Final

Front 1

A muscle that works to stabilize the joint

Back 1

fixator

Front 2

a muscle is covered by a membrane that is made out of what type of tissue

Back 2

connective

Front 3

muscles connect to the bone through which structures?

Back 3

tendons

Front 4

during surgery to relieve the symptoms of carpel tunnel syndrome, what is done

Back 4

a ligament in the wrist is cut

Front 5

which of the following would you expect to be the function of the Levitator palpabrae

Back 5

lifting the upper eyelid

Front 6

adductors

Back 6

function

Front 7

rectus

Back 7

direction of fibers

Front 8

deltoid

Back 8

shape

Front 9

brachialis

Back 9

location

Front 10

triceps

Back 10

number of heads/divisions

Front 11

another name for a muscle fiber

Back 11

cell

Front 12

name two of the three bones to which the sternocleidomastoid attaches?

Back 12

sternum, clavicle

Front 13

which of the following is not a general function of the muscles

Back 13

holding bones together

Front 14

muscles that have fibers that run at a 45 angle to the midline of the body are known as

Back 14

oblique muscles

Front 15

where would you expect to find the brachialis muscle

Back 15

in the upper arm

Front 16

when the diaphragm muscles contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity

Back 16

increases

Front 17

which muscle is the smallest of the glutei

Back 17

gluteus minimus

Front 18

which muscles are critical for breathing

Back 18

internal and external intercostals

Front 19

the gastrocnemius muscle, the bulging calf muscle, attaches through the Achilles tendon to what bone?

Back 19

the calcaneus

Front 20

what is very unusual about the insertion of the diaphragm muscle?

Back 20

it is an aporneurosis

Front 21

deltoid muscle

Back 21

moves the upper arm

Front 22

muscles of the lower leg and thigh

Back 22

raise the body from a sitting to a standing position

Front 23

extensor digitorum longus

Back 23

extension of the toes

Front 24

what is the point of origin for the external intercostal muscles?

Back 24

the inferior border of the upper ribs

Front 25

what is the point of insertion for the external intercostal muscles?

Back 25

the superior borders of the ribs

Front 26

what is the insertion point for the pronator quadratus (pronates the hand)

Back 26

radius

Front 27

what is the origin point for the pronator quadratus (pronates the hand)

Back 27

ulna

Front 28

another name for a contusion

Back 28

bruise

Front 29

the sarcolemma is...

Back 29

a unique name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Front 30

what injuries would be classified as a strain

Back 30

stretching of tendon, tearing of a tendon, a tear in the body of a muscle

Front 31

how is the A band defined

Back 31

it is the length of the thick filaments

Front 32

the main function of the T-tubules

Back 32

allow electrical signals to move deeper into the muscle cell

Front 33

a muscle cell contracts when it is stimulated by a nerve cell. how is that muscle activated?

Back 33

a neurotransmitter released by the nerve cell causes an impulse to be triggered in the muscle cell

Front 34

the thick myofilaments are made up mostly of

Back 34

myosin

Front 35

a motor unit consists of...

Back 35

one motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it stimulates

Front 36

what is the significance of creatine phosphate

Back 36

is the primary source of energy for muscle contractions

Front 37

what compound is the major source for muscle contraction

Back 37

ATP

Front 38

somatic motor neurons innervate

Back 38

skeletal muscles

Front 39

during which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions

Back 39

latent period

Front 40

a contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes

Back 40

isotonic contraction

Front 41

attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction

Back 41

isometric

Front 42

a twitch involves

Back 42

the entire muscle

Front 43

which of the following is a function of the CNS

Back 43

integrating sensory info, evaluating info, and initiating an outgoing response

Front 44

the part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the...

Back 44

somatic nervous system

Front 45

which of the following would make your heart beat faster if you were scared

Back 45

sympathetic division

Front 46

a myelin sheath is formed by which of the following

Back 46

both schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

Front 47

which of the following cells are responsible for feeding neurons

Back 47

astrocytes

Front 48

the blood-brain barrier greatly restricts the flow of which of the following substances that could disrupt impulses moving through the brain

Back 48

ions

Front 49

myelin is made up of what type of material

Back 49

lipid (fat)

Front 50

a synaptic knob would be located at the end of a

Back 50

axon

Front 51

in a three-neuron reflex arc, the afferent neuron synapses with a

Back 51

interneuron

Front 52

how many synapses are there in a simple reflex arc composed of 3 neurons

Back 52

2

Front 53

a typical nerve

Back 53

contains blood vessels

Front 54

which of the following cells patrol the CNS for invaders and damaged cells

Back 54

microglia

Front 55

what words describe the actions of the autonomic nervous system

Back 55

involuntary, afferent paths, rest and repair, efferent paths, fight and flight

Front 56

the blood brain barrier involves cells from two different body systems. what two types of cells make up the blood brain barrier

Back 56

endothelial cells and capillaries, astrocyte sheath

Front 57

during the initial depolarization of a neuron, which ion channels open

Back 57

stimulus gated Na channels

Front 58

once the threshold potential has been reached, which ion channels open

Back 58

voltage gated Na channels

Front 59

what is happening during this phase of the action potential to cause the membrane potential to become more negative

Back 59

potassium ions are leaving the neurons through potassium channels

Front 60

what does it mean when we say that a membrane is polarized

Back 60

the inside of a cell has a charge opposite that of the outside

Front 61

the sodium potassium pump

Back 61

moves 2 potassium ions into the cell for every 3 sodium ions it moves out of the cell

Front 62

in a resting nerve cell the sodium ion concentration is

Back 62

greater outside the cell than it is inside the cell

Front 63

which of the following is the most important factor in maintaining the resting membrane potential

Back 63

the sodium potassium pump

Front 64

a slight shift away from the resting membrane potential in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a

Back 64

local potential

Front 65

during the relative refractory period

Back 65

a 2nd action potential can be initiated with a very strong stimulus

Front 66

an action potential appears to leap from node to node across an insulating myelin sheath. this type of impulse conduction is called

Back 66

saltatory conduction

Front 67

what is meant by saying that an action potential has "all of none" character

Back 67

when an action potential is triggered, the peak depolarization for the nerve cell is always the same

Front 68

what is true of an impulse traveling through a myelinated axon

Back 68

for 2 axons of equal length, the myelinated axon will use fewer action potentials to carry the impulse

Front 69

when an impulse reaches a synaptic knob,

Back 69

chemical transmitters are released

Front 70

which of the following is true of spatial summation

Back 70

neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs stimulate or inhibit one postsynaptic neuron

Front 71

excitatory neurotransmitters

Back 71

make the post synaptic potential move toward the threshold potential

Front 72

when neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitter molecules bind to

Back 72

receptors on the postsynaptic neuron

Front 73

what part of a neuron sums up IPSPs and EPSPs and determines whether or not the threshold potential has been reached

Back 73

axon hillock

Front 74

the innermost layer of the meninges is the

Back 74

pia mater

Front 75

the main components of the CNS are the

Back 75

brain and spinal cord

Front 76

meningitis refers to an inflammation of the

Back 76

meninges

Front 77

for every neuron in the brain there are

Back 77

9 glial cells

Front 78

list one of the possible fates of the neurotransmitter molecules once those molecules have stimulated the postsynaptic neuron

Back 78

they return to the vesicles to be recycled

Front 79

long term memories are stored in the

Back 79

cerebral cortex

Front 80

the part of the brain associated with emotions such as anger, fear, and sorrow is the

Back 80

limbic system

Front 81

the centers for breathing and cardiac control are located in the

Back 81

brainstem

Front 82

what part of the brain is concerned with abstract thought (thinking skills)

Back 82

cerebrum

Front 83

what cells are responsible for forming the myelin in the brain

Back 83

oligodendrocytes

Front 84

the cerebrum is divided into how many hemispheres

Back 84

2

Front 85

the cerebral cortex is made up of what matter

Back 85

gray matter

Front 86

what part of the brain is essential to laying down new long term memories

Back 86

hippocampus

Front 87

what is the most common cause of tingling, the feeling of pins and needles in the arms, hands, feet, or legs

Back 87

reduced blood flow to neurons

Front 88

a 30 year old man undergoes and genetic test and learns that he carries a gene for Huntington's disease. since he has already reached the age of 30, what are his chances of developing the disease

Back 88

100%

Front 89

what makes white matter white

Back 89

myelin

Front 90

Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease both involve the killing of what brain structure

Back 90

basal ganglia

Front 91

the death of the brain cells killed off in Huntington's and Parkinson's causes a reduction in what substance that would result in normal movement if present

Back 91

dopamine

Front 92

obsessive compulsive disorder appears to have

Back 92

environmental and genetic components

Front 93

in which of the following nervous system disorders does the sufferer lose touch with reality

Back 93

schizophrenia

Front 94

obsessive compulsive disorder may be made worse by

Back 94

stressful life events

Front 95

which of the following statements best describes a hallucination

Back 95

a woman sees people or objects that are not there

Front 96

which of the following is normally not a symptom of Amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 96

loss of long term memory

Front 97

both generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder are associated with ____________ levels of serotonin

Back 97

low

Front 98

there is evidence that glutamate is involved in at least some cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). how is glutamate thought to make the symptoms of ALS worse

Back 98

high levels of glutamate kill nerve cells

Front 99

what is the general name for natural brain chemicals

Back 99

neurotransmitters

Front 100

ALS is a ____________________________ progressing neurological disease that attacks neurons responsible for controlling _______________________ muscles

Back 100

rapidly
voluntary

Front 101

which of the following illnesses is always associated with major mood swings

Back 101

manic depressive illness

Front 102

what kind of medications might be prescribed for a person suffering from manic depression

Back 102

antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications

Front 103

one of the ways to treat Tourette syndrome is with a medication that

Back 103

blocks or reduces the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

Front 104

dissociative identity disorder initially develops

Back 104

as a way to cope with a major childhood trauma

Front 105

cognitive therapy can help the sufferer deal with the symptoms of which of the following disorders

Back 105

manic depression, dissociative identity disorder, Tourette syndrome

Front 106

one treatment for dissociative identity disorder is hypnosis. hypnosis is used

Back 106

to help the person remember the trauma that triggered the symptoms of the disorder so they can work through the trauma

Front 107

another name for bipolar disorder is

Back 107

manic depressive disorder

Front 108

which of the following is a neurological disorder that involves unusual repetitive movements or unwanted sounds

Back 108

Tourette syndrome

Front 109

when suffering from manic depressive disorder, in which phase does the person have feelings of euphoria and lots of energy

Back 109

manic

Front 110

electroconvulsive therapy is a last resort treatment used to teat manic depression. this treatment uses ____________________________ to cause the patient to have a _______________________________

Back 110

electric shock
seizure

Front 111

what is the effect of too high a level of norepinephrine

Back 111

manic

Front 112

what happens when the norepinephrine level drops below normal

Back 112

depression