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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 reasons farm animals are valuable to humans?
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1. Nutrients
2. Mechanical work and clothing 3. Companionship 4. Source of economic activity and income 5. Human health |
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Define Nutrient Dense
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high level of nutrients compared to calorie content
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What aspacts of animal studies are beneficial to human health (5)?
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- cures
- swine produce: hemoglobin, xenografts, heart valves, skin grafts - fertility techniques - ultrasounds - cystic fibrosis |
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Define Domesticated
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humans control animal's breeding and food supply for human use.
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Define Tamed
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animal not bred in captivity; captured and tamed for human use.
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The 6 reasons why these animals were domesticated:
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1. Diet
2. Growth rate 3. Reproduce in captivity 4. Tolerance of humans 5. Not panic around humans 6. Social hierarchy |
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Define Animal Science
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investigation of animals for benefiting both humans and animals
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Define Mule
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male donkey and female horse
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Define Hinny
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female donkey and male horse
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Define Heterosis
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hybrid vigor
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Define Missouri Mule
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Male Donkey = American Mammoth
Female Horse = Percheron |
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Define Ethology
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classify how animals respond to various stimuli
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Anthropomorphism
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giving inhuman things human characteristics
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2 Basic criteria for understanding farm animals:
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1. Behavioral mechanisms
2. Biological need |
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6 Behavioral Mechanisms
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1. Instinct
2. Habituation 3. Conditioning 4. Trial and Error 5. Reasoning 6. Imprinting |
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6 Biological Needs
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1. Sexual behavior
2. Care giving behavior 3. Care soliciting behavior 4. Agonistic 5. Feeding 6. Investigating |
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3 Ways to measure intelligence
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1. Vocalizations
2. Anatomical 3. Learning rate |
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2 Animal Health Programs:
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1. Prevent
2. Treatment and management |
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3 Parts of Immune System
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1. Surface Barriers
2. Innate 3. Adaptive |
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Define Cilia
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lines digestive and respiratory tracts; grabs pathogens
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Adaptive Immune system uses two cells:
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1. Antibodies
2. T-Lymphocyte cells |
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Does the innate immune system use the two cells that the adaptive immune system uses?
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no
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Define Antibodies
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protein produced by B-Lymphocyte cells
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What do T-Lymphocyte cells do?
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do not use antibodies; recognize and destroy infections pathogens
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What do B-Lymphocytes do?
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recognize and bind to specific infectious pathogens
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What do Phagocytes do?
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destroy infectious pathogens
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What is the process of using phagocytes to destroy pathogens called?
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Phagocytosis
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3 Stages of Disease Resistance
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1. Neonatal
2. Maturational 3. Mature |
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Which stage of disease resistance is resistance at its lowest?
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maturational
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Which stage of disease resistance is resistance at its highest?
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mature
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3 Ways to prevent sickness
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1. Management
2. Sanitation 3. Clean water and food |
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Define Hypertrophy
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increase in cell size
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Define Hyperplasia
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increase in cell number
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Define Totipotent
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up until 8 cell stage, cells can be removed and will develop into complete animal
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Define Zygote
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1 cell to 8 cell stage
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Define Morula
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16 cell stage
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Define Blastocyst
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greater than 16 cell stage
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What will Trophoblast cells do?
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become placental membrane
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What will the Inner Mass do?
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become the fetus
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List the 3 Germ Layers
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1. Endoderm
2. Mesoderm 3. Ectoderm |
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Define Stem Cells
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undeveloped cells
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What are the 2 types of Stem Cells?
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1. Embryonic
2. Adult |
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Define Parturition
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birth
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What do Growth Hormones do?
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signals tissue to grow and develop
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Where are Growth Hormones produced? Where are Growth Factors produced?
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- pituitary
- at target cells |
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What do Growth Factors do?
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perform specific functions
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What hormone do Follicles grow in response to?
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gonadotrophins
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Where are the Follicles located?
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ovary
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What do female Follicles contain?
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oocytes
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What does the Corpus Luteum produce?
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produces progesterone
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What does Progesterone do?
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maintains gestation
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What is the anterior end of the oviduct called? The posterior end?
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- Ampulla
- Isthmus |
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What do Fimbria do?
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catch oocyte
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What is the Uterus responsible for?
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maintaining pregnancy
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Where does the embryo attach and develop?
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uterus
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What does the Cervix do?
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isolates uterus from outside environment
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What does the Vagina do?
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protects uterus from bacterial infection
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What does the Vulva do?
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sexual receptivity
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What do female Gonadotrophins stimulate?
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ovary to cause growth of follicle and oocyte
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What does the Follicle Stimulating Hormone stimulate in females?
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growth of follicle
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What does the Luteinizing Hormone stimulate in females?
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final growth of follicle and causes ovulation of oocyte
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What are the 2 female/male Gonadotrophins?
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1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
2. Luteinizing Hormone |
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Define Estrogen
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sex steroid
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What does the female Prostaglandin F2alpha regress?
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regresses CL
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What are the 3 female Sex Steroids/Prostaglandins?
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1. Estrogen
2. Progesterone 3. Prostaglandin F2alpha |
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What do the 3 female Sex Steroids/Prostaglandins direct?
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estrus
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Define Mammotrophins
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involved with lactation
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What are the 5 stages of Female Reproductive Cycle?
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1. Puberty
2. Estrous Cycle 3. Gestation 4. Lactation 5. Post-partum Period |
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What occurs in the Testicle?
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spermatogenesis
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What are the Seminiferous Tubules?
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small tubes in testicle
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Where are Sertole Cells? What do they do?
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- seminiferous tubules
- produce sperm |
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What occurs in the Epididymis?
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sperm maturation
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What are the 3 Sections of the Epididymis?
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1. Caput (head)
2. Corpus (body) 3. Cauda (tail) |
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What occurs in the Caput and the Corpus?
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sperm maturation
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What occurs in the Cauda?
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sperm maturation and storage
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What does the Vas Deferens do?
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pulses and moves sperm along at ejeculation
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What are the 3 male Secondary Sex Glands?
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1. Seminal vesicles
2. Prostate 3. Bulbourethral Glands |
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What do the 3 male Secondary Sex Glands do?
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make up seminal plasma
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What does the Penis do?
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deposits semen
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What is the male Urethra?
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exit for reproductive and urinary systems
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What do the male FSH and LH do?
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stimulate sperm production
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What are the 3 ways animals accomplish Digestion?
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1. Mechanical Action
2. Chemical Action 3. Enzymatic Action |
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What is the goal of an animal feeding program?
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to feed a balanced diet in a ration that contains feedstuff that meet the daily nutrient requirement of the animal, which is based on its stage of production
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Define GI Tract
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tube that begins in the mouth and ends in the anus
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List characteristics of Monogastrics
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- 1 stomach
- 1 compartment - herbivores, omnivores, carnivores |
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List characteristics of Ruminants
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- 1 stomach
- 4 compartments - herbivores |
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List characteristics of Hindgut Fermenters
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- 1 stomach
- 1 compartment - enlarged cecum |
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3 Microbes
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1. Bacteria
2. Protozoa 3. Fungi |
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What does the Enlarged Cecum do?
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digests forages because of microbes
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Define Cellulase
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enzyme produced by microbes; digests forages
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Which two types of digestive tracts digest forages well?
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1. Hindgut Fermenter
2. Ruminants |
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Define Deglution
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swallowing the feed bolus
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Which part of the GI tract does all 3 (chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic)?
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stomach
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Which part of the GI Tract is the major site of digestion?
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small intestine
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What are the 3 parts of the Small Intestine?
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1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
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Where are Villi in the small intestines?
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Ileum and Jejunum
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What do Villi do?
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increase the surface area of the small intestine
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What does the Large Intestine absorb?
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water
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What does the Rectum store?
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feces
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What does the Anus do?
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releases feces from GI Tract
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What are the 4 chambers in the GI Tract of Ruminants?
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1. Rumen
2. Reticulum 3. Omasum 4. Abomasum |
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What are 3 parts of the GI Tract of Poultry?
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1. Crop
2. Proventriculus 3. Gizzard |
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What does the crop do?
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temporarily stores feed
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What is the Proventriculus of poultry?
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the "true stomach"
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What does the Gizzard do?
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grinds up the digesta
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Define Grit
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small rocks/gravel that birds use muscular contractions to use grit to grind up feed
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Define Somatic Cells
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all cells in body (except gametes)
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Define Gametes
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sperm cells and oocytes
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Somatic Cells are diploids/haploids, while Gametes are diploids/haploids.
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- Diploids
- Haploids |
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What is the genetic equation for an animal's Phenotype?
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Phenotype = Genotype + Environment
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What is the equation for Genetic Progress?
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Genetic Progress = Selection Differential x Heritability
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Define Contemporary Group
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group of animals that have similar environments
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Where did the Bos taurus and Bos indicus originate?
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- Europe, Africa, SW Asia
- India, SE Asia |
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What are three breeds that developed in the USA?
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1. Brangus
2. Santa Gertrudis 3. Beefmaster |
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What are the 6 Major Breeds of Bos taurus Beef Cattle?
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1. Angus
2. Charolais 3. Limousin 4. Hereford 5. Simmental 6. Shorthorn |
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Which two beef cattle breeds originated in France?
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1. Charolais
2. Limousin |
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What two breeds of beef cattle make up the 'Black Baldy'?
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Angus and Hereford
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Why was the Limousin beef cattle brought through Canada before USA?
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foot and mouth outbreak
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What is the major breed of Bos indicus Beef Cattle?
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1. Brahman
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Where did the Brahman beef cattle breed originate?
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India
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Define Specialization
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farms specialize in one specific area or animal
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Where does Missouri rank among beef cattle?
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Second
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When are Beef Cows rebred?
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during lactation
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What are the 4 Segments of the Beef Cattle Industry?
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1. Cow/Calf
2. Backgrounder/Stocker 3. Feedlot/Finishing 4. Purebred |
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Define Dystocia
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calving difficulties
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Heifers should be turned out with bulls when they are ___ to ____ months old.
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13 to 14
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In the beef cattle industry, which form of insemination is more common?
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natural insemination
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Usually, for natural insemination there is 1 bull to every ___ to ____ females
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20 to 30
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What is the Body Condition Score range for Beef Cattle?
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1 to 9; females need score of 5-7
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Define Expected Progency Difference
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tells the expected advantages that a baby will have from certain bulls or cows
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What does a Feedlot do?
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takes cow to mature weight then slaughters
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What is the goal of the Backgrounder/Stocker?
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increase frame size through cheap gain
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To what segment is the maturational immunological resistance stage important?
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backgrounder/stocker
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Define Pre-Conditioned
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calves that have been weaned 45 days before sold to backgrounder/stocker
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What are the benefits of having a Pre-Conditioned calf?
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- weaned off colostrum
- vaccinated - castrated - dehorned - dewormed |
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What are the 6 Major Breeds of Dairy Cattle?
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1. Ayrshire
2. Brown Swiss 3. Guernsey 4. Holstein-Friesian 5. Jersey 6. Milking Shorthorn |
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What Dairy Cattle breed is the most popular?
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Holstein Friesian
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What are the 2 Segments of the Dairy Cattle Industry?
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1. Milk Production
2. Purebred |
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What form of insemination is most common for Dairy Cattle?
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artificial insemination
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Define Freshening
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when a dairy female has a calf and begins lactating
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What is the Lactation Goal?
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extend the length of peak of the curve, not to increase the height
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What is the major problem in the Dairy Cattle Industry?
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dairy cows are hard to rebreed during lactation since energy goes to milk production
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Define Maternal Line Breed
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good maternal characteristics (large litters, good milk production)
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Define Terminal Line Breed
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have good growth, carcass and muscling characteristics
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What are the 5 Major Breeds of Swine?
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1. Landrace
2. Yorkshire 3. Hampshire 4. Duroc 5. Meishan |
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Which 3 breeds of swine are Maternal Line?
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1. Landrace
2. Yorkshire 3. Meishan |
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Which 2 breeds of swine are Terminal Line?
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1. Hampshire
2. Duroc |
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What are the 4 Segments of the Swine Industry?
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1. Farrowing
2. Nursery/Grower 3. Finishing 4. Purebred |
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Define Contract Grower
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owns swine and provides feed, Vet, and technical production advice; producer owns facilities and labor
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In the swine industry, if AI is used, do they synchronize the females?
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yes
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What is the BCS range for swine?
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1 to 5; need 3-4
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What weight does the Nursery/Grower raise swine to?
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15 to 60lbs
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What are the 2 wool breeds of Sheep?
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1. Columbia
2. Merino |
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What are the 2 meat breeds of Sheep?
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1. Dorset
2. Hampshire |
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What are the 2 dual-purpose breeds of Sheep?
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1. Polypay
2. Rambouillet |
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What is the 1 major hair breed of Goats?
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Angora
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What is the 1 major meat breed of Goats?
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Boer
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What is the 1 major dairy breed of Goats?
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Alpine
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What are the 3 Segments of the Small Ruminant Industry?
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1. Birthing
2. Finishing 3. Purebred |
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What are the 2 types of Production in the Small Ruminant Industry?
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1. Range Production
2. Farm Production |
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What type of Seasonal Breeders are Goats and Sheep?
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Short-day Seasonal Breeders (Aug/Sept - Dec/Feb)
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What causes Short-day Breeders?
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increase in Melatonin
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When do Goats and Sheep reach Puberty?
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5-12 months
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What are the market weights of sheep and goats?
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sheep: 120-140
goats: 50-90 |
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What are the 3 Management Concerns for Small Ruminants?
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1. Predators
2. Feet 3. Parasites |
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What are the 2 ancestors of modern Horses?
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1. Przewaski
2. Tarpan |
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What are the 2 Major Breeds of Ponies?
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1. Shetland
2. Pony of the Americas |
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What are the 3 Major Breeds of Light Horses?
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1. Quarter Horse
2. Missouri Fox Trotter 3. Thoroughbred |
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What are the 3 Major Breeds of Draft Horses?
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1. Percheron
2. Clydesdale 3. Belgian |
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What type of Seasonal Breeder are Horses?
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Long-day Seasonal Breeders (March/May - Nov/Dec)
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What causes Long-day Seasonal Breeders?
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decrease in melatonin
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When are horses rebred?
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either during 'foal heat', then later during lactation. (5-12 days after birth)
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What are the main grains that horses eat?
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1. Oats
2. Barley 3. Some corn |
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What are the main forages that horses eat?
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1. Graze pasture
2. Hays (grasses and legumes) |
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What are the 2 Major Breeds of poultry?
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1. White Leghorn
2. Rhode Island Red |
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What are the 2 Segments of the Poultry Industry?
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1. Egg
2. Meat |
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Define Vertical Integration
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when two or more steps of production, marketing, and processing are linked together
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What are the benefits to Vertical Integration?
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larger and more efficient operations
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What are the disadvantages to Vertical Integration?
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concentration of animals = odor, manure management, disease
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What are the 3 reasons eggs are produced?
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1. Human consumption
2. Broiler production 3. Breeding flock production |
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When does egg production peak?
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7-8 months old
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When is egg production decreasing?
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14-16 months old
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When does molting occur?
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16 months (takes 2 weeks)
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Which nutrient is important for egg shells?
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calcium
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How often are eggs collected per day?
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2-3 times per day
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What are the 6 different groups that argue animal welfare/rights?
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1. Animal Exploitation
2. Animal Use 3. Animal Control 4. Animal Welfare 5. Animal Rights 6. Animal Liberation |
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What 3 Things are necessary for a waste/manure system?
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1. Environmentally safe
2. Socially acceptable 3. Economically feasible |
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What are the 3 farm animal wastes?
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1. Manure
2. Gases and odors 3. Dead animals |
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What are the 2 types of farm animal housing?
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1. Confined
2. Unconfined |
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What are the 3 types of liquid/solid storage?
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1. Dirt lagoon
2. Concrete pits 3. Slurry system |
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What does the pancreas secrete into the duodenum?
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enzymes and buffers
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What is the name of a castrated young male sheep?
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wether
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How many hours after estrus begins or estrus is first observed should the bovine female be bred?
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10-14 hours
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What is a castrated, young male swine called?
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barrow
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When are cows, swine, small ruminants, and horses rebred?
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cow: during lactation
sow: after lactation small ruminants: rebred in breeding season, or after during lactation horses: rebred during lactation, or later after lactation in next breeding season |
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What is the the growth hormone used to increase milk production?
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bovine somatotrophin
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What are the 4 dual purpose animals?
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1. Beef Cattle
2. Sheep 3. Goats 4. Chickens |
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What are the 3 single purpose animals?
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1. dairy cattle
2. swine 3. horses |
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Where are the wild ancestors of domestic swine from?
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Europe and Asia
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What breed of swine was developed in the New England area?
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Duroc
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