent phase
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involves trapping of light energy
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Light independent phase
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use the products (ATP) from light reaction to form glucose
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respiration
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the exchanged of gasses between organism and environment
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cellular respiration
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breaking of chemical bonds of organic food molecules and releasing energy that can be used by cells
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Cellular respiration is an enzyme controlled process in which amounts of energy are given off and then trapped in molecules of
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ATP
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the energy currency of cells is a molecule called
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ATP
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glycolysis
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breakdown of glucose
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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in the cytoplasm
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Why is glycolysis anaerobic?
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because there is no oxygen required
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if oxygen is present you get
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aerobic respiration
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if no oxygen ______ occurs
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fermentation
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Fermentation results in _____ or _______
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lactic acid; ethanol
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Ethyl alchohol fermentation occurs in organisms like
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yeast, bacteria
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lactic acid fermentation occurs in
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animals--->muscle cells
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when lactic acid forms in your muscles you feel
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fatigued
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Where does aerobic respiration take place?
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the folded membranes in the mitochondria
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equation for aerobic respiration
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C6H12O6+6O2---->6CO2 + 6H2O
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How many ATPs are made in the mitochondria?
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34
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Aerobic respiration involves two complex chemical cycles called
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TCA/Krebs, electron transport chain
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