Final

Front 1

What are the three global cycles?

Back 1

1. Nitrogen Cycle

2. Carbon Cycle

3. Sulfur Cycle

Front 2

What are the four steps of the Nitrogen Cycle?

Back 2

1. Nitrogen fixation

2. Ammonification

3. Nitrification

4. Denitrification

Front 3

Describe Nitrogen fixation

Back 3

Converts nitrogen gas into organic nitrogen.

Requires the enzyme nitrogenase (only bacteria have), which needs to be in an anaerobic environment.

Front 4

What is the free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Back 4

Cyanobacteria

~photolithoautotrophic

~Use respiration

~Heterocysts create anaerobic environment for nitrogen fixation

Front 5

What is the plant-associated nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Back 5

Rhizobium spp.

~aerobic bacteria that live in anaerobic environment (root nodules)

~Plant supplies oxygen via leghemoglobin

Front 6

Describe Ammonification

Back 6

Converts organic nitrogen into ammonia

Front 7

Describe Nitrification

Back 7

Converts ammonia into nitrate (2 steps)

1. Ammonia Oxidation (ammonia to nitrite)

2. Nitrite Oxidation (nitrite to nitrate)

Front 8

Describe Denitrification

Back 8

Converts nitrate into nitrogen gas

~anaerobic process

Front 9

What is Eutrophication?

Back 9

When you have excess nitrate and it leaches into environment. Causes algal blooms (and therefore bacterial blooms) in waterways.

Front 10

Describe the carbon cycle vaguely.

Back 10

1. Plants and photolithic bacteria pull carbon out of CO2 by photosynthesis.

2. Respiration puts CO2 back into atmosphere.

Front 11

What is Acid Rock Drainage?

Back 11

High levels of acidity and formation of heavy metals caused by heavy metals in the soil.

Front 12

What is Acid Mine Drainage?

Back 12

Increase of heavy metal formation and increased acidity caused by mining.

Front 13

What is bioleaching?

Back 13

Using bacteria to extract metals from ores.

Front 14

What is leaching?

Back 14

Using chemicals to extract metals from ores.

Front 15

What are the three steps of mining?

Back 15

1. Ores are dug up

2. Ores are collected in a vat and are leached/bioleached to produce metals

3. Metals are smelted to remove impurities

Front 16

Acid Drainage causes an accumulation of what?

Back 16

High acidity and heavy metal toxins

Front 17

The most common bacterium involved in Acid Rock/Mine Drainage and bioleaching is what?

Back 17

Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans

Front 18

What is bioremediation?

Back 18

Using microorganisms to clean up pollution.

Front 19

How can bioremediation be used with acid drainage?

Back 19

It involves sulfur-reducing bacteria which causes heavy metals to become insoluble.

Front 20

What is the most common bacterium for sulfur-reducing?

Back 20

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

Front 21

How can you detect pathogens in water?

Back 21

You don't. You use indicator organisms.

Front 22

What are the four characteristics of an indicator organism?

Back 22

1. Easily distinguishable

2. Easily detected

3. Associated with pathogen

4. Able to survive in a way similar to pathogen

Front 23

What is the indicator organism for fecal contamination of water?

Back 23

Fecal Coliforms

Front 24

What are the characteristics of fecal coliforms and what is the EPA standard?

Back 24

~ Facultative anaerobes

~ Gram Negative bacilli

~ Ferments lactose

~Zeros coliforms present in 100 mL sample

Front 25

What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand? (BOD)

Back 25

The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms in water to breakdown organic matter. (The more organic matter, the more microbes can be present, the higher oxygen demand).

Front 26

What does low BOD and high BOD mean?

Back 26

Low BOD: Very good quality

High BOD: Very polluted

Front 27

How do you calculate BOD?

Back 27

DO(initial) - DO(5 days) = BOD

Front 28

What are the three steps of Primary Treatment for Water Sewage.

Back 28

1. Wastewater filtered and placed in primary settling tank.

2. Primary sludge is removed and digested by anaerobic microbes.

3. The liquid goes to secondary treatment.

Front 29

What are the four steps of the Secondary Treatment for Water Sewage?

Back 29

1. Liquid from primary treatment is mixed with aerobic microbes in bioreactor.

2. The active biomass moves to secondary settling tank.

3. Activated sludge is removed and sent to either back to secondary treatment or to anaerobic microbe treatment.

4. Liquid is moved to tertiary treatment.

Front 30

What are the two steps of the Tertiary Treatment for Water Sewage?

Back 30

1. Water from secondary treatment undergoes nitrification and denitrification to remove nitrogen.

2. Water is chemically treated with chlorine and released into waterways

Front 31

What is Vertical Gene Transfer?

Back 31

Includes sexual and asexual reproduction and is Parent-to-offspring.

Front 32

What is horizontal gene transfer?

Back 32

Asexual transfer to add diversity to population (recombination of shared genes, addition of new genes) , Parent-to-Parent

Front 33

What are the three types of Horizontal Gene Transfer in bacteria?

Back 33

1. Conjugation

2. Transformation

3. Transduction

Front 34

Describe conjugation

Back 34

Direct transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another that involves the F plasmid through the sex pilus.

Front 35

What does the F plasmid contain?

Back 35

1. Genes to transcribe/translate proteins for sex pilus

2. Genes to transfer replicated F plasmid through sex pilus

Front 36

Bacteria that contain the F plasmid are called what?

Back 36

F+ bacteria

Front 37

Bacteria that don't contain the F plasmid are called what?

Back 37

F- bacteria

Front 38

Describe transformation.

Back 38

Indirect transfer. 'Naked' DNA is picked up from the environment by (allowed by competence factors) bacterium.

Front 39

Describe transduction

Back 39

Indirect transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage.

Front 40

What are the four steps of Genetic Engineering?

Back 40

1. Isolate DNA (GOI) of interest

2. Cut DNA with restriction enzyme

3. Combine DNA pieces together

4. Transform cell with genetically engineered DNA

Front 41

What is the restriction enzyme?

Back 41

Restriction Endonucleases which cuts DNA in very places and produces 'sticky ends'.

Front 42

What is composting?

Back 42

The breakdown of organic matter by microbes.

Front 43

Describe the process of silage.

Back 43

Preserving livestock feed by adding microorganisms. Microorganisms produce lactic acid which creates acidic environment and prevents further microbial growth.

Front 44

What microorganisms are used in composting and ensiling?

Back 44

composting: Aerobic, thermophilic

ensiling: anaerobic, thermophilic

Front 45

What is an example of a genetically engineered agricultural microbiology application?

Back 45

Genetically engineering Agrobacterium tumefaciens which causes Crown Gall Disease.

Front 46

What are some examples of genetically engineered agricultural products?

Back 46

salt tolerance, herbicide resistance, insecticide producing, longer lasting, etc

Front 47

Which bacteria is used in insecticide-producing crops?

Back 47

Bacillus thuringiensis which makes a protein that crystallizes inside insects

Front 48

What nutrient was added to rice?

Back 48

Beta carotene (vitamin A)

Front 49

Fermentation produces what? It's used for what?

Back 49

Produces acids, alcohols, and CO2. It's used for production/preservation, flavor, and nutrition.

Front 50

What products require fermentation to occur?

Back 50

Beers/wines, Breads, Pickled foods, Dairy products

Front 51

What are three food-borne disease barriers?

Back 51

1. Getting inside your body

2. Getting past the stomach

3. Staying inside your body

Front 52

What is a food-borne infection?

Back 52

When a microorganism colonizes in the intestines. Needs to grow and establish population!

Front 53

What are the characteristics of E. coli O157:H7?

Back 53

~ Facultative anaerobe

~ Acid-resistant (survive, not grow)

~ Mesophile

* Toxin producing

Front 54

What is a food-borne intoxication?

Back 54

Disease caused by ingestion of a Toxin

Front 55

What are the characteristics of Clostridium Botulinum?

Back 55

~ Anaerobic

~ Non-acidophilic

~ Mesophilic

~ Endospore- forming (protection/survival)

~ Toxin producing (Cause of Botulism)

Front 56

Food-borne Infection vs Intoxication.

Cause of disease?

Back 56

Infection: Consuming a microbe

Intoxication: Consuming a toxin

Front 57

Food-borne Infection vs Intoxication.

Time to Disease?

Back 57

Infection: Slow due to incubation period

Intoxication: Fast, 2-6 hours

Front 58

Food-borne Infection vs Intoxication.

Treatment?

Back 58

Infection: Antibiotics (if severe)

Intoxication: Anti-toxin (if severe)

Front 59

What are the four practices of Good Food-Handling?

Back 59

1. Clean

2. Separate

3. Cook

4. Chill