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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Increase in ATP Synthesis |
Increased mitochondria and capillaries |
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Increase in Fiber Size |
Hypertrophy, hyperplasia |
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Muscle Atrophies |
Disuse, denervation, Age related |
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Age Related Changes |
Reduction in diameter/number muscle fibers, loss of motor neurons, decrease in Ach synthesis, inability adapt to exercise |
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Smooth muscles |
Activated by neurotransmitters, hormones, wall pressure |
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Smooth Muscle Size |
Diameter 2-10 micro Length 50-400 micro |
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Smooth muscle regulation |
Ca2+/ Hormones/ Ans |
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Single Unit Smooth Muscle |
Myogenic Can initiate contraction without external stimuli Function as whole |
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Multi-Unit Smooth Muscles |
Neruogenic Activated independently by autonomic nerve Can function independently |
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Smooth Muscle Organization |
Thick long myosin filaments Thin filaments tropomyosin Not orderly arranged Thick to thin 1:16 No sarcomeres, t-tubules Extensive tubular network of sarcoplasmatic reticulum Cytosolic Ca2+ from Extracellular fluid Dense Bodies Actin Filaments connect to dense bodies Actin filaments crisscross helical pattern |
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Smooth Muscle Morphological Changes |
Hyperplasia Secrete collagen and elastin |
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Cardiac Muscle-Skeletal Features |
Organized striated fibers Troponin and tropomyosin Mitochondria Voltage Gated Dihyrdoperidine receptors T-Tubule SR |
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Cardiac Muscle- Smooth Muscle Features |
Multiple Gap junctions Regulated by Ca2+/Hormones/ANS |
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Number of Neurons |
100 billion |
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Cell Body of Neuron |
Nucleus ER Replace 1/3 of protein daily Axons cannot produce proteins |
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Dendrites |
Receptive area |
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Axon |
Conducts impulses from body Axon Hillock Length-1m Diameter 0.1-20 micrometers Microchondria, microtubules, neurofilaments, vesicles |
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Axon Terminal |
High concentration of Mitochondria Synthesie ATP Neurotransmitter Degradation |
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Microfilament |
Composed of actin 4-5 nm Concentrated in dendritic spines |
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Nerofilaments |
Filaments of Neurons 10 nm in diameter Found in axons and dendrites |
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Microtubules |
Form hollow tubes >100 nm Polarity Axons plus end is outward |
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Anterograde Transport |
From cell body Kinesin Transport of organelles and vesicles from minus end to plus end |
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Retrograde |
To cell body Dynein Plus end to minus end Toxins and microorganisms use this to enter CNS |
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Axoplasmic Transport |
Slow 1-2 mm/day Cytoplasm flow Actin, neurofilaments, microtubules |
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Axonal Transport |
Rapid 400 mm/day Microtubules-associated proteins are involved Organnels, vesicles, membrane glycoproteins |
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Schwann Cells |
Form myelin sheaths Secrete nerve growth enhancing protein |
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Satellite Cells |
Support neuron cell bodies within ganglia |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Form myelin sheaths around acons Nerve growth inhibitor Nego Stabilize structure |
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Microglia |
Phagocytosis of bacteria adn cell debris Migrate within CNS Neurodegeneration disease |
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Astrocytes |
Glue of CNS Formation of blood-brain barrier Regulate fetal brain development Uptake K+ from extracellular fluid Uptake and degrade some NT released from terminals Formation of synapses Regulate neurogenesis Release transmitters to stim or inhib Neurons |
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Ependymal Cells |
Line brain ventricles Particpate in formation of CSF Neural stem cells capable of forming new neurons |
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Classes of neurons |
Afferent/Sensory Efferent/Motor/Motor Interneurons/Association |
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Major Elements of Action Potential |
Depolarization- Increase in Na Polarization- Decrease in Na Threshold- Critical membrane potential that must be reached All or None Law- No partial actions Refactory Period
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Velocity of depolarization |
1 msec 1/1000 second |
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Velocity of Repolarization |
1-2 msec |
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Self Propagating Effect Domino Effect |
Conduction by local currents Saltatory conduction Axon Diameter Myelin |
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Axon Classification and Conduction Velocities |
- |
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Group A |
Myelinated 12-130 m/s 5-20 mcirometers |
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Group B |
ANS Fibers 3-15 m/s 1-3 micrometers |
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Group C |
Unmyelinated 1 m/s 0.5-1 micrometers |
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Squid Giant Axon- Unmyelinated |
25 m/s 500 micrometers |
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Inhibiting a Nerve Impulse |
Diferrent Physical Factors can Inhibit abiliity of neuron to propagate |
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Action Potential Registration |
Typical Equipment to conduct nerve physiology Electrical stimulator, oscilloscope, bio-amplifier |
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Human Brain |
100 x 10^9 |
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Electrical Synapses |
2-4 nm Gap Junctions Cardiac Muscle/Some Brain Regions/Embryonic Tissue Two Channels- Pre/postsynaptic Allow passage of metabolites, ions, molecules <1000 dalton Bidirectional |
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Chemical Synapses |
Presynaptic Neuron Synaptic Cleft 20-40 nm Postsynaptic Neuron |
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Typical Elements of Chemical Synaptic Transmission |
Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitter in vesicles Release NT in synaptic space Activation of receptors in postsynaptic neuron Termination of action of NT |
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NT Vesicles (Granules) |
30-150 nm Use ATP to uptake/conc NT Majority of neurons contain multiple NT's |
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Termination of NT effect |
Diffusion from synapse Enzymatic Degradation Reuptake |
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NT's |
Ach Norep Dop Serotonin Histamine Amino Acids- Excitatory, Inhibitory Polypeptides- Glucagon, Insulin, Endogenous Opioids Gases- Nitric oxide, CO |
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Synaptic Transmission in the CNS |
Same as in Periphery |
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NT |
Released in presynaptic neurons Produce rapid response (Inhibitory/Excitatory) NT operate through ligand operated ion channels NT operate through G-protein receptors Same agent may operate through LOC or G protein |
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Neuromodulators |
Released by neurons and non-neuronal Cells Produce slower pre-postynaptic responses than neurotransmitters G-Protein |
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Neutrotrophic Factors |
Operate through long time scale Regulate growth/morphology of neurons |
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Excitatory Aminoacids |
Glutamate, aspartate, hemocysteate Antagonists Ketamine, phencyclidine |
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Inhibitory Aminoacids |
GABA and glycine |
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Ach in CNS |
Synthesis, storage, and release in the CNS are same as in pheriphery 5% of brain neurons have receptors for Ach Responses mediated by muscarinic receptors |
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Muscarinic Receptors |
Mediate arousal, learning, short term memory Agonists- Improve Short term memory antagonists cause amnesia |
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Norepinephrine in CNS |
Synthesis, storage, reuptake, and release are same as in periphery Important in mood control Depression Reward System Arousal System Wakefulness Physcotropic Agents- Antidepressants, amphet, cocaine |
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Dopamine |
NT precursor to NE Degradation similar to NE Excessive dopamine actvitity related to schizophrenia Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) |
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Serotonin |
Similar to periphery Hallucinatory behavior, feeding behavior, mood, sleep, senses, body temp, vomiting |
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Histamine |
Excitatory/Inhibitory effects |
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Purines |
Adenosine and ATP
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Melatonin |
Synthetized from 5-HT Secretion controlled by light |
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Nitric Oxide |
Increase GMP Inhib/Excit effects upon neurons |
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Carbon Monoxide |
Increases cGMP Synaptic plasticity
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Pathways in CNS |
ACH, Noradenergic, dopaminergic, 5-HT, Histamine |
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CNS |
Brain and Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Nerves, ganglia, nerve plexus |
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Cerebral Spinal Fluid |
Four Ventricles CSF formed by choroid plexus Flows through ventricles Cushions brain Constant ionic environment Same density as brain |
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CSF Pressure |
10 mmHg |
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CSF Volume |
150 mL |
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CSF Production |
700 mL a day |
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Glucose |
Plasma 80-100 mg/dl CSF 45-80 mg/dl |
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Cerebral Cortex |
Gray Matter 15-20 billion cells 2-4 mm thick |
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Cerebral Cortex Major Functions |
Sensory Perception Voluntary Control of Movement Language Personality Traits Thinking/Memory/Creativity/Self-Consciousness |
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Somatosensory Cortex |
Sensation |
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Primary Visual Cortex |
Occipital Area |
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Primary Auditory Cortex |
Temporal Lobes |
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Wernickes Area |
Speech Understanding |
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Motor Areas |
- |
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Somatic Motor Cortex |
Conscious control of voluntary movement |
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Supplementary Motor Cortex |
Preparatory Role in Programming complex sequence of movements |
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Premotor Cortex |
Coordination of Complex Movement |
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Posterior Parietal Cortex |
Sends information to premotor cortex |
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Brocka's Area |
Speech Formation |
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Prefronal Cortex |
Thinking, planning, choosing options, personality traits, creativity, decision making, working memory |
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Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Cortex |
Interpretation Area Somatic, auditory, visual information Complete picture |
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Limbic System Cortex |
Motivation, emotion, memory |
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Basal Nuclei |
Planning, coordination, executing motor activity Inhibition of muscle tone Suppression of useless movements |
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Thalamus |
Relay Station Screens insignificant signals Directs attention Positively reinforces voluntary motor behavior Some degree of consciousness |
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Hypothalamus |
Body temp, thirst, food, pituitary gland, uterine contraction, ANS, emotions |
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Limib System |
Emotions, behavior, motivation, homeostatic drives, reward and punishment centers |
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Cerebellum |
Balance, eye control, muscle tone, coordination of skilled voluntary movements,'planning and initiation of voluntary activity |
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Brain Stem |
Cranial Nerves, Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive centers, regulation of muscle reflexes, arousal Sleep wake Cycle |
