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128 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The sociologist Émile Durkheim stressed that interactions between people
can have "vivifying" effects. Asch would agree with Durkheim about this.
T
Asch says that "dependence" is a brute material fact, not a matter of
psychology or mutual understanding.
F
Asking and answering test questions would count as social action by Asch's
definition.
T
Sympathy, for Asch, consists of experiencing an emotion identical to one
we see someone else experience.
T
Asch says that retaliating against an aggressor is no different than BEING
an aggressor.
F
Asch would agree that, by working, people change the world around them;
but he would deny that, by working, people change themselves.
F
Asch disagrees with those who consider work to be the "formative principle"
of societies.
F
When two people carry a couch into a dormitory, their joint effort embodies
what Asch calls a "unity of action."
T
Asch says that the accomplishment of a "bucket brigade" is ultimately
"more than and different from" the sum of individual efforts by brigade
members.
T
Asch would regard the case of two boys carrying a log that neither could
carry alone as an example of the "simplest form" of cooperation.
T
Asch says that perfect knowledge of the members of a group, as private
individuals, would enable us to accurately predict the group's actions.
F
Asch would regard basketball as a kind of competition within a wider
framework of cooperation, in which two teams cooperate to compete.
T
Asch says that a dollar bill is a "social thing."
T
Objects have properties only in themselves, Asch says, NOT in their
"relation" to us, as well.
F
Facebook, iPhones, 120 Budig, and the Space Shuttle would all count, for
Asch, as objects designed for specifically social aims and uses.
T
Asch says that only objects made by people can be social facts. This would
include houses and tenement buildings but not sunlight, airwaves or clouds.
F
Mauss was inspired to reflect on money by documents published by German
missionaries.
T
Mauss denies that the Ewe concept of dzo is linked to pearls or cowry shells.
F
In Melanesia, according to Mauss, the word “mana” is directly linked to
money.
T
Mauss believes that the symbolic power of sacred talismans rendered them
suitable to represent buying power as well.
T
Talismans have been used by tribal chieftains to compel their underlings to
render service to them.
T
Mauss believes that the prestige of talismans enables their owners to wield
authority over others.
T
Mauss regards the value of gold as inherent in gold, not in people’s ideas or
attitudes.
F
Delafosse disagrees with Mauss about the meaning of dzo.
T
Seashells have been valued highly in many places, including Ecuador,
Australia, and Africa.
T
Mauss disagrees with economists who say that expectations can be
quantified.
F
Oualid disagrees that herds of animals have ever been used as money.
F
Oualid argues that belief is an individual rather than a social phenomenon.
F
Pirou says that (except for economists) most people continue to believe that
gold coins are intrinsically valuable.
T
Pirou agrees with Keynes that gold is an outdated fetish.
F
Mauss says that most salt in Africa is produced by cooperative labor under
benign conditions in easily worked, easily accessible salt marshes.
F
Cohen says that, like gold or silver, salt rods can be divided into many small
units of value.
F
La Boétie says that tyrants fall when people simply refuse to obey them any
longer.
T
Children naturally obey their parents, La Boétie says, but adults naturally
obey reason.
T
People are intended by nature, La Boétie says, to attack each other like
armed robbers.
F
La Boétie says that variations in climate render people either fit or unfit for
subjection.
F
Even when multitudes dislike a tyrant, La Boétie says, they may refrain from
rebellion because they don’t realize that others share their feelings.
T
La Boétie sympathizes with anyone who plots against emperors, even if they
are motivated only by the wish to become emperors themselves.
F
La Boétie sees no point in overthrowing a tyrant if tyranny is retained.
T
La Boétie says that people who accept subjection to a ruler fight with great
courage, if not for themselves, at least for their rulers.
F
Dictators are seldom secure until they have eliminated those “of any worth”
who could challenge them.
T
“Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown,” as William Shakespeare wrote.
La Boétie would disagree, arguing that even tyrants have little to fear from
their people.
F
La Boétie laments how readily the public accepts dishonorable bribes and
insults.
T
La Boétie says that even unjust rulers often give their people more they
ever take from them.
F
Julius Caesar was a rarity, La Boétie says -- a praiseworthy tyrant.
F
It is often said that Nero bought public loyalty with “bread and circuses.”
La Boétie makes a very similar point, though in different language.
T
La Boétie praises the Spartans for rejecting Persian offers of power and
privilege.
T
La Boétie says it would be “presumptuous” of him to accuse the French of
believing in myth and magic as the ancients did.
T
Tristan says that she was the very first writer to call attention to the
poverty and wretchedness of the working class.
F
Tristan estimates that 40-50 million working class members in France are
“exasperated” by suffering and despair.
F
Tristan advises the workers to wait patiently for the government to
consider and heed the justice of their demands.
F
For Tristan, one key role of the Workers Union would be to provide
institutional care for the young, the old, and the disabled.
T
The anarchist Peter Kropotkin later became famous as an advocate of
“mutual aid.” Tristan advocated something similar.
T
Tristan feels that the best way to reach workers is to improve their
literacy by increasing school funding.
F
Tristan agrees, in Note 2 at the end of Chapter 1, that the Saint-
Simonian phrase “the most populous and poorest class” is just as good a
definition of the working class as her own definition.
F
Small, face-to-face groups, Tristan says, are the only associations that
give workers a chance of escaping poverty and ignorance.
F
Tristan sympathized with the Irish in their struggle with their colonial
conquerors, their British “lords and masters.”
T
The Charter of 1830 omits one essential right, Tristan says – the right to
work.
T
Even the most perfect book, Tristan says, cannot produce positive results
all by itself.
T
Tristan says that the destructive power of the French revolution of 1789
was actually quite small and limited.
F
Tristan advocates what she calls a “humanitarian” point of view.
T
Tristan praises Louis Blanc for defending the working class and upholding
the “necessity” of labor organization.
T
The only fair wage policy, Tristan says, is to pay everyone equally.
F
Tristan asks her “brother” workers to carefully consider how women’s
concerns affect their own material interests.
T
In London, “the city” is the old part of town, where sober business is
conducted without a display of elegance or ostentation.
T
London is so completely a business community, Tristan says, that the
aristocracy stays away from the city entirely, preferring country life.
F
Tristan says that French laws before Napoleon had initiated “the
liberation of women.”
T
The Irish orator O’Connell was an imposing figure, as physically striking
and elegant as he was eloquent.
F
Marx later said, in Capital, that factory production in manufacturing turns
workers into “appendages to machines.” Tristan saw matters similarly.
T
Bread, for the proletarian, is a necessity, not a luxury.
F
Tristan says the people dominate machines, not vice versa.
F
Tristan said that stokers, in the furnace rooms of the great factories, rest
only a few hours between shifts.
T
In societies dominated by the bourgeoisie, people are bound together
principally by ties of sentiment and personal loyalty.
F
Marx and Engels say that the bourgeoisie is a deeply conservative class,
which freezes production into unchanging and final forms.
F
Marx and Engels portray the bourgeoisie as an inherently international
class.
T
Society falls into commercial crisis, Marx and Engels say, when the
bourgeoisie under-produces; when there is too little industry, too little
commerce.
F
Marx and Engels say that modern factory workers, like soldiers in
industrial armies, are despotically ruled.
T
Marx and Engels say that the growing maturity of the bourgeois mode of
production stabilizes wages and makes proletarian life less precarious.
F
Marx and Engels say that proletarian unity is disrupted, but not
altogether destroyed, by competition between workers.
T
Pauperism in modern society, according to Marx and Engels, develops
even more rapidly than wealth.
T
McDougall defined instinct as a "rigidly fixed motor response."
F
Freud saw aggression as an occasional response to a specific stimulus,
not an organic feature of human nature.
F
Fromm's view is that aggression is NOT a biologically given and
spontaneously flowing impulse.
T
Fromm says many people "prefer" to believe that violence and the
dangers of nuclear war spring from uncontrollably biological roots.
T
Fromm says that population density in the Paleolithic era sharply
intensified competition between tribes for food and space.
F
Lorenz said that, if society reorganized itself to eliminate the major forms
of aggression, the aggressive instinct would fade away.
F
Freud and Lorenz agree that aggressively letting of steam is healthy.
T
Lorenz says that damming up aggression is especially dangerous among
people who know, understand, and like each other.
T
Fromm doubts that a goose or fish has a "self" in the human sense.
T
According to Lorenz, friendship is found only in species with highly
developed intra-species aggression.
T
Lorenz says that instinctive inhibitions are unalterable.
T
Freud's letter to Einstein in 1933 was critical of pacifism and immodest
about Freudian theory.
F
Fromm agrees that the best antidote to aggression is personal
acquaintance with your potential enemies.
F
Fromm says that one way to reduce or even eliminate aggressiveness is
to reduce insecurity, greed, and narcissism.
T
Lorenz calls himself a patriot, loyal to his home country.
T
Fromm praises humanistic educators in Germany for their efforts to
promote peace.
F
Asch says that society has always deliberately and extensively attempted
to "engineer" consent and manipulate opinion.
T
Bernheim regarded "suggestibility" as the opposite of hypnosis.
F
Tarde rejected the idea that people can be viewed as "somnambulists."
F
Asch questions whether people's opinions are truly as "watery" as
investigators sometimes think.
T
Asch says "dissenters" reacted with surprise, worry, and embarrassed
smiles when they found themselves disagreeing with the majority.
T
The "dissenting" subject was actually a confederate who helped Asch
deceive the rest of the experimental group.
F
Asch stopped the experiment and discounted the results if the subject
appeared to suspect that the majority was colluding against him.
T
Nearly two-thirds of Asch's subjects resisted the majority and stayed true
to their own opinions.
T
Asch says the most highly compliant subjects agreed with the majority
"nearly" all the time.
T
Many extremely compliant subjects regarded the OTHERS in the group as
"sheep."
T
Asch always asked the majority make only the most plausible errors.
F
When, after six trials, minority subjects lost the support of former allies,
they remained just as independent as they had been before.
F
Minority subjects became just as submissive when their supporters
"deserted" to the majority as when they simply left the experiment.
F
Asch says that people "surrender" their independence when they yield to
the dictates of conformity.
T
Asch says that his experimental results justify the deepest pessimism.
F
Asch warns against underestimating the human capacity for
independence.
T
“Popeye” cartoons show a hero whose strength comes from eating
spinach; repeating this message over and over again can be seen as a
kind of “positive reinforcement” for eating spinach.
T
Fromm says that Skinner is very clear about the goals and values that
people should be conditioned to internalize.
F
Fromm says that the supreme norm of "technotronic society" is also the
fullest realization of humanistic values.
F
Skinner says that, in relations between masters and slaves, "control" is
not one-sided but mutual.
T
Skinner believes that appeals to self-interest can be powerful enough to
determine behavior "completely."
T
The psychologist A. H. Buss, like other behaviorists, believes that
“intention” is the most important of all psychological concepts.
F
Fromm says observable behaviors are the only valid scientific data.
F
Milgram's experimental subjects were exclusively ill-educated and poorly
paid workers.
F
Milgram's subjects were allowed to decide for themselves how much
voltage to administer when they shocked the learner.
F
Fromm says that Milgram's experiment revealed not only obedience and
conformity but cruelty and destructiveness.
T
Zimbardo placed 90 of his test subjects in the role of prison guards, and
another 90 were placed in the role of prisoners.
F
Fromm regards the Zimbardo experiment as an extreme example of the
humiliation and degradation of test subjects.
T
Fromm says that his own empirical research shows that the percentage
of unconscious sadists in an average population is not zero.
T
Fromm says that Zimbardo's thesis is confirmed by data from Hitler's
concentration camps.
F
Bettelheim says that apolitical middle-class prisoners in the concentration
camps tended to submit unquestioningly.
T
Frustration-aggression theory, Fromm says, claims to have found a
general explanation of aggression.
T