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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Causative agents of neonatal meningitis?
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Streptococcus agalactiea
Escherichie coli Listeria monocytogenes |
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Common modes of transmission of neonatal meningitis?
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vertical (during birth)
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Virulence factor of neonatal meningitis?
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S. agalactiea- capsule
L. monocytogenes- intracellular growth |
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Neonatal meningitis is diagnosis by ?
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culture of mothers genital tract
CSF culture of neonate CSF gram stain cold enrichment |
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How to prevent neonatal meningitis?
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culture and treatment of mother
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Distinctive features of neonatal meningitis?
1. S. agalactiae? 2. E. coli and L. monocytogenes |
1. most common. positive culture of mother confirms diagnosis.
2. suspected if infant is premature |
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Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis causative agent?
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Naegleri fowleri
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Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis mode of transmission?
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while swimming
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Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis virulence factor?
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invasiveness
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Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis diagnosis is made by?
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exam of CFS, brain immage, biopsy
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Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis prevention?
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avoid warm fresh water
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Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis causative agent?
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acanthamoeba
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Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis mode of transmission?
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direct contact
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Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis virulence factor?
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invasiveness
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Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis diagnosis?
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exam of CFS, brain imaging, biopsy
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Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis treatment?
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surgical excision, anti amoebic
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Primary aoeobic meningoencephalitis treatment?
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anti amoebic
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Rabies mode of transmission?
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bite, droplet contact
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Rabies virulence factor?
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envelope glycoprotein
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Rabies diagnosis?
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test of saliva, Ab detection of serum or CFS, skin biopsy
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Rabies prevention?
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inactive vaccine
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Rabies treatment?
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post exposure- passive and active immunization
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Poliomyelitis mode of trasmission?
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fecal- oral, vehicle
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Poliomyelitis virulence factor?
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attachment mechanisms
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Poliomyelitis diagnosis?
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viral culture, serology
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Poliomyelitis prevention?
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live attenuated vaccine or inactivated vaccine
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Poliomyelitis treatment?
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none, palliative, supportive
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Tetanus causative agent?
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Clostridium tetani
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Tetanus mode of transmission?
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parenteral, direct contact
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Tetanus virulence factor?
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tetanospasm exotoxin
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Tetanus diagnosis?
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symptomatic
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Tetanus prevention?
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immunization
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Tetanus treatment?
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combination of passive antitoxin and tetanus toxid active immunization, supportive
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Botulism mode of transmission?
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food born, airborn, direct contact, injection
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Botulism virulence factor?
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botulinum exotoxin
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Botulism diagnosis?
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culture of organism, demonstration of organism
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Botulism prevention?
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food hygiene, toxiod immunization
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Botulism treatment?
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antitoxin, supportive
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African sleeping sickness causative agent?
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Trypanosoma bruci
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African sleeping sickness mode of transmission?
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vector, vertical
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African sleeping sickness virulence factor?
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immune evasion by antigen shifting
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African sleeping sickness diagnosis?
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microscopic examination of blood, CFS
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African sleeping sickness prevention?
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vector control
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African sleeping sickness treatment?
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suramin or pentamidine- early
melarsoprol- late |
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Nervous system defenses?
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bony structures, blood- brain barrier, microglial cells, and macrophages
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Nervous system normal biota?
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none
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a form of?
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measles that occurs years after initial episode
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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis caused by?
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direct viral invasion of neural tissue
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What are prions?
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or (TSEs)
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies is a?
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neurodegenerative disease with a long incubation period but rapid progression once symptoms begin
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Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies mode of transmission
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genetic, contaminated hospital equipment, contaminated meat
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Botulism symptoms?
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double vision, difficulty swallowing dizziness, descending muscular paralysis and respiratory compromise
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2 important components of the nervous system?
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CNS, PNS
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3 important functions of the nervous system?
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sensory, integrative, motor
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What are some important facts about the cardiovascular system?
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consists of blood vessels and heart,
moves blood in a closed circuit, also known as the circulatory system, provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients and carries away carbon dioxide and waste |
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Cardiovascular system defenses?
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blood-born components- phagocytosis, specific immunity, WBCs, leukocytes
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Cardiovascular and lymphatic system normal biota?
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none
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Lymphatic system defenses?
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numerous defenses
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2 types of endocarditis?
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acute, and subacute
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Acute endocarditis causative agent
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S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, N.gonorrhoeae
(NORMAL FLORA) |
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Acute endocarditis mode of transmission?
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parental (CUTS)
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Acute and subacute endocarditis virulence factor?
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attachment
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Acute and subacute endocarditis diagnosis?
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blood culture
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Acute endocarditis prevention?
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aseptic surgery, injection
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Acute endocarditis treatment?
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antibiotics
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Acute endocarditis distinctive features?
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acute onset, happens quickly, high fatality rate
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Subacute endicarditis causative agent?
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alpha- hemolytic streptococci (PATHOGENIC) in immune compromised people
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Subacute endicarditis mode of transmission?
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endogenous trasfer of normal biota to bloodstream
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Subacute endicarditis prevention?
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prophylactic antibiotics
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Subacute endicarditis treatment?
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antibiotics, surgery
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Subacute endicarditis distinctive features?
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slow onset, less severe
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3 types of plagues?
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pneumonic, bubonic, septicemic
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Pneumonic plague infects the?
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respiratory system
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Bubonic plague infects the?
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lymph nodes, also known as the black plague
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Plague causative agent?
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Yersinia pestis
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Plague mode of transmission?
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vector, biological, droplet, and direct contact with body fluids
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Plague virulence factors?
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capsules, yop system, plasminogen activator
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Plague diagnosis?
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culture or gram stain of blood or bubo activator
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Plague prevention?
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Flea or animal control, vaccine
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Plague treatment?
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antibiotics
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Plague is endemic in what part of the US?
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Western and South Western
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What plague looks like microscopically?
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Gram neg rods that look like safety pins
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Lyme disease causative agent?
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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Lyme disease mode of transmission?
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vector, biological
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Lyme disease diagnosis?
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ELISA for Ab, PCR
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Lyme disease prevention?
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tick avoidence
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Lyme disease treatment?
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antibiotics
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Infectious mononuccleosis causative agents?
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epstein- barr virus &
cytomegalovirus |
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Early symptoms of lyme disease?
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fever, headache, stiff neck, dizziness
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Second stage symptoms of lyme disease?
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cardiac and neurological
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Infectious mononuccleosis mode of transmission?
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direct, indirect contact, parental and verticle (cytomegalovirus)
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Infectious mononuccleosis virulence factors?
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latency, ability to incorporate into DNA,
ability to fuse cells (cytomegalovirus) |
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Infectious mononuccleosis (epstein- barr virus) diagnosis?
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differential blood count, monospot test, specific ELISA
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Infectious mononuccleosis (cytomgalovirus) diagnosis?
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virus isolation and growth, ELISA or PCR test
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Infectious mononuccleosis (epstein- barr virus) treatment?
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supportive
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Infectious mononuccleosis (epstein- barr virus) distinctive features?
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most common in teens
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Infectious mononuccleosis (cytomgalovirus) prevention?
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vaccine in trials
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Infectious mononuccleosis (cytomgalovirus) treatment?
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only for immunosuppressed patients
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Infectious mononuccleosis (cytomgalovirus) distinctive features?
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most common in adults, dangerous to fetus
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Malaria mode of transmission?
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biological vector- mosquito, vertical
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Malaria virulence factors?
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multiple life stages, cytoadherence
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Malaria diagnosis?
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blood smear, serological methods
LOOKING FOR PROTOZITES |
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Malaria treatment?
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chloroquine, quinine
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What phase of development is the protozoan of malaria in while in a mosquito?
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sexual phase
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How do you tell the differences between types of malaria?
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by the cyclic intervals
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Aids symptoms are directly tied with 2 things?
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the level of virus in the blood and the level of T-cells in the blood
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Aids symptoms?
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initial infection: vague, mononuceosis- like symptoms that disapear, fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, and neurological changes
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advanced Aids symptoms?
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fever, fatigue, sore throat, night sweats, lesions in the brain, meninges, spinal column and peripheral nerves
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Aids virulence factors?
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attachment, syncytia formation, reverse transcriptionase, high mutation rate
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Aids diagnosis?
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initial screening for ANTIBODIES followed by WESTERN BLOT test
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Aids treatment?
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HAART, fuzeon, nonnucleoside RT inhibitors
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What is the period of asymptomatic symptoms of aids?
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2 to 15 years
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Rhinitis (common cold) virulence factors?
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attachment proteins, symptoms induced by host
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Rhinitis causative agent?
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over 200 viruses
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Sinusitis (bacterial) mode of transmission?
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endogenous- opportunistic
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Sinusitis (bacterial) diagnosis?
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X-ray clinical presentation
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Sinusitis (bacterial) treatment?
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antibiotics
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Sinusitis (bacterial) distinctive features?
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more common than fungal
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Bacterial sinusitis discharge looks like?
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opaque with a green or yellow color
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A sequel to rhinitis?
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acute otitis media
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Otitis media causative agent?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Otitis media prevention?
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pneumococcal vaccine and HIB
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Endogenous otitis media treatment?
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broad spectrum antibiotics
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Diphtheria causative agent?
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Corynebacterium diphtherium
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Diphtheria mode of transmission?
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droplet contact, direct or indirect contact
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Diphtheria distinguishing characteristic?
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pseudomembrane
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3 stages of Whooping cough?
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1. Catarrhal
2. paroxysmal 3. convalescent |
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Paroxysmal stage of whooping cough characteristic?
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severe and uncontrollable coughing
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Another name for Whooping cough?
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Pertussis
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Whooping cough causative agent?
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Bordetella pertussis
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RSV treatment?
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Ribavirin in severe cases
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4 stages of TB?
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1. primary
2. secondary (reactivation) 3. extrapulmonary 4. chronic |
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TB causative agent?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium
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Etrapulmonary TB effects these regions of the body?
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lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, genital tract, brain, meninges (HIV)
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Mycobacterium TB diagnosis?
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skin test, x-ray
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Mycobacterium avium diagnosis?
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blood culture
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Streptococcus pneumoniae prevention?
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vaccine
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Streptococcus pneumoniae distinctive feature?
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patient usually very ill
can cause ear infection and pneumonia- a-hemolysis |
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Pneumoniae- legionella species mode of transmission?
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water droplets
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Pneumoniae- legionella species distinctive feature?
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usually in elderly or immunocompromised
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae is also called?
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walking pneumonia
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Hantavirus pneumoniae mode of transmission?
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airborn emitted from rodents
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Gastrointestinal tract defenses?
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mucus, IgA, parastalsis, fluids with antimicrobial properties, GALT tissues, microbial antagonism
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Definition of parotitis?
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inflammation of the salivary glands producing gopher-like swelling of the cheeks
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Mumps causative agent?
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paramyxovirus
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Mumps virulence factor?
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fusion of cells (syncytium formation)
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Gastritis and ulcer causative agent?
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Heliobactter pylori
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Gastritis and ulcer treatment?
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antibiotics and acid supressors
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E. coli can cause this devastating condition?
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hemolitic uremic syndrome : it can kill
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Salmonella paratyphi causes?
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typhoid fever
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In the US Shigella is?
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uncommon
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E. coli and shigella cause this in the stool?
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bloody diarrhea
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Clostridium difficile causes?
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pseudomembranous colitis
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Hep-A is not?
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oncogenic
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Hep-B and C are transmitted through?
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blood
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Most common causative agent of UTI?
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E.coli
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Cause of UTI in women ages 16- 25 yrs of age?
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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UTI caused by Proteus mirabilis can lead to?
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kidney stone formation
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3 categories of sexually transmitted diseases?
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1. discharge
2. ulcer 3. wart |
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Trichomonas vaginalis discharge characteristics?
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white to green in color and frothy
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Gonorrhea is also known as?
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gonococcus
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What gonorrhea looks like microscopically?
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gram- neg diplococcus, oxidase positive
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Definition of Salpingitis?
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inflammation of the fallopian tubes
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Rare incidences of gonorrhea can cause?
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mennigitis and endocarditis
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Chlamydia symptoms in men?
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inflammation of urethra, symptoms like gonorrhea, epididymitis
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Chlamydia symptoms in women?
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cervicitis, discharge, salpingitis, maybe PID
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Babies born to mothers with Chlamydia can develop?
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eye infections and pneumonia
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Babies born to mothers with Gonorrhea can develop?
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eye infections and blindness
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3 stages of syphilis?
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primary
secondary tertiary |
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During the primary stage of syphilis a patient develops?
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a chancre at the site of pathogen entry
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A brown rash develops in what stage of syphilis?
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secondary stage
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Syphilis is NOT infectious during which stages?
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tertiary and latency stages
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Cardiovascular syphilis can?
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weaken the arteries and aortic wall
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what are Gummas?
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lesions that develop in tissues such as the liver, skin, bones, and cartilage
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what does Congenital syphilis do to the fetus?
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inhibits growth
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2 discharge diseases?
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Gonorrhea and chlamydia
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2 ulcer diseases?
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syphilis and herpes
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Another name for Streptococcus pneumonia?
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pneumococcus
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What Streptococcus pneumonia looks like under the microscope?
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gram-positive, oval, diplococci
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Another name for Neisseria meningitides?
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meningococcus
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What does Neisseria meningitides look like under a microscope?
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gram-negative, oxidase positive, diplococci
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Neisseria meningitides distinguishing feature?
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petechiea
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Neisseria meningitides mode of transmission?
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direct contact- crowded areas
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Another name for Cryptococcus neoformans?
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meningoencephalitis
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Cryptococcus neoformans virulence factor?
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capsules
this is a yeast |
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Cryptococcus neoformans distinguishing features?
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seen in immunocompromised individuals
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Cryptococcus neoformans mode of transmission?
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pigeon droppings
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If Cryptococcus neoformans becomes a systemic infection it produces?
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jelly-like sores on the skin
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Aseptic meningitis is called aseptic because?
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no viruses are found in the CSF
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