Final

Front 1

Local breeding group

Back 1

population

Front 2

collective genes of a population

Back 2

gene pool

Front 3

all of the genes or alleles present collectively in an organism

Back 3

Gene population

Front 4

a special set of conditions where evolution does not take place
-where gene pool does not change over time
-assumes random mating

Back 4

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Front 5

Mechanisms that cause evolution

Back 5

1. small pop. size:-genetic drift; -founder effect
2.migration: -gene flow; -plants carry this out by seeds, fruit and pollen
3.mutation
4. selection: -non random mating; -some will produce more offspring and their genes will be more prevalent

Front 6

random events/ random deaths affect population

Back 6

genetic drift

Front 7

when a new population gets formed from parent populations

Back 7

founder effect

Front 8

where organisms leave one population and become part of another population

Back 8

gene flow

Front 9

when people choose which plants/ animals breed with one another

Back 9

artificial selection

Front 10

conditions in a given environment that give certain individuals an advantage

Back 10

natural selection

Front 11

main points of natural selection

Back 11

1. organisms vary in their heritable traits
2. organisms have capacity to overproduce
3. organisms compete with one another for limited resources
4. individuals with favorable genetic variations will survive and reproduce more
*survival of the fittest*

Front 12

who created theory of natural selection?

Back 12

charles darwin and Alfred R. Wallace

Front 13

why was darwin credited with natural selection theory?

Back 13

because he wrote On the Origin of species by Means of Natural Selection

Front 14

Who was Jean Lemark?

Back 14

-came up with incorrect theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics
-i.e. if someone gets fit then children should be fit
-changes phenotype, but not genes the organism passes on

Front 15

the split of species into 2

Back 15

speciation

Front 16

Speciation

Back 16

-Different selection pressure on different populations of the same species
-barriers of gene flow of the populations (barriers to genetic mutation)
*if 2 subspecies are isolated, a new species can emerge
*speciation enhanced by geographic barriers (mountains, oceans)
*Over a long time, species with a barrier will evolve differently and be distinct from one another.

Front 17

3 domains of trees

Back 17

Bacteria
Archea
Eukarya

Front 18

Bacteria and Archea

Back 18

-both prokaryotes
-Chemo-autotrophic- using chemicals to make food, does not need light
-decomposer- organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms

Front 19

Cyanobacteria

Back 19

-plant like prokaryotes
-form spores->
*single cells have a thick cell wall that are protective in adverse conditions
*spore can also be a dispersal tactic
*do not have a nucleus (**no mitosis--> fission)
*when conditions become favorable again, spore will germinate

Front 20

Domain Eukarya

Back 20

all eukaryotes

Front 21

Kingdom Protista

Back 21

-heterotrophic protists do not make own food
-slime molds
-water molds

Front 22

Slime molds

Back 22

-produce spores which make them plant like, multi nuclei
*Sporangium is the spore holder, where spores are produced

Front 23

Water molds

Back 23

-aquatic, look like molds
-act as decomposers
-saprobic- heterotrophs feed on dead material (act as decomposer)
-parasite- feed off living host
-look like fungi but are protists

Front 24

Late Blight of Potato

Back 24

over 8 million people died of starvation in Ireland because of water mold killing potato plants

Front 25

Kingdom Fungi

Back 25

-plant like heterotrophs
-reproduce by spores
-most cell walls made of chitin, not cellulose
-produce filaments; grow as filaments and then absorb nutrient material-->
***gives a large surface to area ratio
*filament= feeding stage

Front 26

fruiting body of kingdom fungi

Back 26

i.e. mushroom
-whole purpose is to produce and disperse spores
-hold spores produced by sexual reproduction

Front 27

a fungus that grows on rye that causes hallucinations, poisoning, and can cause death and abortion in livestock

Back 27

ergot

Front 28

fungal products

Back 28

yeast, bread, alcholic beverages, blue and camembert cheeses, soy sauce

Front 29

symbiosis of fungus with roots of a plant-"fungus root"

Back 29

Mycorrhiza

Front 30

Algae

Back 30

-protists (simple eukaryotes) that can carry out photosynthesis
-classified based on pigments and cell wall composition
-forms basis of most aquatic food chains

Front 31

Diatoms

Back 31

-cell walls of SiO2 (silica)
-used as a fine abrasive, reflective plant

Front 32

Phaeophyta

Back 32

-mostly found in cold salt water
-some (i.e. kelps) have very large differentiated bodies ("kelp forests")

Front 33

Chlorophyta

Back 33

-ancestors of green plants
-exact pigments as plants (chlorophyll B and xanthopyll)
-same cell wall composition as plants (mostly cellulose)
-uses starch as storage

Front 34

Lichens

Back 34

-mutualistic symbiosis of a fungus with an algae; fungus +cyanobacteria
-algae provides food & fungi provide shelter
-can be used as dyes
-Foliose (leaf like); Crustose (crusty); Fruticose (branched)

Front 35

3 general life cycles

Back 35

1. Zygotic meiosis
2. Gametic Meiosis
3. sporic meiosis (alteration of generations)

Front 36

Zygotic meiosis

Back 36

zygote is on 2n stage, seen in fungi and some algae

Front 37

Gametic Meiosis

Back 37

gametes are only in n stage
seen in most animals and some algae

Front 38

sporic meiosis

Back 38

seen in all plants*
-meiosis produces spores, which grow into haploid gametophytes, which produce gametes
-zygote grows into diploid sporophyte, which produces spores by meiosis
*gametophyte-haploid individual that makes haploid gametes
*2 gametes come together to for a diploid zygote which grows into a diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte then undergoes meiosis to make haploid spores.
*spores then grow into haploid individuals called gametophytes
*full cycle

Front 39

Sporophyte

Back 39

multicellular diploid individual

Front 40

Gametophyte

Back 40

multicellular haploid individual

Front 41

Kingdom Plantae

Back 41

-Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
-vascular plants
**seedless vascular plants (ferns and fern allies) and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)