Final A&p 2 (Part One)

Front 1

Epithelial cells are made from

Back 1

all germ layers

Front 2

Epithelial cells are held together by

Back 2

tight junctions
(limit passage)

Front 3

Simple Squamous Function

Back 3

diffusion, osmosis, filtration and secretion.

Front 4

Simple Squamous locations (5)

Back 4

1. around heart
2. kidney tubules
3. air sacs of lungs
4. Lining of blood vessels
5. Cheek

Front 5

Simple Squamous is NOT found in areas that are....

Back 5

subject to wear and tear

Front 6

Endothelium function

Back 6

lines heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

Front 7

Mesothelium function

Back 7

forms pericardium, forms pleura

Front 8

Simple Cuboidal function

Back 8

secretion & absorption

Front 9

Simple cuboidal location

Back 9

1. Kidneys
2. Glands (sweat, saliva)

Front 10

Simple Columnar function

Back 10

movement by cillilary action
aids in digestion

Front 11

Simple Columnar Location

Back 11

Lines small intestine (digestion)

Front 12

Simple columnar contains....

Back 12

Goblet cells & microvilli

Front 13

Pseudostratified Columnar Function

Back 13

Secretion and Movement by cilliary action.
(cilliated)

absorbtion and protection
(non cilliated)

Front 14

Psuedostratified Columnar Location

Back 14

Trachea

Front 15

Stratified Squamous function

Back 15

Protection

Front 16

Stratified Squamous location

Back 16

Keratinized -- skin
Nonkeratinized -- lining of mouth and esophagus.

Front 17

Serous membranes

Back 17

Do NOT open directly to the outside

Front 18

Example of a serous membrane

Back 18

around heart, or lungs (2 layers)

Front 19

Mucus membrane

Back 19

Lines space that DOES open to outside

Front 20

Example of a mucus membrane

Back 20

Esophagus (contains goblet cells)

Front 21

Steps to repair tissue (3)

Back 21

1. regeneration (tissue repair)
2. Fibrosis (scar tissue)
3. Granulation ( connective tissue acts as a frame)

Front 22

Types of muscle tissue (3)

Back 22

1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle

Front 23

Which type of muscle tissue contains intercollated disks?

Back 23

Cardiac muscle

Front 24

Smooth muscle function

Back 24

non striated
lines blood vessels, airway to lungs, gallbladder and intestines.

Front 25

Types of Connective tissue (4)

Back 25

1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Hylaine cart.
4. Compact bone

Front 26

Areolar CT function (3)

Back 26

strength, elasticity and support

Front 27

Areolar CT location

Back 27

ONLY in subq layer
around organs

Front 28

Areolar CT ground substance

Back 28

many cells
collagen and elastic fibers

Front 29

Adipose tissue function (4)

Back 29

reduces heat loss, energy source, supports, protects

Front 31

Hylaine Cart. function (3)

Back 31

provides smooth surface, flexability, support

Front 32

Hylaine cart. location

Back 32

ends of bones

Front 33

Hylaine cart. Blood supply?

Back 33

NONE

Front 34

Compact bone function (3)

Back 34

support, protection, lever

Front 35

Fibroblasts

Back 35

make fibers (most numerous)

Front 36

Adipocytes

Back 36

fat drops (around heart and kidneys)

Front 37

Mast cells

Back 37

RXNS

Front 38

White blood cells

Back 38

infection

Front 39

Macrophages

Back 39

engulf bacteria

Front 40

Plasma

Back 40

Immune response

Front 41

Chondrotin

Back 41

matrix of cart.

Front 42

Reticular Fibers

Back 42

delicate (fine bundles)

Front 43

Collagen Fibers

Back 43

Tough (bundles --> tendons)

Front 44

Elastic Fibers

Back 44

Can stretch and retract

Front 45

Erythro

Back 45

RED (o2 transport)

Front 46

Leuko

Back 46

White blood cells

Front 47

Thrombo

Back 47

Platelets (clotting)

Front 48

Exocrine Glands

Back 48

secrete into duct

Front 49

subtypes of exocrine glands (2)

Back 49

1. merocrine
2. holocrine

Front 50

How do merocrine glads secrete substance?

Back 50

exocytosis

Front 51

How do holocine glands secrete substance?

Back 51

Rupture

Front 52

Example of a holocrine gland

Back 52

sebacous gland.

Front 53

ENDOcrine glands diffuse

Back 53

directly into blood stream

Front 54

haversian canal

Back 54

tube for nutrient blood supply;

Front 55

Skeletal System Functions (6)

Back 55

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Assistance in movement
4. Storage and release of minerals (ca+)
5. Blood cell production
6. Triglyceride storage

Front 56

The episeal plate is at which part of the long bone?

Back 56

metaphyses

Front 57

The endostinum is the

Back 57

inner portion of the bone

Front 58

The periostinum

Back 58

outer portion of the bone

Front 59

Calcification

Back 59

tissue hardening

Front 60

Hydroxiapatite

Back 60

calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide

Front 61

Steps of the devlopment of bone (4)

Back 61

1. osteogenic cells from mesenchyme
2. osteoblasts (synthasize and create collagen fibers)
3. Osteocytes (exchange of nutrients and waste in blood)
4. Osteoclasts

Front 62

Bone tissue characteristics (4)

Back 62

1. few spaces
2. collagen fibers
3. hydroxiapatite
4. heels well!

Front 63

Cart. tissue characteristics (2)

Back 63

1. Matrix of chondrotin
2. doesnt heel well.

Front 64

Fibrocart. characteristics (2)

Back 64

1. Strongest
2. Found in menisci (knee)

Front 65

Elastic cart. (2)

Back 65

1. Flexible
2. Found in outer ear.

Front 66

Functions of bone (4)

Back 66

1. Support
2. Movement
3. Calcium storage
4. Hemopoeisis (RBC maker)

Front 67

Blood Ca+ is regulated by

Back 67

Parathyroid hormone

Front 68

Function of calcitonin

Back 68

Inhibits production of osteoclasts and speeds up reuptake.

Front 69

Spongy bone is always covered by

Back 69

COMPACT BONE

Front 70

Intermembranosus ossification (4)

Back 70

1. ossification center forms from osteogenic cells
2. calcification (matrix of bones harden)
3. Formation of trabecular (bones fuse together)
4. Devlopment of periostinum.

Front 71

Endrochondral Ossification (6)

Back 71

1. Devlopment of cart. model (in future bone shape)
2. Growth
3. Devlopment of primary ossification center (osteoblasts are now made)
4. Devlopment of medullary cavity.
5. Devlopment of 2nd ossification center
6. Formation of articular cart.

Front 72

Interstitial growth

Back 72

from within

Front 73

appositional growth

Back 73

from outer surface

Front 74

Resting Cart.

Back 74

Anchor epipsieal plate to epiphysis of bone

Front 75

Peripherlating cart.

Back 75

divide and undergo interstitial growth (from within) secrete extracellular matrix

Front 76

Hypertrophic cart,

Back 76

Large maturing chodrocytes

Front 77

Calcified cart.

Back 77

Death of chondrocytes b/c martix is to hard.

Front 78

Repair of a fracture (4)

Back 78

1. hemotoma
2. collagen fibers make callus
3. osteogenic cells make osteoblasts, (bony callus)
4. Bone remodeling.

Front 79

Skin Functions (5)

Back 79

1. protect
2. insulate
3. support
4. vit D absorption
5. sense organ

Front 80

Layers of the skin

Back 80

1. EPIdermis
2. DERMIS
3. Hypodermis (subq)

Front 81

Epidermis contains

Back 81

1. NO blood vessels
2. Keratinocytes (dead)

Front 82

Dermis contains

Back 82

1. collagen &elastic fibers
2. dense irregular CT

Front 83

Keratincytes

Back 83

waterproof 90%

Front 84

Melonocytes

Back 84

pigment 8%

Front 85

Langer Horn cells

Back 85

Bacteria

Front 86

Merkle cells

Back 86

Sensory nerve cells ( least numerous)

Front 87

Appocrine Glands

Back 87

open to hair follicles

Front 88

Eccrine Glands

Back 88

Heat regulation

Front 89

Sebaceous Glands

Back 89

Oil secretion into the hair shaft

Front 90

Papillary blood vessels uses (3)

Back 90

1. temp regulation
2. constriction
3. dilation

Front 91

Vitamin D sythesis

Back 91

Cholestrol --> kindeys & liver synthasize to calcitrol.

Front 92

Nail plate is made of

Back 92

hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells

Front 93

nail plate

Back 93

useiable part (typing)

Front 94

free edge

Back 94

extends past finger

Front 95

nair root

Back 95

burried under skin

Front 96

Lunala

Back 96

White half moon

Front 97

Nail matrix

Back 97

where cells divide to produce growth

Front 98

sense organs (2)

Back 98

Touch (nerve endings in epidermis)
Temp (blood flow, sweat)

Front 99

Wound healing (5)

Back 99

1. inflamatory phase (blood clot and elimination of bacteria)
2. Migratory phase (clot forms scab)
3. Granulation tissue (tissue filling wound)
4. Proliferation phase (epithelial cell growth and deposits collagen fibers)
5. maturation phase (scab falls off)

Front 100

Muscle types (3)

Back 100

1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle

Front 101

Skeletal muscle characteristics

Back 101

1. striated
2. volantary

Front 102

Cardiac muscle characteristics

Back 102

1. intercolated disks
2. involantary

Front 103

Smooth muscle characteristics

Back 103

1. non striated
2. located in hollow tubes and structures.
3. involantary

Front 104

Functions of muscles (4)

Back 104

1. production of body movements
2. stabolizing body positions
3. storing and moving
4. Generating heat

Front 105

Flexors

Back 105

decrese a joint angle

Front 106

extensors

Back 106

increase joint angle

Front 107

adductors

Back 107

move bone closer to midline

Front 108

abductors

Back 108

move bone further from midline

Front 109

rotators

Back 109

rotates bone alone longitudinal axis

Front 110

Prime mover (Agonist)

Back 110

contracts to move a muscle

Front 111

Antagonist

Back 111

stretches and allows prime mover to work

Front 112

synergist

Back 112

contract and stabolize intermediate joints

Front 113

stabolizer/ fixators

Back 113

stabolizes origin of prime mover.

Front 114

Lever

Back 114

ridid structure that moves around a fixed point

Front 115

Fulcrum

Back 115

Fixed point

Front 116

mechanical advantage

Back 116

small effort is required
load is close to fulcrum

Front 117

mechanical disadvantage

Back 117

more effort to move load
effort close to fulcrum

Front 118

Elasticity

Back 118

ability to return to original length

Front 119

Contractility

Back 119

contract forcefully when stimulted by an action potential

Front 120

Endomysium

Back 120

seperates each muscle fiber

Front 121

Perimyosium

Back 121

surrounds groups of 10 to 100 muscle fibers, seperates them into bundles

Front 122

Epimyosium

Back 122

outermost layer, encircles entire muscle

Front 123

Muscle metobolism (3 ways)

Back 123

1. creatine phosphate 1 ATP
2. Glycolosis (anarobic resp.) 2 ATP
3. aerobic resp 36 ATP

Front 124

Slow muscle fibers

Back 124

a lot of myoglobin 100-200 msec (contraction

fatigue slowly

are red

Front 125

Fast muscle fibers

Back 125

most powerful contractions

fatigue quickly

are white

Front 126

Isotonic

Back 126

tension remains the same length changes

Front 127

Concentric

Back 127

muscle shortens

Front 128

Eccentric

Back 128

muscle lengthens

Front 129

Isometric

Back 129

length same tension changes

Front 130

Hypertrophy

Back 130

enlargement of EXSISTING muscle fibers

Front 131

Hyperplasia

Back 131

INCREASE IN NUMBER of muscle fibers

Front 132

Suture characteristics (4)

Back 132

1. composed of dense irregular CT
2. immovable
3. connected by CT
4. Interdigitate

Front 133

Syndesmoses example

Back 133

roots of teeth

Front 134

Synarthrosis

Back 134

immovable

Front 135

Amphiarothrosis

Back 135

slightly moveable

Front 136

Diarthrosis

Back 136

freely moveable

Front 137

Characteristics of a cartliginous joint (1)

Back 137

1. lack synovial cavity

Front 138

Synchondroses (2)

Back 138

1. connects
2. immovable

Front 139

Symphyses

Back 139

1. slightly moveable

Front 140

Function of bursae

Back 140

decrese friction between joints

Front 141

synovial joint

Back 141

covered with hylaine cart.

Front 142

synovial membrane

Back 142

areolar CT with elastic fibers

Front 143

Synovial Fluid

Back 143

produced by synovial membrane
lubracation
shock absorber
phagocytosis

Front 144

tendon sheaths

Back 144

wrap around tendons that expierence a lot of friction

Front 145

Ligament

Back 145

Bone to Bone

Front 146

Tendon

Back 146

Muscle to Bone

Front 147

Origin

Back 147

attachment of muscle to stationary bone

Front 148

Insertion

Back 148

attachment of muscle or tendon to movable bone